Lloyd Spencer Davis is a research biologist at the University of Otago in New Zealand.

List of Figures

8

(3)

List of Tables

11

(1)

Preface

12

(1)

Acknowledgements

13

(2)

1 INTRODUCTION

15

(3)

2 PENGUIN EVOLUTION: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

18

(20)

The loss of flight

18

(3)

Wing-propelled diving birds: penguins vs auks

21

(1)

Reconstructing the past of penguins: methodologies

22

(3)

Datasets

23

(2)

Relationships of penguins to other birds

25

(5)

Morphological evidence

25

(2)

Molecular evidence

27

(3)

Relationships amongst living penguins

30

(8)

Fossil record

30

(1)

Diversity and size of fossil penguins

30

(1)

Monophyly of extant penguins

31

(1)

Morphology

31

(1)

Molecular studies

32

(2)

Meta-analysis and conclusions

34

(4)

3 PENGUINS TODAY

38

(22)

How many species of penguins are there?

38

(4)

White-flippered Penguin

39

(1)

Royal Penguin

40

(1)

Northern Rockhopper Penguin

41

(1)

Spheniscus Penguins

41

(1)

The penguin genera

42

(18)

Pygoscelis-Gentoo, Chinstrap and Adelie Penguins

42

(3)

Aptenodytes-King and Emperor Penguins

45

(2)

Eudyptes-Rockhopper, Macaroni, Fiordland, Snares, and Erect-crested Penguins

47

(5)

Megadyptes-Yellow-eyed Penguin

52

(1)

Eudyptula-Little Penguin

52

(2)

Spheniscus-African, Magellanic, Humboldt, and Galapagos Penguins

54

(6)

4 LIVING IN TWO WORLDS

60

(29)

Achieving a balance-patterns

61

(1)

Inshore versus offshore foragers

62

(3)

Techniques for monitoring at sea movements and behaviour

65

(4)

Diving Patterns

66

(1)

Swimming speed and porpoising

66

(3)

Inshore versus offshore-phylogenetic constraint or ecological compromise

69

(2)

Examples of inshore foragers

71

(2)

Yellow-eyed Penguins

71

(1)

African Penguins

72

(1)

Examples of offshore foragers

73

(2)

Macaroni Penguins

73

(1)

King Penguins

74

(1)

Intraspecific comparisons

75

(6)

Little Penguins

75

(4)

Magellanic Penguins

79

(1)

Humboldt Penguins

80

(1)

Diet

81

(6)

Foraging differences between males and females

85

(1)

Foraging trip durations and sea-ice

86

(1)

The danger of categories

87

(2)

5 A PLACE TO BREED

89

(12)

Food supply

90

(1)

Protection from insolation

91

(5)

Site selection

94

(1)

Effect of nest site selection on coloniality

94

(2)

Protection from predators

96

(5)

Adults

96

(2)

Eggs and chicks

98

(3)

6 MATE SELECTION AND COURTSHIP

101

(22)

Sexual dimporphism and penguins

103

(3)

First time breeders

106

(1)

Delayed breeding

107

(1)

Mate selection

108

(12)

Divorce

111

(2)

Advantages of reuniting

113

(2)

Mate choice

115

(5)

Sperm competition

120

(3)

7 PARENTAL INVESTMENT

123

(30)

The initiation of breeding

123

(2)

Egg formation

125

(1)

The hormonal control of reproduction

126

(2)

Laying and brood patch formation

128

(4)

Egg and chick mortality; the effect of prolonged foraging trips

132

(4)

Survival of chicks

134

(2)

Timing of return

136

(1)

Crèching behaviour

137

(3)

Parent-offspring recognition

140

(1)

Feeding chases

140

(2)

Hatching asynchrony and brood reduction

142

(9)

Brood reduction in Crested Penguins

144

(5)

Mate guarding?

149

(2)

Fledging

151

(2)

8 MOULT AND MIGRATION

153

(8)

Moult

153

(3)

Pattern of moult

155

(1)

Migration

156

(5)

9 CONSERVATION

161

(12)

Demography

162

(1)

Conservation

162

(9)

Exploitation

163

(1)

Habitat destruction

163

(2)

Predation

165

(1)

Human disturbance

166

(1)

Fisheries

167

(1)

Pollution and Disease

168

(2)

Climate

170

(1)

Outlook

171

(2)

Notes

173

(2)

References

175

(26)

Index

201

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Penguins : Living in Two Worlds

9780300102772

0300102771

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