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9781560273127

Global Navigation for Pilots International Flight Techniques and Procedures

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9781560273127

  • ISBN10:

    1560273127

  • Edition: 2nd
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 1997-12-01
  • Publisher: Aviation Supplies & Academics
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Summary

With every aspect of pilot navigation -- from a discussion of International Civil Aviation Organisation history and regulations to planning, flight operations, and navigation equipment -- this book is written with the precision required for classroom instruction while retaining the readability needed for a general audience. Explained are aeronautical charts and maps, navigation techniques for plotting and distance measuring, and complex technologies.

Table of Contents

About the Authorsp. xvii
Acknowledgmentsp. xviii
Forewordp. xix
Introduction and International Regulationsp. 1
Introduction to Global Navigationp. 1
Earlier Days of Navigationp. 1
The Science and Art of Navigationp. 2
The Arrangement and Use of This Bookp. 2
Sources of Navigational Informationp. 3
A Historical Background of International Air Lawp. 4
The Question of Sovereignty in Airspacep. 4
The Paris Convention 1919p. 4
The Havana Convention 1928p. 5
Worldwide International Lawp. 5
The Warsaw Convention 1929p. 5
The Chicago Conference 1944p. 6
The History of ICAOp. 7
The Bermuda Agreement 1946p. 7
ICAO--The Organization Describedp. 8
The Assemblyp. 8
The Councilp. 8
The Secretariatp. 8
ICAO Rulesp. 8
Signalsp. 9
The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Airp. 9
Definitionsp. 9
Transporting Dangerous Goodsp. 9
ICAO Identifying Codesp. 10
Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marksp. 10
International Airport Identifiersp. 10
Earth Reference Systemsp. 15
Locationp. 15
LOP and Fixp. 15
FRDp. 15
Directionp. 16
Terms of Directionp. 16
Great Circle and Rhumb Line Directionp. 17
Distancep. 17
Latitude and Longitudep. 18
Size and Shape of the Earthp. 18
Great and Small Circlesp. 19
Latitude and Longitude as a Reference Systemp. 20
A Change in the Geodetic Referencing Systemp. 21
Summaryp. 22
Study Questionsp. 23
Maps and Chartsp. 25
Charts vs. Mapsp. 25
Charts and Projectionsp. 25
Choice of Projectionp. 25
Classification of Projectionsp. 27
Azimuthal Projectionsp. 27
Cylindrical Projectionsp. 30
Conic Projectionsp. 34
Aeronautical Chartsp. 37
Scalep. 37
DOD Aeronautical Charts and Flight Information Publicationsp. 41
Jeppesen Sandersonp. 43
Governmentsp. 44
Study Questionsp. 44
Basic Navigation Instrumentsp. 45
Introductionp. 45
Directionp. 45
Basic Instrumentsp. 45
Earth's Magnetic Fieldp. 45
Compassesp. 46
Magnetic Compassp. 46
Direct Indicating Magnetic Compassp. 47
Compass Compensationp. 48
Vertical Card Compassesp. 50
Magnetic Compass Errorsp. 50
The Remote Indicating Magnetic Compassp. 52
Gyroscopes as Directional Indicatorsp. 52
Gyrocompass Errorsp. 55
Using the Gyrocompass in the Northp. 57
Trackp. 58
Driftmeterp. 58
Study Questionsp. 60
Basic Navigation Techniquesp. 61
Introductionp. 61
Dead Reckoning Navigationp. 61
The Running Fixp. 64
The Single LOP Approachp. 65
Precision Dead Reckoningp. 66
Dopplerp. 67
Explanation of Termsp. 68
Plottingp. 68
Plotting Procedure, Mercator Chartp. 69
Plotting Procedures, Lambert Conformal and Gnomonic Chartsp. 69
International Trip Planning and Preparationp. 75
The Checklistp. 75
Planning Resourcesp. 75
DOD Aeronautical Charts and Flight Information Publicationsp. 78
Aeronautical Chart Currency and Updating Informationp. 78
Jeppesen Sandersonp. 79
Planning Servicesp. 86
International Planning Service Providersp. 86
Computer Access Servicesp. 86
Additional Resourcesp. 86
Preliminary Planningp. 86
International Flight Planning--the Conceptp. 86
What to Expect Upon Arrivalp. 91
The International Flight Planp. 91
General Instructionsp. 93
Itemized Instructions for Flight Plan Completionp. 93
Completing the Flight Planning Processp. 98
International Flight Planning Services (IFPS)p. 98
Readings about International Culture and Customsp. 99
Trans-Oceanic and Trans-Wilderness Planningp. 123
Flight Planning for the North Atlanticp. 123
NAIGON Excerptsp. 123
Equipment Requirementsp. 124
Operational Considerations in Sparsely Settled Areasp. 130
North Atlantic Route Planningp. 130
ETOPSp. 136
North Atlantic MNPS Airspacep. 136
Application of Mach Number Techniquep. 145
Application of Datum Line Techniquep. 146
Aircraft Minimum Navigational Capabilityp. 146
Flight Planning for the North Pacificp. 147
North Pacific Oceanic Route Structurep. 147
Tokyo-Honolulu Flexible Track Systemp. 149
Mach Number Proceduresp. 150
Oceanic Position Reporting Proceduresp. 150
Automated Mutual Assistance Vessel Rescue Systemp. 151
Finishing the Planning Jobp. 152
ETP and the Wet Footprintp. 152
International Flight Operationsp. 155
Operational Considerations for International Flightp. 155
Cabotagep. 155
Other Entry Requirementsp. 155
The Nine "Fs" of International Flightp. 155
North Atlantic Operational Considerationsp. 158
Clearancesp. 158
Obtaining a Clearancep. 158
ATC System Loop Errorsp. 160
Position Reporting Proceduresp. 161
Time and Place of Position Reportsp. 161
Position Report Prefixp. 161
Contents of Position Reportsp. 161
Next Position and Time Overp. 162
Next Subsequent Positionp. 162
Transmission of Position Reportsp. 162
Meteorological Reportsp. 162
In-Flight Contingenciesp. 162
International Air Traffic Control Phraseologyp. 163
MNPSA Operational Considerationsp. 164
ATC Flight Plansp. 164
Special Procedures for In-Flight Contingenciesp. 165
Procedures for Loss of Navigational Capabilityp. 165
Managing Errorsp. 167
Conducting the Flight in the MNPSAp. 167
Leaving the Rampp. 167
While on Airwaysp. 167
ATC Oceanic Clearancep. 167
Approaching the Oceanp. 168
Oceanic Boundary Position Reportp. 168
Reaching an Oceanic Waypointp. 168
Routine Monitoringp. 168
Approaching Landfallp. 169
Monitoring During Distractions from Routinep. 169
Avoiding Confusion Between Magnetic and Truep. 169
Navigation in the Area of Compass Unreliabilityp. 169
North Atlantic Procedures--An Example Flightp. 170
Route Planningp. 170
Track Planningp. 170
PRMS--Preferred Route Messagep. 172
Preflightp. 172
ETOPS Planningp. 172
Takeoff and Enroute Alternatesp. 172
Loading the Nav Systemsp. 173
From Launch to Coast-Out Pointp. 173
In MNPS Airspacep. 174
In-Flight Emergenciesp. 174
Nearing the Coast-In Pointp. 175
Arrivalp. 175
Flying in Europep. 177
European Air Traffic Flow Managementp. 177
Organization and Proceduresp. 177
Flight Plan Filing Requirementsp. 177
The Slot Allocation Processp. 178
The Flexible Use of Airspace Concept Within Europe--Conditional Routesp. 179
New Trends and Developmentsp. 180
A Few Words About Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA)p. 180
Hints for Flying in Europep. 181
Flying Within the European Control Systemp. 182
Example Flightp. 182
International Weatherp. 185
Aviation Weather Informationp. 185
Meteorological Codep. 185
International Surface Reports (METAR)p. 186
Generalp. 186
Reporting Type, Time and Reporting Stationp. 186
Windp. 186
Visibilityp. 186
Runway Visual Rangep. 186
Present Weatherp. 187
Cloudsp. 187
Temperature and Dew Pointp. 187
Altimeter Settingp. 187
Trend Forecastp. 188
Remarksp. 188
Airborne Reportsp. 188
Forecasts (TAFs)p. 189
Terminal Forecastsp. 189
Volmetsp. 190
ICAO Annex 3--Meteorological Services for International Air Navigationp. 190
Definitionsp. 190
World Area Forecast System and Meteorological Officesp. 190
Inertial Navigationp. 197
An Introduction to Inertial Navigationp. 197
Principles of Strapdown Inertial Navigationp. 203
Introductionp. 203
Modes of Operationp. 206
Theory of Operationp. 211
Accelerometer Principle of Operationp. 211
Triple-Axis Navigation Computationp. 211
Laser Principle of Operationp. 213
The Pilot's Perspective About INS Errorsp. 215
Loran-Cp. 217
The Loran-C Systemp. 217
Introductionp. 217
Modern Loran-C Aviation Receiversp. 217
Theory of Operationp. 217
The Loran-C Chainp. 219
Chain Geometryp. 219
Chain Coverage Areap. 221
The Pulsep. 221
Received Signal Characteristicsp. 222
LORAN-C Operationsp. 224
Notes for Pilotsp. 224
Historical Notes and the Future of Loran-Cp. 225
Global Positioning Systemp. 227
GPS System Overviewp. 227
General System Descriptionp. 227
Program Managementp. 227
System Technical Descriptionp. 228
System Performancep. 230
Navigation Using GPSp. 232
Types of GPS Receivers and Their Applicationsp. 237
GPS Receiver Architecturesp. 237
Time-To-First-Fixp. 240
GPS Specification and Design Issuesp. 242
System Availabilityp. 242
Positioning Availabilityp. 242
Satellite Selection Criteriap. 251
Figure of Meritp. 252
Aiding Capabilities for a GPS Receiverp. 253
Types of Aidingp. 253
Aiding During Acquisition of Initial Trackp. 253
Aiding to Replace a Satellite Measurementp. 254
Aiding to Maintain Satellite Trackp. 255
Differential GPSp. 255
Introductionp. 255
Differential GPS Conceptp. 255
DGPS Implementation Typesp. 255
GPS Error Sourcesp. 257
GPS as an Attitude Reference Systemp. 258
Concept of Operationp. 258
Single and Double Differencingp. 258
Interferometryp. 259
WAAS and LAASp. 262
Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)p. 262
Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)p. 262
Flight Management Systemsp. 265
System Descriptionp. 265
Introductionp. 265
Navigation Management Functionsp. 266
Navigation Modesp. 267
Databasep. 267
Guidancep. 268
Map Displaysp. 269
Miscellaneous Functionsp. 269
Controlsp. 269
Control Display Unitp. 269
CRTp. 270
Color Assignmentsp. 270
Alphanumeric Keysp. 270
Scratchpadp. 270
Line-Select Keysp. 270
Function Keysp. 271
Annunciatorsp. 272
Brightness Controlp. 273
Viewing Anglep. 273
Navigationp. 274
Timep. 277
A Concept of Vital Importance to Pilotsp. 277
The Evolution of the Calendarp. 278
The Calendar of Romulusp. 278
The Numa Calendarp. 278
The Julian Calendarp. 278
The Gregorian Calendarp. 279
The First Almanacsp. 280
The Greek Olympiadsp. 280
The Hebrew Calendarp. 280
The French Revolutionary Decimal Calendarp. 281
The Soviet Russia Experiments in Calendar Changingp. 281
The Julian Day of the Astronomersp. 281
Calendar Improvementp. 282
Kinds of Timep. 282
Universal Timep. 282
Stellar or Sidereal Timep. 282
The Earth's Rotation and Universal Timep. 283
Ephemeris Timep. 283
Length of the Yearp. 284
The Timekeepersp. 284
NBS and USNOp. 284
The Bureau International de I'Heurep. 285
History of Time Broadcastsp. 285
Standard Time Zones and Daylight-Saving Timep. 286
How Pilots Know What Time It Isp. 287
Time From the Skyp. 289
Measuring Timep. 289
Apparent Solar Timep. 290
Mean Solar Timep. 290
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and Universal Coordinated Time (UTC)p. 290
Local Mean Time (LMT)p. 290
Relationship of Time and Longitudep. 290
Navigation System Errors and Limitationsp. 293
Risk Managementp. 293
Navigation System Limitationsp. 293
The Accuracy Checkp. 294
The Gross Error Checkp. 295
Procedures Used to Minimize Errorsp. 295
Additional Procedures for Error Detectionp. 297
The Use of a Master Documentp. 297
Clearancesp. 297
Position Plottingp. 298
Relief Crew Membersp. 298
Preflight Procedures Aimed at Minimizing Errorp. 298
Guarding Against Complacency--A Cautionp. 300
Rare Causes of Errorsp. 300
More Common Causes of Errorsp. 300
Hints to Help Avoid Complacencyp. 300
Celestial Conceptsp. 303
Celestial Navigationp. 303
Celestial Conceptsp. 304
Motions of Celestial Bodiesp. 306
Apparent Motionp. 306
Seasonsp. 307
Celestial Coordinatesp. 307
The Celestial LOPp. 311
Observed Altitudep. 311
True Azimuthp. 312
The Celestial Fixp. 313
Duration of Daylightp. 313
Altitude Effectp. 314
Study Questionsp. 316
The Future of Air Navigationp. 317
FANSp. 317
The Present Air Navigation Systemp. 317
Communicationsp. 317
Navigationp. 317
Surveillancep. 317
Air Traffic Services (ATS)p. 319
Need for Changep. 320
The Future Air Navigation Systemp. 321
Communicationsp. 321
Navigationp. 322
Surveillancep. 324
Epiloguep. 325
Glossary of Termsp. 327
Navigation Terminologyp. 327
International Operations Terminologyp. 337
Readings in International Etiquette and Customs ICAO Flight Plan Form (blank)p. 343
Indexp. 345
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

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