9780321122308

Preface

xvii

What It Takes to Have Your Say

(12)

Writing as Exploration

(2)

The Purpose of Arguing

(1)

Arguing at a Distance

(1)

Exploring the Issues in This Book

(3)

Having YOUR Say

(4)

Learning to Have YOUR Say

(1)

Exercises

(2)

PART I CRITICAL READING: EXPLORING A POINT OF VIEW

(114)

Spans: Building the Segments of an Argument

(16)

The Issue Span: Seeing the Issue

(3)

Variations in the Issue Span

(1)

Recognizing the Boundaries of the Issue Span

(1)

The Problem Span: Understanding the Problem

(3)

Explaining the Tension

(1)

Change in Scope: Separating the Issue and Problem Spans

(2)

The Solution Span: Finding and Evaluating Options

(1)

Is There Any Solution?

(1)

Drawing Lines Between the Spans

(1)

Inferring the Author's Starting Point

(4)

Using Spans to Analyze, to Explore, and to Guide

(1)

Exercises

(2)

Stases: Taking Standpoints Along a Path

(35)

The Stasis Sequence in Different Spans

(1)

Dividing a Span into Stasis Passages

(1)

Existence Claims

(4)

The Purpose of an Existence Claim

(1)

Developing Existence Passages

(3)

Clues to Spotting Existence Passages

(1)

Definition Claims

(6)

The Purpose of a Definition Claim

(2)

Developing Definition Passages

(2)

Clues to Spotting Definition Claims

(1)

Distinguishing Between Definition and Existence Claims

(1)

Value Claims

(8)

The Purpose of a Value Claim

(2)

Developing Value Passages

(4)

Clues to Spotting Value Claims

(1)

Distinguishing Between Value and Definition Claims

(1)

Cause Claims

(8)

The Purpose of a Cause Claim

(1)

Developing Cause Passages

(5)

Clues to Spotting Cause Claims

(1)

Action Claims

(2)

The Purpose of an Action Claim

(1)

Developing Action Passages

(1)

Clues to Spotting Action Claims

(1)

Treating the Stases as a Flexible Sequence

(3)

Exercises

(2)

Supporting Claims: Appealing to Logos, Ethos, and Pathos

(21)

Appeals to Logos

(8)

Physical Evidence and Records

(1)

Observations, Testimony, and Statistics

(2)

Logic, Common Sense, and Probability

(2)

Certainty and Accuracy

(3)

Appeals to Ethos

(3)

Credentials

(2)

Personal Impressions

(1)

Appeals to Pathos

(7)

Naming Emotions

(1)

Evoking Sensations

(1)

Using Graphics

(2)

Uses and Misuses of Pathos

(1)

Clues to Spotting Appeals

(2)

Exercises

(2)

Junctions: Responding to Alternative Paths

(22)

The Purpose of Disagreeing

(1)

The Main Path and Alternative Paths

(1)

Developing a Disagreement

(11)

Identifying Opponents

(2)

Summarizing the Alternative Path

(1)

Making Concessions

(1)

Stating the Rebuttal

(6)

Returning to the Main Path

101

(1)

Clues to Spotting Disagreements

101

(4)

Verbs of Attribution

103

(2)

Exercises

105

(4)

Style: Appealing Through Language

109

(18)

Identifying Public Policy Styles

110

(6)

Popular Opinion Styles

111

(1)

Journalistic Styles

112

(3)

Academic Styles

115

(1)

Dealing with Provocative Styles: Hectorers, Preachers, and Smart-Alecks

116

(6)

Provocative Insiders

117

(2)

Putting a Provocative Style in Perspective

119

(3)

Combining Styles in College Writing

122

(1)

Exercises

123

(4)

Part I Readings

127

(70)

Environment Readings

Chivers, C. J. ``Scraping Bottom''

129

(5)

Easterbrook, Gregg. ``They Stopped the Sky from Falling''

134

(7)

Gomez-Pompa, Arturo and Andrea Kaus. ``Taming the Wilderness Myth''

141

(10)

Shiflett, Dave. ``Parks and Wreck: Against Jet Skiers, Snowmobilers, and Other Louts''

151

(3)

Kristof, Nicholas. ``In Praise of Snowmobiles''

154

(1)

Robinson, John. ``The Responsibility to Conserve Wild Species''

155

(4)

Crime Readings

Castleman, Michael. ``Opportunity Knocks''

159

(6)

Kleck, Gary. ``There Are No Lessons to Be Learned from Littleton''

165

(5)

Meares, Tracey and Dan Kahan. ``When Rights Are Wrong: Chicago's Paradox of Unwanted Rights''

170

(10)

Brooks, George. ``Let's Not Gang Up on Our Kids''

180

(2)

Kollin, Joe. ``Why Don't We Name Juveniles?''

182

(3)

Shapiro, Bruce. ``One Violent Crime''

185

(12)

PART II EXPLORING AN ISSUE

197

(114)

Entry Points

199

(14)

Starting an Authentic Exploration

199

(1)

Personal Experience

200

(1)

Cases

200

(4)

Problem Cases

201

(1)

Ideal Cases

202

(1)

Hypothetical Cases

203

(1)

Authors and Stakeholders

204

(7)

Scholars

205

(1)

Stakeholders

206

(2)

Decision Makers

208

(1)

Pundits

209

(1)

Constructing a Conversation

210

(1)

Exercises

211

(2)

Surveying the Terrain

213

(25)

Periodicals

213

(5)

Newspapers, TV News, and News Magazines

214

(2)

Monthly Literary and Political Magazines

216

(1)

Scholarly Journals

216

(1)

Trade and Professional Associations

217

(1)

Finding Articles with Library Indexes and Databases

218

(6)

Searching for Newspaper Articles

218

(2)

Searching for Magazine and Journal Articles

220

(4)

Web sites

224

(5)

Advocacy Web sites

224

(2)

Government Publications and Web sites

226

(3)

Books

229

(1)

Selecting and Evaluating Sources

229

(5)

Relevance

230

(1)

Primary and Secondary Texts

230

(1)

Timeliness

231

(1)

Ethos of a Forum or Web Site Sponsor

231

(3)

Recommending a Source to Others

234

(1)

Exercises

235

(3)

Exploring by Responding

238

(19)

Narrating a Case

238

(3)

Laying Out the Details

240

(1)

Narrating the Frustration

240

(1)

Showing Instead of Telling

240

(1)

Responding to an Author

241

(11)

Agreeing and Disagreeing

244

(1)

Using Rogerian Argument

245

(1)

Assessing Claims

246

(1)

Assessing Support

246

(3)

Playing Devil's Advocate

249

(3)

Imitating

252

(1)

Arguing and Expressing

253

(1)

Exercises

253

(4)

Exploring and Constructing a Problem

257

(19)

Two Strategies for Exploring the Problem

257

(1)

Stating a Problem as a Clash

258

(7)

Stating Goals Explicitly

262

(1)

Exploring Possible Causes

263

(1)

Working Backwards from a Solution

264

(1)

Analyzing Problem Cases

265

(6)

Collecting and Grouping Cases

267

(1)

Varying the Aspects with Hypothetical Cases

268

(3)

Paradigm Cases

271

(1)

Exploring Significance

271

(2)

Exercises

273

(3)

Exploring and Constructing Solutions

276

(14)

Facing the Unknown

276

(1)

Generating Solutions from Problem Statements

277

(5)

Changing the Terrain

278

(2)

Changing Goals or Values

280

(2)

Changing Expectations and Observations

282

(1)

Generating Solutions from Cases

282

(3)

Finding Previously Tried Solutions

282

(1)

Importing a Solution through Analogy

283

(2)

Testing a Solution with Cases

285

(2)

Predicting Effects on Problem Cases

285

(1)

Evaluating Costs and Benefits

286

(1)

Exercises

287

(3)

Mapping a Conversation

290

(21)

Relating Your Position to Others'

290

(1)

Synthesis Defined

291

(1)

Selecting a Relevant Set of Authors

292

(1)

What Are Synthesis Trees?

293

(4)

Alternative Synthesis Trees

293

(4)

Identifying Common Approaches

297

(5)

Grouping Authors

297

(2)

Branching Out Groups and Subgroups

299

(1)

Drawing Fair Inferences

300

(2)

Asking Argument-Based Questions

302

(2)

Problem Trees and Solution Trees

303

(1)

Trees Based on Stases

303

(1)

Testing the Tree

304

(3)

Role-Playing

304

(2)

Testing with Problem Cases

306

(1)

Looking for Coherence and Balance

306

(1)

Exercises

307

(4)

PART III HAVING YOUR SAY

311

(82)

Having Your Say on an Author's Argument

313

(12)

Planning Purpose and Audience

318

(1)

Planning Your Line of Argument

319

(1)

Allocating Space and Planning the Arrangement

320

(1)

Adopting an Analytic Style

321

(1)

Criteria for an Argument Analysis

322

(2)

Peer Review Guidelines

324

(1)

Having Your Say by Responding to an Author's Argument

325

(12)

Planning Purpose and Audience

330

(1)

Planning Your Line of Argument

331

(1)

Responding Strategically

331

(1)

Allocating Space and Planning the Arrangement

332

(1)

Adopting an Appropriate Style

333

(1)

Criteria for a Good Response Paper

334

(1)

Peer Review Guidelines

335

(2)

Having Your Say on the State of the Debate

337

(20)

Planning Purpose and Audience

347

(1)

Planning Your Line of Argument

348

(3)

Choosing a Paradigm Case

348

(1)

Describing Approaches

349

(1)

Describing Positions within an Approach

349

(2)

Allocating Space and Planning the Arrangement

351

(2)

Adopting an Analytic Style

353

(1)

Criteria for a Good State of Debate Paper

353

(2)

Peer Review Guidelines

355

(2)

Having Your Say on the Problem

357

(16)

Planning Purpose and Audience

365

(1)

Planning Your Line of Argument

366

(2)

Allocating Space and Planning the Arrangement

368

(1)

Criteria for a Good Problem-Based Argument

369

(2)

Peer Review Guidelines

371

(2)

Having Your Say on the Solution

373

(20)

Planning Purpose and Audience

382

(2)

Planning Your Line of Argument

384

(3)

Allocating Space and Planning the Arrangement

387

(3)

Criteria for a Good Solution-Based Argument

390

(2)

Peer Review Guidelines

392

(1)

PART IV READING AND WRITING RESOURCES

393

(46)

Critical Reading Process

395

(9)

Preparing to Read

395

(2)

Previewing

396

(1)

Checking

396

(1)

Reading a Text for the First Time

397

(1)

Reading to Deepen Your Understanding

398

(1)

Reading to Map Out the Argument

399

(3)

Annotating the Text

399

(1)

Creating a Sketch

399

(1)

Identifying Spans and Passages within Spans

400

(2)

Tying It All Together

402

(1)

Following Through After Reading

402

(2)

A Repertoire of Writing Processes

404

(12)

Writing Process Components

405

(1)

Planning

406

(1)

Drafting

407

(4)

Freewriting

408

(1)

Talking It Out

408

(1)

Using Generic Storyboards

408

(3)

Evaluating

411

(1)

Detecting

411

(1)

Diagnosing

412

(1)

Revising

412

(1)

Editing at the Sentence Level

413

(1)

Deciding When to Revise and Edit

413

(1)

Getting Stuck and Unstuck

414

(2)

Rhetorical Planning

416

(7)

Asking What's New

417

(1)

Relating to an Audience

418

(2)

Adopting an Authoritative Role

418

(1)

Writing to Insiders or Outsiders

419

(1)

Writing to Allies and Opponents

419

(1)

Addressing Readers

420

(1)

Using ``I'' and ``You''

420

(1)

Signaling Shared Knowledge

420

(1)

Avoiding Pejoratives

421

(1)

Allocating Space

421

(1)

Making Plans Flexible

422

(1)

Collaborative Evaluation and Revision

423

(7)

Taking on a Helpful Role

424

(1)

Giving Helpful Feedback

424

(4)

Detect

425

(1)

Reflect

425

(1)

Diagnose

425

(2)

Suggest

427

(1)

Comments to Avoid

427

(1)

Using Feedback During Revision

428

(1)

Giving Feedback to Reviewers

429

(1)

Documentation Conventions

430

(9)

Two Parts of Documentation: In-Text Citations and Lists of Sources

431

(1)

In-Text Citations

432

(2)

Direct Reference Citations

432

(1)

Indirect Parenthetical Citations

432

(1)

Citations to Sources with Unknown Authors

433

(1)

Lists of Sources

434

(5)

Books and Book Parts

435

(1)

Periodicals

436

(1)

Personal Communications

437

(1)

Multimedia and Internet Sources

438

(1)

Glossary

439

(5)

Bibliography

444

(3)

Index

447

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Having Your Say

0321122305

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Rewards Program