Power System Relaying

With emphasis on power system protection from the network operator perspective, this classic textbook explains the fundamentals of relaying and power system phenomena including stability, protection and reliability. The fourth edition brings coverage up-to-date with important advancements in protective relaying due to significant changes in the conventional electric power system that will integrate renewable forms of energy and, in some countries, adoption of the Smart Grid initiative.

New features of the Fourth Edition include:

• an entirely new chapter on protection considerations for renewable energy sources, looking at grid interconnection techniques, codes, protection considerations and practices. 
• new concepts in power system protection such as Wide Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) and system integrity protection (SIPS) -how to use WAMS for protection, and SIPS and control with WAMS.
• phasor measurement units (PMU), transmission line current differential, high voltage dead tank circuit breakers, and relays for multi-terminal lines.
• revisions to the Bus Protection Guide IEEE C37.234 (2009) and to the sections on additional protective requirements and restoration.

Used by universities and industry courses throughout the world, Power System Relaying is an essential text for graduate students in electric power engineering and a reference for practising relay and protection engineers who want to be kept up to date with the latest advances in the industry.

Stanley H. Horowitz, Retired Consulting Engineer, American Electric Power, BSEE City College of New York.
Mr Horowitz worked at American Electric Power Service Corp. from 1950 to 1989, serving as head of the System Protection Section and assistant head of the Electrical Engineering Division and Consulting Electrical Engineer.?He was a lecturer at Columbia University Graduate School and a guest lecturer at the Universities of Wisconsin, Marquette, Auburn, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lund University and Grenoble University. He is a Life Fellow of the IEEE and served as chairman of the IEEE/PES Power System Relaying Committee from 1975-1978. In 1995 he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering and in 2008 was awarded the PES Life Achievement Award. Mr Horowitz was chairman of Study Committee 34-Protection and Control of the International Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems (CIGRE) from 1980-1986. In 1997 he was awarded the CIGRE Attwood Associates Award. He has co-authored a textbook and authored over 24 technical papers; he was also editor-in-chief of the IEEE Power Engineering Society magazine "Computer Applications in Power" until 2002.

Arun G. Phadke, Retired Research University Distinguished Professor, Virginia Technical University, Life Fellow-IEEE, member National Academy of Engineering

1. Introduction to protective relaying

1.1. What is relaying?

1.2. Power system structural considerations

1.3. Power system bus configurations + updates

1.4. The nature of relaying

1.5. Elements of a protection system

1.5.1. Circuit breakers

1.6. International practices

1.7. Summary

Problems

References

2. Relay operating principles

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Detection of faults

2.3. Relay designs

2.4. Electromechanical relays

2.5. Solid-state relays

2.6. Computer relays

2.7. Other relay design considerations

2.8. Control circuits, a beginning

2.9. Summary

Problems

References

3. Current and voltage transformers

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Steady-state performance of current transformers

3.3. Transient performance of current transformers

3.4. Special connections of current transformers

3.5. Linear couplers and electronic current transformers

3.6. Voltage transformers

3.7. Coupling capacitor voltage transformers

3.8. Transient performance of CCVTs

3.9. Electronic voltage transformers

3.10. Summary

Problems

References

4. Nonpilot overcurrent protection of transmission lines

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Fuses, sectionalizers, reclosers

4.3. Inverse, time-delay overcurrent relays

4.4. Instantaneous overcurrent relays

4.5. Directional overcurrent relays

4.6. Polarizing

4.7. Summary

Problems

References

5. Nonpilot distance protection of transmission lines

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Stepped distance protection

5.3. R–X diagram

5.4. Three-phase distance relays

5.5. Distance relay types

5.6. Relay operation with zero voltage

5.7. Polyphase relays

5.8. Relays for multi-terminal lines

5.9. Protection of parallel lines

5.10. Effect of transmission line compensation devices

5.11. Loadability of relays

5.12. Summary

Problems

References

6. Pilot protection of transmission lines

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Communication channels

6.3. Tripping versus blocking

6.4. Directional comparison blocking

6.5. Directional comparison unblocking

6.6. Underreaching transfer trip

6.7. Permissive overreaching transfer trip

6.8. Permissive underreaching transfer trip

6.9. Phase comparison relaying

6.10. Current differential

6.11. Pilot wire relaying

6.12. Multi-terminal lines

6.13. The Smart Grid

6.14. Current Differential

6.15. Summary

Problems

References

7. Rotating machinery protection

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Stator faults

7.3. Rotor faults

7.4. Unbalanced currents

7.5. Overload

7.6. Over speed

7.7. Abnormal voltages and frequencies

7.8. Loss of excitation

7.9. Loss of synchronism

7.10. Power plant auxiliary system

7.11. Winding connections

7.12. Start-up and motoring

7.13. Inadvertent energization

7.14. Tensional vibration

7.15. Sequential tripping

7.16. Summary

Problems

References

8. Transformer protection

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Overcurrent protection

8.3. Percentage differential protection

8.4. Causes of false differential currents

8.5. Supervised differential relays

8.6. Three-phase transformer protection

8.7. Volts-per-hertz protection

8.8. Nonelectrical protection

8.9. Protection systems for transformers

8.10. Summary

Problems

References

9. Bus, reactor and capacitor protection

9.1. Introduction to bus protection

9.2. Overcurrent relays

9.3. Percentage differential relays

9.4. High-impedance voltage relays

9.5. Moderately high impedance relay

9.6. Linear couplers

9.7. Directional comparison

9.8. Partial differential protection

9.9. Introduction to shunt reactor protection

9.10. Dry-type reactors

9.11. Oil-immersed reactors

9.12. Introduction to shunt capacitor bank protection

9.13. Static var compensator protection

9.14. Static compensator

9.15. Summary

Problems

References

10. Power system phenomena and relaying considerations

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Power system stability

10.3. Steady-state stability

10.4. Transient stability

10.5. Voltage stability

10.6. Dynamics of system frequency

10.7. Series capacitors and reactors

10.8. Independent power producers

10.9. Islanding

10.10. Blackouts and restoration

10.11. Summary

Problems

References

11. Relaying for system performance

11.1. Introduction

11.2. System integrity protection schemes

11.3. Underfrequency load shedding

11.4. Undervoltage load shedding

11.5. Out-of-step relaying

11.6. Loss-of-field relaying

11.7. Adaptive relaying

11.8. Hidden failures

11.9. Distance relay polarizing

11.10. Summary

Problems

References

12. Switching schemes and procedures

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Relay testing

12.3. Computer programs for relay setting

12.4. Breaker failure relaying

12.5. Reclosing

12.6. Single-phase operation

12.7. Summary

References

13. Monitoring performance of power systems

13.1. Introduction

13.2. Oscillograph analysis

13.3. Synchronized sampling

13.4. Fault location

13.5. Alarms

13.6. COMTRADE and SYNCHROPHASOR standards

13.7. Summary

Problems

References

14. Improved Protection with Wide Area Measurements (WAMS)

14.1. Introduction

14.2. WAMS Organiization

14.3. Using WAMS for Protection

14.4. Supervising Back-Up Protection

14.5. Impedance Excursions Into Relay Settings

14.6. Stability Related Protections

14.7. SIPS And Control With WAMS

14.8. Summary and Future Prospects

References

15. Protection Considerations for Renewable Sources

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Types of renewable energy sources

15.3 Grid interconnection techniques

15.4 Protection considerations and practices

15.5 Grid codes for interconnection of renewable sources

15.6 Summary

15.7 References

Appendix A: IEEE device numbers and functions

Appendix B: Symmetrical components

Appendix C: Power equipment parameters

Appendix D: Inverse time overcurrent relay characteristics

Index

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