Introduction | p. 1 |
Anatomy | p. 2 |
Systemic Anatomy | p. 2 |
Regional Anatomy | p. 2 |
Developmental Anatomy | p. 2 |
Functional Anatomy | p. 2 |
Clinical Anatomy | p. 2 |
Nomenclature | p. 3 |
Anatomical Position | p. 3 |
Planes and Sections | p. 4 |
Sagittal | p. 4 |
Frontal or Coronal | p. 4 |
Transverse or Horizontal | p. 4 |
Anatomical Terms | p. 6 |
Superior and Inferior | p. 6 |
Anterior and Posterior | p. 6 |
Medial, Lateral, and Median | p. 6 |
Proximal and Distal | p. 10 |
External, Internal, and Intermediate | p. 10 |
Parietal and Visceral | p. 10 |
Prone and Supine | p. 10 |
Ipsilateral, Contralateral, and Bilateral | p. 10 |
Views and Aspects | p. 10 |
Anatomical Movement | p. 12 |
Flexion and Extension | p. 12 |
Abduction and Adduction | p. 12 |
Elevation and Depression | p. 12 |
Protrusion and Retrusion | p. 12 |
Supination and Pronation | p. 12 |
Vocabulary Specific to Anatomy | p. 13 |
Primary Tissues | p. 14 |
Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium, Epithelia) | p. 14 |
Connective Tissue | p. 14 |
Muscular Tissue | p. 16 |
Nervous Tissue | p. 16 |
Terms Relative to Bones | p. 17 |
Depressions | p. 17 |
Elevations | p. 20 |
Respiratory System | p. 23 |
Overview | p. 25 |
Skeletal Support for Respiration | p. 26 |
Vertebral Column | p. 26 |
Rib Cage (Ribs, Cartilages, Sternum) | p. 30 |
Pectoral, Scapular, or Shoulder Girdle | p. 30 |
Pelvic Girdle or Bony Pelvis | p. 32 |
Respiratory Tract | p. 34 |
Nasal Cavities | p. 34 |
Oral Cavity | p. 34 |
Pharynx | p. 34 |
Larynx | p. 34 |
Trachea | p. 38 |
Bronchi | p. 38 |
Lungs | p. 42 |
Pleura | p. 46 |
Respiratory Muscles | p. 48 |
Principal Muscles of Inspiration | p. 49 |
Accessory Muscles of Inspiration | p. 56 |
Muscles of Expiration | p. 58 |
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities | p. 70 |
Volumes | p. 70 |
Capacities | p. 70 |
Other Functional Measures | p. 70 |
Phonatory System | p. 73 |
Overview | p. 75 |
Larynx | p. 76 |
Cartilages of the Larynx | p. 78 |
Thyroid Cartilage | p. 78 |
Cricoid Cartilage | p. 78 |
Arytenoid Cartilages | p. 78 |
Corniculate, or Santorini's, Cartilages | p. 80 |
Cuneiform Cartilages | p. 80 |
Triticeal (Tritiate) Cartilages | p. 80 |
Epiglottis | p. 80 |
Hyoid Bone | p. 81 |
Types of Joints | p. 81 |
Ligaments and Membranes | p. 82 |
Extrinsic Ligaments and Membranes | p. 82 |
Intrinsic Ligaments and Membranes | p. 83 |
Vocal Folds | p. 84 |
Tissue Layers of the Vocal Folds | p. 88 |
Visual Representation of the Classifications of Vocal Fold Layers | p. 89 |
Muscles of the Larynx | p. 90 |
Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx | p. 90 |
Extrinsic Muscles of the Larynx | p. 94 |
Articulatory System | p. 105 |
Overview | p. 107 |
Cranial Anatomy | p. 108 |
Cranium | p. 108 |
Facial Skeleton | p. 112 |
Sinuses | p. 116 |
Vocal Tract | p. 117 |
Pharyngeal Cavity | p. 117 |
Nasal Cavities | p. 120 |
Oral Cavity | p. 122 |
Tonsils | p. 124 |
Palate | p. 124 |
Tongue | p. 124 |
Salivary Glands | p. 126 |
Lips | p. 126 |
Teeth | p. 128 |
Muscles of the Lips and Facial Expression | p. 132 |
Orbicularis Oris Muscle | p. 132 |
Two Transverse Muscles | p. 132 |
Five Angular Muscles | p. 134 |
Three Vertical Muscles | p. 136 |
One Muscle of the Neck | p. 137 |
Platysma Muscle | p. 137 |
Muscles of the Tongue | p. 138 |
Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue | p. 138 |
Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue | p. 140 |
Muscles of Mastication | p. 142 |
Temporomandibular Joint | p. 142 |
Three Jaw Closing Muscles (Jaw Elevators) | p. 144 |
Four Jaw Opening Muscles (Jaw Depressors) | p. 146 |
Muscles of the Soft Palate | p. 150 |
Levator Veli Palatini Muscle | p. 150 |
Tensor Veli Palatini Muscle | p. 150 |
Palatoglossus (Glossopalatine) Muscle | p. 152 |
Palatopharyngeus Muscle | p. 152 |
Uvular Muscle (Musculus Uvulae) | p. 152 |
Muscles of the Pharynx | p. 153 |
Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscle | p. 153 |
Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscle | p. 153 |
Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscle | p. 153 |
Salpingopharyngeus Muscle | p. 155 |
Stylopharyngeus Muscle | p. 155 |
Velopharyngeal Mechanism | p. 155 |
Esophagus | p. 158 |
Upper Esophageal, or Inferior Pharyngeal, Sphincter | p. 158 |
Primary Esophageal Peristalsis | p. 158 |
Lower Esophageal Sphincter | p. 158 |
Auditory System | p. 169 |
Overview | p. 171 |
Anatomical Divisions of the Ear | p. 172 |
Outer Ear | p. 174 |
Middle Ear | p. 178 |
Inner Ear and Vestibular System | p. 184 |
Scala Media, or Cochlear Duct | p. 190 |
Cochlear Afferent and Efferent Innervation | p. 194 |
Afferent Innervation | p. 194 |
Afferent Central Auditory Pathway | p. 195 |
Efferent Central Auditory Pathway (Auditory Centrifugal Pathway) | p. 198 |
Nervous System | p. 199 |
Overview | p. 201 |
Neuroanatomical Terms of Direction | p. 202 |
Telencephalon (Cerebral Hemispheres or Cerebrum and Basal Ganglia) | p. 203 |
Surface Structures | p. 203 |
Internal Structures of the Cerebral Hemispheres | p. 210 |
Basal Ganglia | p. 210 |
Diencephalon (Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, and Subthalamus) | p. 212 |
Characteristic Features | p. 212 |
Importance for Speech and Swallowing | p. 212 |
Mesencephalon (Midbrain) | p. 213 |
Characteristic Features | p. 213 |
Importance for Speech and Swallowing | p. 213 |
Metencephalon (Pons and Cerebellum) | p. 214 |
Characteristic Features | p. 214 |
Importance for Speech and Swallowing | p. 214 |
Myelencephalon (Medulla Oblongata) | p. 214 |
Characteristic Features | p. 214 |
Importance for Speech and Swallowing | p. 214 |
Brainstem Pattern-Generating Circuitry | p. 214 |
Spinal Cord | p. 216 |
Characteristic Features | p. 216 |
Internal Structures | p. 216 |
Cerebellum | p. 218 |
Characteristic Features | p. 218 |
Importance for Speech and Swallowing | p. 219 |
Meninges | p. 222 |
Dura Mater | p. 222 |
Arachnoid Mater | p. 222 |
Pia Mater | p. 222 |
Cerebrospinal Fluid | p. 224 |
Cerebral Vasculature | p. 227 |
Cranial Nerves | p. 232 |
Types of Cranial Nerve Fibers | p. 234 |
Olfactory (Sensory) | p. 236 |
Optic (Sensory) | p. 236 |
Oculomotor (Motor) | p. 237 |
Trochlear (Motor) | p. 237 |
Trigeminal (Motor and Sensory) | p. 238 |
Abducens (Motor) | p. 240 |
Facial (Motor and Sensory) | p. 240 |
Vestibulocochlear (Sensory) | p. 242 |
Glossopharyngeal (Motor and Sensory) | p. 244 |
Vagus, or Pneumogastric, Nerve (Motor and Sensory) | p. 246 |
Accessory (Motor) | p. 248 |
Hypoglossal (Motor) | p. 250 |
Index | p. 253 |
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