Sedimentary Geology : An Introduction to Sedimentary Rocks and Stratigraphy

by Prothero, Donald R.; Schwab, Fred

• ISBN13: 9780716739050
• ISBN10: 0716739054
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-08-22
• Publisher: W. H. Freeman

Summary

An accessible and engaging introductory text for geology majors, the book covers both sedimentary rocks and stratigraphy.Sedimentary Geologyutilizes important current research in tectonics and sedimentation and focuses on crucial geological principles. The book covers a wide range of topics, including trace fossils, mudrocks, diagentetic structures, and seismic stratigraphy. Contributions from chemistry, physics, and structure are drawn upon throughout the book.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	v
TO THE INSTRUCTOR	v
TO THE STUDENT	vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	vii
I SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS	1	(64)
1 Sedimentary Rocks: An Introduction	2	(16)
Sedimentary Rock Description: A Case Study	3	(4)
Sedimentary Rock Interpretation: A Case Study	7	(2)
Sedimentary Geology: Goals	9	(1)
Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks: Major Categories	9	(3)
The Earth's Sedimentary Shell	12	(6)
2 Weathering and Soils	18	(13)
Physical Weathering: Disintegrating Rock into Clasts	19	(1)
Chemical Weathering Reactions	20	(3)
Weathering in the Natural World	23	(2)
Soils and Paleosols	25	(6)
3 Clastic Transport and Fluid Flow	31	(14)
Mass Wasting	31	(1)
Fluid Flow, in Theory and in Nature	32	(3)
Entrainment, Transport, and Deposition of Clasts	35	(4)
Sediment Gravity Flows	39	(6)
4 Sedimentary Structures	45	(20)
Primary Sedimentary Structures	46	(10)
Box 4.1 Paleocurrent Analysis	51	(5)
Secondary Sedimentary Structures	56	(9)
II. SILICICLASTIC SEDIMENTS ANC ENVIRONMENTS	65	(146)
5 Sandstones and Conglomerates	66	(33)
Conglomerate and Breccia	67	(9)
Sandstone	76	(23)
6 Mudrocks	99	(15)
Texture	100	(1)
Composition	101	(3)
Clay Mineralogy and Provenance	104	(1)
Depositional Setting	105	(1)
Glauconite	106	(1)
Bentonite	107	(1)
Classification	108	(1)
Origin and Occurrence	109	(5)
7 Siliciclastic Diagenesis	114	(13)
Compaction	115	(1)
Cementation	116	(2)
Diagenetic Structures	118	(3)
Authigenesis, Recrystallization, and Replacement	121	(1)
Diagenetic Histories	122	(5)
8 Terrestrial Sedimentary Environments	127	(32)
Alluvial Fans	129	(5)
Box 8.1 Devonian Fanglomerates of Norway	132	(2)
Braided Fluvial Systems	134	(5)
Box 8.2 Triassic Fluvial Sandstone of Spain	137	(2)
Meandering Fluvial Systems	139	(5)
Box 8.3 Paleocene and Eocene Floodplain Deposits of Wyoming	142	(2)
Lacustrine Deposits	144	(5)
Box 8.4 The Eocene Green River Formation of the Rocky Mountains	146	(3)
Eolian Deposits	149	(5)
Box 8.5 Jurassic Dunes of the Navajo Sandstone, Utah and Arizona	150	(4)
Glacial Deposits	154	(5)
9 Coastal Environments	159	(24)
Deltas	159	(9)
Box 9.1 Pennsylvanian Deltas of the Appalachians	165	(3)
Peritidal Environments	168	(3)
Barrier Complexes	171	(12)
Box 9.2 Ordovician Shoreline Sequences of South Africa	177	(6)
10 Clastic Marine and Pelagic Environments	183	(28)
Clastic Shelf Deposits	183	(6)
Continental Slope and Rise Sediments	189	(8)
Box 10.1 Tertiary Turbidites of the Northern Apennines	194	(3)
Pelagic Sediments	197	(15)
Box 10.2 Cretaceous Shelf and Pelagic Deposits of the Western Interior of North America	202	(9)
III BIOGENIC, CHEMICAL, AND OTHER NONSILICICLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS	211	(90)
11 Carbonate Rocks	212	(24)
The Importance of Limestone	214	(1)
Carbonate Mineral Chemistry	214	(1)
Carbonate Geochemistry	215	(2)
Controls on Carbonate Deposition	217	(2)
Limestone Components and Classification	219	(7)
Limestone Diagenesis	226	(4)
Dolomite and Dolomitization	230	(6)
12 Carbonate Environments	236	(27)
Peritidal Environments	238	(4)
Subtidal Shelf Carbonates	242	(8)
Box 12.1 Devonian Shallow Marine Carbonates of the Helderberg Group, New York	243	(7)
Reefs and Buildups	250	(9)
Box 12.2 Devonian Reefs of the Canning Basin, Australia	254	(5)
Secular Variation in Carbonates	259	(4)
13 Other Biogenic Sedimentary Rocks	263	(13)
Chert and Siliceous Sediment	263	(2)
Phosphorites	265	(4)
Organic-Rich Sediments	269	(7)
14 Chemical and Nonepiclastic Sedimentary Rocks	276	(25)
Solution Geochemistry	277	(2)
Iron-Rich Sedimentary Rocks	279	(4)
Evaporites	283	(7)
Nonepiclastic Sedimentary Rocks	290	(11)
IV STRATIGRAPHY	301	(203)
15 Lithostratigraphy	302	(39)
Facies	303	(6)
A Framework for Accumulation	309	(2)
Gaps in the Record	311	(6)
Correlation	317	(2)
Time Correlation	319	(3)
The Nature of the Control	322	(7)
Geologically Instantaneous Events	329	(2)
Time, Time-Rock, and Rock Units	331	(2)
The Stratigraphic Code	333	(8)
Box 15.1 Measuring and Describing Stratigraphic Sections	334	(7)
16 Biostratigraphy	341	(15)
Controlling Factors: Evolution and Paleoecology	342	(2)
Biostratigraphic Zonation	344	(6)
Box 16.1 The "Golden Spike" at the Silurian-Devonian Boundary	348	(2)
The Time Significance of Biostratigraphic Events	350	(1)
Index Fossils	351	(1)
North American Land Mammal "Ages" and Biochronology	352	(1)
Quantitative Biostratigraphy	352	(4)
17 Geophysical and Chemostratigraphic Correlation	356	(34)
Well Logging	356	(5)
Seismic Stratigraphy	361	(16)
Magnetostratigraphy	377	(7)
Chemostratigraphy	384	(6)
18 Geochronology and Chronostratigraphy	390	(33)
Geochronology	391	(4)
Potassium-Argon Dating	395	(5)
Box 18.1 Bracketing the Age of the Silurian-Devonian Boundary	396	(4)
Argon-Argon Dating	400	(2)
Rubidium-Strontium Dating	402	(2)
Uranium-Lead Dating	404	(1)
Fission-Track Dating	405	(1)
Carbon-14 Dating	406	(2)
Other Dating Methods	408	(1)
Chronostratigraphy	409	(7)
Box 18.2 The KBS Tuff and the Pitfalls of "Absolute" Dating	411	(5)
Constructing the Geologic Time Scale: An Example from the Eocene-Oligocene	416	(7)
19 Sedimentary Rocks in Space and Time	423	(38)
Basin Analysis	424	(2)
Stratigraphic Diagrams and Maps	426	(11)
Box 19.1 Basin Analysis of the Ridge Basin, California	427	(10)
Tectonics and Sedimentation	437	(3)
Sedimentation in Orogenic Belts: The Classic Geosynclinal Interpretation	440	(14)
Secular Changes in the Sedimentary Record	454	(7)
APPENDIXES	461	(43)
A North American Stratigraphic Code (1983)	463	(36)
B Geologic Time Scales	499	(5)
GLOSSARY	504	(12)
BIBLIOGRAPHY	516	(23)
INDEX	539