9780750656689

Cross-Cultural Behaviour in Tourism: Concepts and Analysis is important reading for those in the following areas of industry: * Tourism: illustrates the importance of cultural background in the tourist experience and how it is a major determinant in repeat visitation * Marketing: provides an understanding of the cultural background of a destination that is vital when formulating successful marketing strategies * Management: provides valuable examples on how cultures influence tourist behaviour and decision-making, helping managers to develop cross-cultural skills and deal with tourists from diverse cultural backgrounds Tourism is a service industry where people from different nationalities meet. In today's international marketplace it is imperative that those in the industry understand the influence of national cultures on their consumers in order to compete successfully for a market share. The book is accompanied by online resources which can be found at www.bh.com/companions/0750656689. These resources include an account of Hypothesis Testing, together with a detailed glossary and a comprehensive reference list of relevant materials. * Illustrates the importance of cultural background in the tourist experience. * Shows how to understand this background to achieve successful marketing and increased. profits * Provides statistical and analytical tools and explains how to use them to analyse this vital cross cultural behaviour.

Foreword

xi

Preface

xiii

List of tables

xvii

List of figures

xix

Introduction

xxi

The aim

xxiii

The main users

xxiii

Structure and content

xxiv

Part 1 Concepts of Cross-Cultural Behaviour in Tourism

1

(198)

Culture

3

(31)

Introduction

4

(1)

Concept and definitions

4

(8)

Purpose of culture

12

(1)

Characteristics of culture

13

(1)

Subcultures

14

(2)

Cultural differences

16

(6)

Cultural dimensions

22

(4)

Inter-cultural interaction model

26

(2)

Importance of understanding the cross-cultural differences in behaviour

28

(1)

Tourism cross-cultural studies

29

(2)

Culture and tourism marketing management

31

(1)

Summary

32

(1)

Discussion points and questions

32

(1)

Further reading

33

(1)

Social contact

34

(39)

Introduction

35

(1)

Concept and definitions

35

(4)

Contact hypothesis

39

(4)

Determinants of tourist-host contact

43

(9)

Types of intercultural tourist-host contact

52

(2)

Interaction difficulties in inter- and cross-cultural tourist-host contact

54

(2)

Culture shock

56

(7)

Measurement of tourist-host contact

63

(5)

Importance of the cultural background analysis

68

(1)

Tourist-host contact studies

69

(1)

Summary

70

(1)

Discussion points and questions

71

(1)

Further reading

71

(2)

Values

73

(59)

Introduction

74

(1)

Concept and definitions

74

(3)

Values and culture

77

(1)

The relationship between values and other related concepts

78

(2)

Types of values and their classification

80

(1)

Measurement of values

81

(5)

Differences in cultural value patterns between Asian, US, European, and Australian societies: empirical and non-empirical evidence

86

(44)

Summary

130

(1)

Discussion points and questions

130

(1)

Further reading

131

(1)

Rules of social interaction

132

(15)

Introduction

133

(1)

Concept and definitions

134

(7)

Cross-cultural differences in rules of social interaction

141

(4)

Summary

145

(1)

Discussion points and questions

146

(1)

Further reading

146

(1)

Perception

147

(28)

Introduction

148

(1)

Concept and definitions

149

(3)

Relationship between culture, social interaction and perception

152

(5)

Measurement of perception

157

(1)

Tourists' and hosts' perceptions of each other -- Asia, Europe, US and Australia

158

(8)

Perception versus attitude, image and attribution

166

(3)

Stereotyping

169

(3)

Ethnocentrism

172

(1)

Summary

173

(1)

Discussion points and questions

173

(1)

Further reading

174

(1)

Satisfaction

175

(24)

Introduction

176

(1)

Concept and definitions

176

(5)

Satisfaction versus customer service quality

181

(11)

Measurement of satisfaction

192

(4)

Summary

196

(1)

Discussion points and questions

197

(1)

Further reading

197

(2)

Part 2 Methods for Cross-Cultural Analysis in Tourism

199

(80)

Principal Components and Factor Analysis for cross-cultural analysis

201

(42)

Introduction

202

(1)

Principal Components Analysis

203

(1)

Tests of significance

204

(1)

Segmental correlation

205

(2)

Simple representation of correlation and component extraction

207

(8)

Communality

215

(1)

Scores

215

(2)

Factor Analysis

217

(1)

The difference between Principal Components Analysis and Factor Analysis

218

(3)

Factor rotation

221

(6)

Factor scores

227

(1)

Controlling the input matrix in both Principal Components and Factor Analysis

228

(2)

Alternative input matrix modes for both Principal Components and Factor Analysis

230

(1)

Example: cultural analysis using Principal Components Analysis

231

(8)

Example: component interpretation

239

(1)

Summary

240

(1)

Discussion points and questions

241

(1)

Further reading

241

(2)

Structural equation modelling for cross-cultural analysis

243

(36)

Introduction

244

(1)

What is structural equation modelling?

244

(1)

Objective of structural equation modelling

244

(2)

Applications of structural equation modelling

246

(1)

Application in tourism

247

(3)

Types of LISREL modelling

250

(4)

The stages involved in structural equation modelling

254

(23)

Stage 1

255

(1)

Stage 2

256

(1)

Stage 3

257

(1)

Stage 4

258

(1)

Stage 5

259

(5)

Stage 6

264

(10)

Stage 7

274

(2)

Stage 8

276

(1)

Summary

277

(1)

Discussion points and questions

278

(1)

Further reading

278

(1)

Part 3 Applications of Cultural Analysis in Tourism

279

(42)

Cultural analysis: marketing and management implications

281

(40)

Introduction

282

(1)

Brief conceptual summary

282

(1)

Cultural model of conceptual relationships

282

(1)

The attributes of the model

283

(1)

Importance of the Asian tourist market

284

(1)

Research objectives

285

(2)

Study methodology

287

(1)

Results of the Mann-Whitney U-test

288

(1)

Results of the Principal Components Analysis

288

(3)

Interpretation of the cultural dimensions

291

(13)

Structural equation modelling analysis

304

(13)

Summary

317

(1)

Discussion points and questions

318

(1)

End notes

318

(1)

Further reading

318

(3)

Part 4 Conclusion

321

(4)

Additional web-based support material and references

324

(1)

References

325

(10)

Index

335

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Cross-Cultural Behaviour in Tourism : Concepts and Analysis

0750656689

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