9781560801245

Preface and Acknowledgments

xvi

Chapter 1 Introduction to Deepwater Systems: Definitions and Concepts

1-1

(1)

Overview

1-1

(1)

Definitions of Deep Water

1-2

(1)

Common Deepwater Elements and Terminology

1-3

(1)

Sequence Stratigraphic Expression of Key Surfaces and Intervals

1-5

(1)

Regional Controls on Deepwater Systems

1-6

(1)

Problems in Deepwater Depositional Systems Research: Gaps in Scale Behind Modern and Ancient Data Sets

1-8

(1)

Historical Evolution of Concepts about Deepwater Systems and the Role of Technology

1-9

(1)

Short-course Organization

1-13

(1)

Appendix 1-A: Definitions of Deepwater Elements Used in this Book

1-13

(1)

References

1-14

(1)

Chapter 2 Global Overview of Deepwater Exploration and Production 2-1

Introduction

2-1

(1)

Exploration and Production Trends of Deep and Ultradeep Water

2-2

(1)

Discovered petroleum resources in deep and ultradeep water

2-2

(1)

Petroleum Geology of Deepwater Basins

2-6

(1)

Basin types

2-6

(1)

Mobile-substrate, large-river basins

2-6

(1)

Mobile-substrate, small-river basins

2-6

(1)

Nonmobile-substrate, small-river basins

2-8

(1)

Nondeepwater-reservoir basins

2-9

(1)

Petroleum systems

2-9

(1)

Reservoirs

2-9

(1)

Traps

2-9

(1)

Seals

2-12

(1)

Source rocks

2-12

(1)

Generation and migration

2-13

(1)

Critical geologic success factors

2-14

(1)

Field sizes in deep water

2-14

(1)

High-rate, high-ultimate-recovery (HRHU) reservoirs

2-16

(1)

Thickness versus confinement of reservoirs

2-17

(1)

Direct hydrocarbon indicators

2-18

(1)

Seismic imaging

2-18

(1)

Future Deepwater Frontiers and Exploration Trends

2-19

(1)

Continued exploration in proven basins

2-20

(1)

Undrilled, mobile-substrate basins

2-21

(1)

Ultradeep water, unstructured abyssal plain

2-22

(1)

Unstructured, deepwater margins

2-22

(1)

Rift/transform/active margins

2-23

(1)

Deeper drilling

2-23

(1)

Emerging trends

2-23

(1)

Deliberate gas exploration

2-24

(1)

Political openings

2-24

(1)

Business and Technology Trends of Deep Water: Key Learnings and Future Challenges

2-24

(1)

Deepwater versus shelf plays

2-25

(1)

Work in integrated teams

2-25

(1)

Drilling technology for deep water

2-25

(1)

Reduction in drilling costs

2-26

(1)

Fast-track development

2-27

(1)

Data collection during field development

2-27

(1)

Reduction in cycle time

2-28

(1)

Subsea development

2-28

(1)

Reservoir monitoring

2-29

(1)

Exploration Workflow for Deep Water

2-30

(1)

Regional scale

2-31

(1)

Play scale

2-31

(1)

Prospect scale

2-32

(1)

Final prospect risking

2-33

(1)

Summary: Key Learnings

2-34

(1)

References

2-35

(1)

Chapter 3 Sequence Stratigraphic Setting of Deepwater Systems

3-1

(1)

Introduction

3-1

(1)

Overview

3-1

(1)

Deepwater systems in a sequence stratigraphic setting

3-1

(1)

Initial Papers in Sequence Stratigraphy and Deepwater Systems

3-2

(1)

Vail et al., 1977

3-2

(1)

Mitchum, 1984, 1985; Mutti, 1985

3-4

(1)

Mitchum

3-4

(1)

Mutti

3-4

(1)

Vail, 1987

3-6

(1)

Basin-floor fan

3-7

(1)

Slope fan

3-7

(1)

Prograding complex

3-7

(1)

Discussion

3-9

(1)

Posamentier and Vail, 1988

3-10

(1)

Galloway, 1989

3-10

(1)

Effects of Sediment Grain Size and Delivery Systems on Deepwater Systems

3-13

(1)

Posamentier et al., 1991

3-13

(1)

Muntingh and Brown, 1993; Brown et al., 1996

3-16

(1)

Reading and Richards, 1994; Richards and Bowman, 1998

3-17

(1)

Effects of Tectonics on Stacking Patterns of Deepwater Systems

3-17

(1)

Mitchum et al., 1990, 1993

3-18

(1)

AAPG Bulletin, May 1998

3-20

(1)

Fill-and-spill Models for Intraslope Basins

3-20

(1)

Mayall and Stewart, 2001

3-24

(1)

Discussion

3-25

(1)

Different Orders of Cyclicity and the Development of Deepwater Systems

3-25

(1)

Mitchum and Van Wagoner, 1990, 1991

3-26

(1)

Brown et al., 1996

3-26

(1)

Beauboeuf et al., 1998

3-31

(1)

Jennette et al., 2000

3-31

(1)

Discussion

3-32

(1)

Deepwater Systems in Lakes

3-32

(1)

Overfilled lakes

3-35

(1)

Balanced-fill lakes

3-35

(1)

Underfilled lakes

3-36

(1)

Carbonate Deepwater Systems

3-37

(1)

Summary: Key Lessons Learned

3-41

(1)

References

3-48

(1)

Chapter 4 Deepwater Reservoir Elements: Channels and their Sedimentary Fill

4-1

(1)

Introduction

4-1

(1)

Definitions

4-1

(1)

Environments of Deposition

4-2

(1)

Downslope change in general characteristics

4-2

(1)

Origins

4-2

(1)

Channel shape: Vertical and plan view

4-6

(1)

Internal fill, stacking, and hierarchy of channels

4-6

(1)

Equilibrium profiles in channels

4-7

(1)

Regional-scale Characteristics

4-9

(1)

Seafloor images

4-10

(1)

Slope conduits

4-11

(1)

Channel morphologies

4-11

(1)

Channel-lobe transition zone

4-13

(1)

Seismic-stratigraphic and wireline-log expression

4-15

(1)

Shape and size

4-15

(1)

Edge relations

4-19

(1)

Internal reflections

4-23

(1)

Wireline-log to seismic response

4-27

(1)

Development-scale Characteristics

4-31

(1)

Outcrop expressions of canyons, erosional channels, and channel-fill strata

4-31

(1)

Erosional channels (including submarine canyons)

4-33

(1)

Point Lobos Submarine Canyon, California, U.S.A.: A pebble/sand-prone system

4-33

(1)

Miocene Capistrano Formation, California, U.S.A.: A pebble/sand-prone system

4-35

(1)

Lower Pennsylvanian Jackfork Group, Arkansas, U.S.A.: A mixed sand/mud-prone system

4-37

(1)

Paleocene-Oligocene strata, California, U.S.A.: A mud-prone system

4-38

(1)

Mixed erosional-aggradational channels

4-39

(1)

Upper Cretaceous Rosario Formation, Mexico: A gravel-prone system

4-40

(1)

Upper Cretaceous Juniper Ridge Conglomerate, California, U.S.A.: A gravel-prone system

4-42

(1)

Permian Brushy Canyon Formation, Texas, U.S.A.: A sand-prone system

4-46

(1)

Aggradational leveed-channel systems

4-48

(1)

Upper Cretaceous Cerro Toro Formation, Chile: A pebbly/sandy system

4-49

(1)

Eocene-Oligocene Grés d'Annot system, southern France: A sand-prone system

4-51

(1)

Miocene, Mount Messenger Formation, New Zealand: A mixed sand-mud system

4-52

(1)

Upper Cretaceous Dad Sandstone Member, Lewis Shale, Wyoming, U.S.A.: A sandy/mud-prone system

4-54

(1)

Characteristics and processes of the formation of sinuous leveed-channel systems

4-59

(1)

Morphology and origin of sinuosity

4-59

(1)

Sedimentary processes within sinuous channels

4-62

(1)

The nature of the channel margin

4-65

(1)

Reservoir implications of outcrop characteristics

4-65

(1)

Lateral continuity

4-65

(1)

Vertical connectivity

4-66

(1)

Textural, compositional, and structural characteristics of channel-fill sands and sandstones

4-67

(1)

Identifying channel-fill sands and sandstones in cores and borehole-image logs

4-67

(1)

Examples of channel-fill reservoirs

4-69

(1)

Forties field, blocks 21/10, 22/6a, North Sea, U.K

4-69

(1)

N Sandstone, Ram-Powell field, northern Gulf of Mexico, U.S.A

4-74

(1)

Garden Banks 191, northern deep Gulf of Mexico

4-77

(1)

Andrew field, U.K. Sector, North Sea

4-80

(1)

Indian Draw field, southeastern New Mexico, U.S.A

4-82

(1)

Girassol field, offshore Angola

4-86

(1)

Summary: Lessons Learned from Channel-fill Reservoirs

4-87

(1)

References

4-88

(1)

Chapter 5 Deepwater Reservoir Elements: Levee-overbank Sediments and their Thin Beds

5-1

(1)

Introduction

5-1

(1)

Regional-scale Characteristics

5-2

(1)

Seafloor images

5-2

(1)

Seismic-stratigraphic and wireline-log expressions

5-7

(1)

Shape in plan view and size

5-8

(1)

Elevation and thickness of levees

5-9

(1)

Shape in cross section

5-10

(1)

Edge relations

5-12

(1)

Internal reflections

5-15

(1)

Wireline-log to seismic response

5-17

(1)

Development-scale Characteristics

5-22

(1)

Examples of levee-overbank outcrops

5-22

(1)

Miocene Mount Messenger Formation, New Zealand (a mixed sand-mud system)

5-24

(1)

Upper Cretaceous Dad Sandstone Member, Lewis Shale, southern Wyoming, U.S.A

5-26

(1)

Middle Miocene Whakataki Formation, Wairarapa, New Zealand

5-27

(1)

Cerro Toro Formation, Chile

5-29

(1)

Reservoir implications of outcrop characteristics

5-31

(1)

Lateral continuity

5-31

(1)

Vertical connectivity

5-32

(1)

The effect of shales on continuity and connectivity

5-32

(1)

Textural, structural, and compositional characteristics of levee-overbank deposits

5-33

(1)

Identifying levee-overbank beds in subsurface cores and borehole-image logs

5-34

(1)

Examples of thin-bedded levee reservoirs

5-35

(1)

L sand, Ram-Powell field, northern Gulf of Mexico

5-35

(1)

M4.1 sand, Tahoe field, Northern Gulf of Mexico

5-39

(1)

Summary: Lessons Learned

5-42

(1)

References

5-44

(1)

Chapter 6 Deepwater Reservoir Elements: Sheet Sands and Sandstones

6-1

(1)

Introduction

6-1

(1)

Regional-scale Characteristics

6-1

(1)

Seafloor characteristics

6-2

(1)

Lobate shape

6-2

(1)

Distributary-channel pattern

6-3

(1)

Dendritic-channel pattern

6-4

(1)

Differences in patterns

6-5

(1)

Seismic-stratigraphic and wireline-log characteristics

6-5

(1)

Shape and size

6-6

(1)

Edge relations

6-8

(1)

Internal reflection

6-13

(1)

Wireline-log to seismic response

6-14

(1)

Development-scale Characteristics

6-16

(1)

Examples of sheet-sandstone outcrops

6-17

(1)

Upper Carboniferous Ross Formation, western Ireland

6-17

(1)

Permian Skoorsteenberg Formation, South Africa

6-20

(1)

Permian Brushy Canyon Formation, west Texas, U.S.A

6-23

(1)

Pennsylvanian Jackfork Group, Arkansas, U.S.A

6-24

(1)

Reservoir implications of outcrop characteristics

6-25

(1)

Lateral continuity

6-25

(1)

Vertical connectivity

6-28

(1)

The effect of shales on continuity and connectivity

6-29

(1)

Textural, compositional, and structural characteristics of sheet sands and sandstones

6-31

(1)

Identifying layered and amalgamated sheets in subsurface cores and borehole-image logs

6-32

(1)

Examples of Sheet-sandstone Reservoirs

6-35

(1)

Auger field, northern Gulf of Mexico, U.S.A

6-36

(1)

Mars field, northern Gulf of Mexico, U.S.A

6-40

(1)

Mensa gas field, northern Gulf of Mexico, U.S.A

6-43

(1)

Garden Banks 191, northern deep Gulf of Mexico

6-45

(1)

J sand, Ram-Powell field, northern Gulf of Mexico, U.S.A

6-48

(1)

Long Beach Unit, Wilmington field, southern California, U.S.A

6-51

(1)

Miller field, Viking Graben, North Sea, U.K

6-54

(1)

Campos Basin, Brazil

6-57

(1)

Summary: Key Lessons Learned

6-58

(1)

References

6-59

(1)

Chapter 7 Deepwater Reservoir Elements: Mass-transport Complexes and Slides

7-1

(1)

Introduction

7-1

(1)

Regional-scale Characteristics

7-2

(1)

Surficial images

7-3

(1)

Seismic-stratigraphic and wireline-log expressions

7-3

(1)

Shape and size

7-4

(1)

Edge relations

7-5

(1)

Internal reflections

7-6

(1)

Wireline-log to seismic response

7-8

(1)

Development-scale Characteristics

7-14

(1)

Outcrop characteristics

7-15

(1)

Core expression and image logs

7-15

(1)

Examples of MTCs and Slides as Reservoirs

7-17

(1)

The Role of MTCs and Slides in Drilling-hazard Assessment and Geotechnical Studies

7-19

(1)

Origins of MTCs and Slides

7-23

(1)

Sequence Stratigraphic Occurrence of MTCs and Slides

7-25

(1)

Summary: Key Lessons Learned

7-26

(1)

References

7-29

(1)

Chapter 8 Hybrid-type Deepwater Reservoirs and Pitfalls in the Interpretation of Deepwater Sandstones

8-1

(1)

Introduction

8-1

(1)

Remobilized Sandstone Reservoirs

8-1

(1)

Seismic-stratigraphic expression

8-2

(1)

Wireline-log expression

8-3

(1)

Outcrop expression

8-3

(1)

Core expression

8-4

(1)

Producing fields

8-6

(1)

Discussion

8-6

(1)

Resedimented Chalk Reservoirs

8-7

(1)

Seismic expression

8-8

(1)

Log response

8-8

(1)

Outcrop

8-8

(1)

Cores

8-10

(1)

Producing fields

8-10

(1)

Carbonate Debris-apron Reservoirs

8-10

(1)

Seismic data

8-11

(1)

Wireline logs

8-11

(1)

Cores

8-11

(1)

Producing fields

8-12

(1)

Pitfalls in Interpreting Deepwater Systems

8-13

(1)

Pitfalls in 2D seismic interpretation

8-13

(1)

Mounds caused by slides

8-13

(1)

Mounding caused by deltas and carbonate buildups

8-13

(1)

Erosional remnants

8-13

(1)

Clinoforms that appear mounded in strike view

8-14

(1)

Mounding caused by faults

8-14

(1)

Contourites

8-14

(1)

Condensed sections

8-14

(1)

Pitfalls in 3D seismic interpretation

8-17

(1)

Pitfalls in conventional wireline logs

8-17

(1)

Pitfalls in borehole images and cores

8-18

(1)

Summary: Lessons Learned

8-18

(1)

References

8-18

(1)

Chapter 9 Petroleum Traps in Deepwater Settings

9-1

(1)

Introduction

9-1

(1)

Basins with Mobile Substrates

9-2

(1)

Salt-related margins

9-3

(1)

Traps associated with salt structures

9-5

(1)

Evolution of structures

9-10

(1)

Future exploration areas: Salt margins

9-13

(1)

Shale-related margins

9-15

(1)

Nigerian margin

9-20

(1)

Brunei and Sabah

9-25

(1)

Future exploration areas: Shale margins

9-28

(1)

Thin-skin deepwater fold belts

9-28

(1)

Future exploration: Thin-skin fold belts

9-33

(1)

Fault traps associated with mobile substrates

9-35

(1)

Extensional faults

9-37

(1)

Contractional faults

9-37

(1)

Basins with Nonmobile Substrates

9-39

(1)

Basement blocks

9-40

(1)

North Sea

9-41

(1)

Northeastern Atlantic Margin

9-44

(1)

North West Shelf, Australia

9-44

(1)

Offshore Egypt

9-46

(1)

Future exploration: Basement blocks

9-46

(1)

Orogenic fold belts

9-47

(1)

Wrench settings

9-48

(1)

Stratigraphic Traps and Unconfined Settings

9-54

(1)

Onlap and pinchout traps

9-55

(1)

Regional dip and/or facies changes

9-59

(1)

Canyon-fill traps

9-60

(1)

Canyon truncation

9-60

(1)

Unconfined settings

9-61

(1)

Nondeepwater Reservoirs in Deepwater Depths

9-62

(1)

Summary: Key Learnings

9-63

(1)

Appendix 9-A Definitions of Key Features Associated with Salt Tectonics

9-65

(1)

Appendix 9-B Basic Processes of Salt Tectonics

9-66

(1)

Autochthonous salt reorganization without regional tectonics

9-66

(1)

Autochthonous salt reorganization in an extension context

9-66

(1)

Autochthonous salt growth during regional contraction

9-66

(1)

Raft tectonics

9-67

(1)

Allochthonous salt growth

9-67

(1)

Counterregional salt systems

9-67

(1)

References

9-67

(1)

Chapter 10 Petroleum Systems of Deepwater Settings

10-1

Introduction

10-1

(1)

Source Rocks

10-1

(1)

Deposition of source rocks

10-1

(1)

Oil source rocks

10-2

(1)

Gas sources

10-3

(1)

Source-rock challenges: Oil-quality issues

10-3

(1)

Seals and Pore-pressure Prediction

10-4

(1)

Pressure prediction

10-5

(1)

Petroleum-systems Modeling in Deepwater Settings: Generation, Timing, and Migration

10-5

(1)

Timing and migration

10-6

(1)

Surface seeps as evidence of migration

10-7

(1)

Summary: Lessons Learned

10-7

(1)

References

10-8

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Petroleum Systems Of Deepwater Settings

1560801247

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