Self-Assembled Nanostructures

by Zhang, Jin Z.; Wang, Zhong Lin; Liu, Jun; Chen, Shaowei; Liu, Gang-Yu; Zhang, Jin Z.

• ISBN13: 9780306472992
• ISBN10: 0306472996
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-10-01
• Publisher: Kluwer Academic Pub

Summary

Nanostructures refer to materials that have relevant dimensions on the nanometer length scales and reside in the mesoscopic regime between isolated atoms and molecules in bulk matter. These materials have unique physical properties that are distinctly different from bulk materials. Self-Assembled Nanostructures provides systematic coverage of basic nanomaterials science including materials assembly and synthesis, characterization, and application. Suitable for both beginners and experts, it balances the chemistry aspects of nanomaterials with physical principles. It also highlights nanomaterial-based architectures including assembled or self-assembled systems. Filled with in-depth discussion of important applications of nano-architectures as well as potential applications ranging from physical to chemical and biological systems, Self-Assembled Nanostructures is the essential reference or text for scientists involved with nanostructures.

Table of Contents

Introduction
Synthetic Self-Assembled Materials: Principles and Practice
Microscopic and Macroscopic Interactions	7	(6)
Molecular Interaction Energies	7	(2)
Macroscopic Interaction Energies	9	(2)
Hydrogen Bonding, Hydrophobic, and Hydrophilic Interactions	11	(2)
Surfactants and Amphiphilic Molecules	13	(1)
Transition from Dispersed State to Condensed State: The Beginning of Self-Assembly	13	(4)
Packing Geometry: Attaining the Desired Self-Assembled Structures	17	(3)
Effect of Surfactant Concentration	18	(1)
Effect of Chain Length	19	(1)
Effect of Cosolvents	20	(1)
Effect of Salts and Ionic Species	20	(1)
Self-Assembled Block Copolymer Nanostructures	20	(2)
Co-Assembly of Liquid Crystalline Structures and Inorganic Materials	22	(8)
Interactions between Cationic Surfactants and Anionic Silicates	26	(2)
Interactions between Other Surfactants, Polymers, and Ceramics	28	(2)
Intelligent Nanoscale Materials	30	(23)
Molecular Recognition	31	(8)
Responsive Nanoscale Materials	39	(14)
Examples of Nanoscale Materials in Nature
Multiscale Ordering and Function in Biological Nanoscale Materials	53	(1)
Hierarchical Ordering in Natural Nanoscale Materials	54	(5)
Proteins as the Basic Building Materials of the Biological World	54	(1)
Hierarchical Structures in Bone Tissue	55	(3)
Shell as a Composite Material	58	(1)
Multifunction of the Organic Phase in Biological Nanoscale Materials	59	(18)
The Contribution to the Mechanical Properties	59	(3)
Molecularly Directed Self-Assembly of Inorganic Minerals	62	(2)
Sensing, Motion, and Response	64	(13)
Nanocrystal Self-Assembly
Nanocrystals	77	(1)
Shapes of Polyhedral Nanocrystals	77	(13)
Cubic-Like Nanocrystals	79	(1)
Tetrahedral Nanocrystals	80	(1)
Octahedral and Truncated Octahedral Nanocrystals	81	(1)
Twinning and Stacking Faults	82	(1)
Multiply Twinned Icosahedral and Decahedral Particles	83	(2)
Faceted Shape of Rod-Like Nanocrystals	85	(1)
Surface Defects	86	(2)
Surface Reconstruction of Nanocrystals	88	(1)
Ultra-Small Particles and the Magic Number	88	(2)
Self-Assembly of Nanocrystals	90	(5)
Surface Passivation	93	(1)
Interparticle Bonds	94	(1)
Solution-Phase Self-Assembly of Particles	95	(7)
Metallic Nanocrystals	95	(2)
Semiconductor Nanocrystals	97	(2)
Metallic Magnetic Nanocrystals	99	(2)
Oxide Nanocrystals	101	(1)
Technical Aspects of Self-Assembling	102	(3)
Size Selection of Monodispersive Nanocrystals	102	(1)
Assembling of Nanoparticles with Mixed Sizes/Phases	103	(1)
Growth Mechanism of Nanocrystal Self-Assembly	104	(1)
Properties of Nanocrystal Self-Assembly	105	(4)
Template Assisted Self-Assembly	109	(3)
NanoChannel Array Guided Self-Assembly	109	(1)
Natural Structure Hosted Self-Assembly	110	(1)
Catalysis Guided Growth of Carbon Nanotube Arrays	111	(1)
Stress Constrained Self-Assembly of Quantum Dots	111	(1)
Summary	112	(7)
Structural Characterization of Nanoarchitectures
X-Ray Diffraction	119	(4)
Crystallography of Self-Assembly	119	(3)
Structure of Nanocrystals	122	(1)
Scanning Probe Microscopy	123	(2)
Scanning Electron Microscopy	125	(4)
Transmission Electron Microscopy	129	(25)
Image Formation	129	(2)
Contrast Mechanisms	131	(1)
Shapes of Nanocrystals	132	(2)
Crystallography of Self-Assembly	134	(2)
Self-Assembly of Shape Controlled Nanocrystals	136	(4)
Defects in Self-Assembly	140	(7)
Chemical Imaging of Self-Assembled Structures	147	(3)
In Situ Structural Transformation	150	(4)
Summary	154	(3)
Fabrication of Nanoarchitectures Using Lithographic Techniques
Fabrication Techniques and Nanolithography	157	(1)
X-Ray, Electron, and Ion-Beam Lithography	158	(3)
X-Ray Lithography	159	(1)
Electron- and Ion-Beam Lithography	159	(2)
Nanoparticle Lithography	161	(2)
Scanning Probe Lithography	163	(8)
Resolution and Nanofabrication	163	(2)
STM-Based Nanolithography	165	(3)
AFM-Based Nanolithography	168	(3)
Concluding Remarks	171	(6)
Chemical and Photochemical Reactivities of Nanoarchitectures
Redox Potentials of Nanomaterials	177	(2)
Quantum Size Confinement Effect	177	(1)
Surface Effect	178	(1)
Effects of Light	178	(1)
Photochemical and Chemical Reactions	179	(2)
Photochemical Reactions	179	(1)
Chemical Reactions without Light	180	(1)
Photoelectrochemical Reactions	181	(2)
Photocatalysis and Environmental Applications	183	(4)
Small Inorganic Molecules	183	(1)
Large Organic Molecules	183	(1)
Water Pollution Control	184	(2)
Air Pollution Control	186	(1)
Molecular Recognition and Surface Specific Interaction	187	(14)
Optical, Electronic, and Dynamic Properties of Semiconductor Nanomaterials
Energy Levels and Density of States in Reduced Dimension Systems	201	(3)
Energy Levels	201	(3)
Density of States	204	(1)
Electronic Structure and Electronic Properties	204	(2)
Electronic Structure of Nanomaterials	204	(2)
Electron-Phonon Interaction	206	(1)
Optical Properties of Semiconductor Nanomaterials	206	(15)
Absorption: Direct and Indirect Transitions	206	(6)
Emission: Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence	212	(4)
Nonlinear Optical Properties	216	(1)
Single Particle Spectroscopy	217	(4)
Applications of Optical Properties	221	(5)
Lasers and Light Emitting Diodes	221	(1)
Photovoltaic Solar Cells	222	(1)
Optical Filters: Photonic Band Gap Materials	223	(1)
Other Applications	224	(2)
Charge Carrier Dynamics in Semiconductor Nanoparticles	226	(31)
Spectral Line Width and Electronic Dephasing	226	(1)
Charge Carrier Relaxation	227	(1)
Charge Carrier Trapping	228	(1)
Electron-Hole Recombination	228	(7)
Charge Transfer	235	(22)
Optical, Electronic, and Dynamic Properties of Metal Nanomaterials
Static Absorption Properties of Metal Nanoparticles and Assemblies	257	(5)
Emission of Metal Particles	262	(1)
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)	263	(1)
Spectral Line Widths and Electronic Dephasing	263	(1)
Electronic Relaxation Dynamics	264	(2)
Electron-Phonon Interaction	266	(1)
Single Particle Spectroscopy of Metal Nanoparticles	266	(1)
Applications of Metal Nanoparticles	266	(5)
Electrochemical Properties of Nanoparticle Assemblies
Introduction	271	(1)
Classical Coulomb Staircase	272	(3)
Nanoparticle Quantized Capacitance Charging	275	(25)
Synthesis and Separation of Monolayer-Protected Nanoparticles	275	(2)
Nanoparticle Quantized Capacitance Charging	277	(6)
Self-Assembled Monolayers of Nanoparticles	283	(3)
Solvent Effects on Nanoparticle Quantized Capacitance Charging	286	(5)
Potential Control of Rectification	291	(2)
Electron Transfer Kinetics	293	(7)
Bulk-Phase Electrochemistry of Nanoparticles	300	(4)
Solid-State Conductivity	300	(1)
Electroactive Functional Groups	301	(3)
Concluding Remarks	304	(5)
Index	309