Preface | p. xix |
The Writing Process | p. 1 |
Developing Ideas | p. 3 |
Starting | p. 3 |
How to Write: Writing as a Physical Act | p. 3 |
Some Ideas About Ideas: Strategies for Invention | p. 3 |
Asking Questions and Answering Them | p. 4 |
Listing | p. 6 |
Clustering | p. 8 |
Freewriting | p. 10 |
Focusing | p. 10 |
Critical Thinking: Subject, Topic, Thesis | p. 10 |
Finding a Topic | p. 11 |
Developing a Thesis | p. 13 |
Developing Ideas | p. 15 |
Thinking About Audience and Purpose: The Reader as Collaborator | p. 15 |
Writing the Draft | p. 16 |
Drafting and Revising | p. 18 |
Reading Drafts | p. 18 |
Imagining Your Audience and Asking Questions | p. 18 |
Peer Review: The Benefits of Having a Real Audience | p. 21 |
From Assignment to Essay: A Case History | p. 22 |
First Draft | p. 26 |
Summary of Peer Group Discussion | p. 27 |
Final Version | p. 29 |
Two Sides of a Story (Student Essay) | p. 30 |
Checklist for Drafting and Revising | p. 32 |
Shaping Paragraphs | p. 33 |
Paragraph Form and Substance | p. 33 |
The Shape of a Paragraph | p. 35 |
Paragraph Unity: Topic Sentences, Topic Ideas | p. 36 |
Examples of Topic Sentences at Beginning and at End, and of Topic Ideas | p. 36 |
Unity in Paragraphs | p. 38 |
Organization in Paragraphs | p. 41 |
Coherence in Paragraphs | p. 42 |
Transitions | p. 43 |
Repetition | p. 44 |
Linking Paragraphs Together | p. 45 |
The Story Behind the Gestures (Student Essay) | p. 45 |
Paragraph Length | p. 49 |
The Use and Abuse of Short Paragraphs | p. 50 |
Introductory Paragraphs | p. 52 |
Concluding Paragraphs | p. 59 |
Checklist for Revising Paragraphs | p. 60 |
Revising for Conciseness | p. 62 |
Instant Prose | p. 63 |
How to Avoid Instant Prose | p. 64 |
Extra Words and Empty Words | p. 65 |
Weak Intensifiers | p. 66 |
Circumlocutions | p. 66 |
Wordy Beginnings | p. 67 |
Empty Conclusions | p. 68 |
Wordy Uses of the Verbs To Be, To Have, and To Make | p. 69 |
Redundancy | p. 70 |
Negative Constructions | p. 71 |
Extra Sentences, Extra Clauses: Subordination | p. 72 |
Who, Which, That | p. 73 |
It Is, This Is, There Are | p. 73 |
Some Concluding Remarks About Conciseness | p. 74 |
Checklist for Revising for Conciseness | p. 75 |
Revising for Clarity | p. 76 |
Clarity | p. 76 |
Clarity and Exactness: Using the Right Word | p. 78 |
Denotation | p. 78 |
Connotation | p. 80 |
Avoiding Sexist Language | p. 81 |
Quotation Marks as Apologies | p. 83 |
Being Specific | p. 83 |
Using Examples | p. 84 |
Jargon and Technical Language | p. 86 |
Cliches | p. 89 |
Metaphors and Mixed Metaphors | p. 90 |
Euphemisms | p. 92 |
Passive or Active Voice? | p. 92 |
The Writer's "I" | p. 95 |
Clarity and Coherence | p. 96 |
Cats Are Dogs | p. 96 |
Items in a Series | p. 97 |
Modifiers | p. 98 |
Misplaced Modifiers | p. 98 |
Squinting Modifiers | p. 99 |
Dangling Modifiers | p. 99 |
Reference of Pronouns | p. 100 |
Vague Reference of Pronouns | p. 101 |
Shift in Pronouns | p. 101 |
Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns | p. 101 |
Agreement | p. 102 |
Noun and Pronoun | p. 102 |
Subject and Verb | p. 102 |
Three Additional Points | p. 103 |
Repetition and Variation | p. 104 |
Clarity and Sentence Structure: Parallelism | p. 106 |
Checklist for Revising for Clarity | p. 107 |
Writing with Style | p. 108 |
Academic Styles, Academic Audiences | p. 108 |
Defining Style | p. 111 |
Style and Tone | p. 112 |
Acquiring Style | p. 115 |
Clarity and Texture | p. 115 |
Originality and Imitation | p. 115 |
College Writing | p. 117 |
Analyzing Texts | p. 119 |
Analyzing an Image | p. 119 |
Analyzing Advertisements (Visual Rhetoric) | p. 120 |
Checklist for Analyzing Advertisements | p. 122 |
Analyzing Texts | p. 122 |
Analysis Versus Summary and Paraphrase | p. 123 |
The Gettysburg Address: Summary, Paraphrase, Analysis | p. 123 |
Summarizing | p. 123 |
The Gettysburg Address | p. 124 |
Paraphrasing | p. 127 |
Analyzing | p. 127 |
Paraphrasing and Summarizing Literary Texts | p. 128 |
Classifying and Thinking | p. 129 |
Examples of Classifying | p. 129 |
Cause and Effect | p. 130 |
Advertisements, Pornography, and Public Space | p. 131 |
Analysis and Description | p. 135 |
Description at Work in the Analytic Essay | p. 136 |
Comparing | p. 137 |
Organizing Short Comparisons | p. 138 |
Longer Comparisons | p. 141 |
Ways of Organizing an Essay Devoted to a Comparison | p. 143 |
Checklist for Revising Comparisons | p. 145 |
Process Analysis | p. 145 |
It's the Portly Penguin That Gets the Girl, French Biologist Claims | p. 146 |
Explaining an Analysis | p. 149 |
Persuading Readers | p. 150 |
Emotional Appeals | p. 150 |
Making Reasonable Arguments | p. 151 |
Claims and Evidence | p. 153 |
Three Kinds of Claims: Claims of Fact, Value, and Policy | p. 153 |
Claims of Fact | p. 153 |
Claims of Value | p. 154 |
Claims of Policy | p. 155 |
Three Kinds of Evidence: Examples, Testimony, Statistics | p. 156 |
Examples | p. 156 |
Testimony | p. 158 |
Statistics | p. 159 |
A Note on Definition in the Persuasive Essay | p. 159 |
Definition at Work | p. 160 |
The Plight of the Politically Correct (Student Essay) | p. 160 |
How Much Evidence Is Enough? | p. 161 |
Two Kinds of Reasoning: Induction and Deduction | p. 162 |
Avoiding Fallacies | p. 163 |
Wit | p. 167 |
Avoiding Sarcasm | p. 168 |
Tone and Ethical Appeal | p. 168 |
A Note on Critical Thinking | p. 169 |
Organizing an Argument | p. 171 |
Checklist for Revising Drafts of Persuasive Essays | p. 172 |
Persuasion at Work: Two Writers Consider Torture | p. 173 |
Torture Should Not Be Authorized | p. 173 |
An Analysis of Heymann's Argument | p. 175 |
Yes, It Should Be "On the Books" | p. 176 |
An Analysis of Dershowitz's Argument | p. 178 |
Using Sources | p. 180 |
Why Use Sources? | p. 180 |
What Is a Source? Primary and Secondary Materials | p. 182 |
Developing a Research Topic | p. 183 |
Finding Sources | p. 183 |
The Library's Central Information System | p. 184 |
Using the Internet | p. 185 |
Checklist for Evaluating Web Sites | p. 187 |
Reading and Taking Notes on Secondary Sources | p. 187 |
A Guide to Note-Taking | p. 188 |
Acknowledging Sources | p. 191 |
Using Sources Without Plagiarizing | p. 191 |
Acknowledging a Direct Quotation | p. 193 |
Acknowledging a Paraphrase or Summary | p. 193 |
Acknowledging an Idea | p. 196 |
Fair Use of Common Knowledge | p. 197 |
"But How Else Can I Put It?" | p. 197 |
Checklist for Avoiding Plagiarism | p. 198 |
Writing the Research Essay | p. 199 |
Writing the Essay | p. 200 |
Checklist for Revising Drafts of Research Essays | p. 201 |
A Sample Research Essay (MLA Format) | p. 202 |
Politics and Psychology in The Awakening (Student Essay) | p. 203 |
A Brief Analysis of Cody's Use of Sources | p. 217 |
A Sample Research Essay (APA Format) | p. 218 |
Nitrite: Preservative or Carcinogen? (Student Essay) | p. 219 |
A Brief Analysis of Alexander's Use of Sources | p. 234 |
Writing Essay Examinations | p. 236 |
Why Write Examinations? Examinations as Critical Thinking | p. 236 |
Writing Essay Answers | p. 237 |
Questions on Literature and the Social Sciences | p. 237 |
Questions on the Physical Sciences and Mathematics | p. 239 |
A Writer's Handbook | p. 241 |
Punctuating Sentences | p. 243 |
A Word on Computer Grammar and Punctuation Checks | p. 245 |
Three Common Errors: Fragments, Comma Splices, and Run-on Sentences | p. 245 |
Fragments and How to Correct Them | p. 245 |
How to Correct Comma Splices and Run-on Sentences | p. 247 |
The Period | p. 249 |
The Question Mark | p. 250 |
The Colon | p. 250 |
The Semicolon | p. 251 |
The Comma | p. 253 |
The Dash | p. 259 |
Parentheses | p. 260 |
Italics | p. 261 |
Capital Letters | p. 262 |
The Hyphen | p. 264 |
The Apostrophe | p. 265 |
Abbreviations | p. 267 |
Numbers | p. 268 |
Using the Right Word | p. 270 |
A Note on Idioms | p. 270 |
A Writer's Glossary | p. 272 |
Documenting Sources | p. 296 |
Documentation | p. 296 |
MLA Format | p. 297 |
Citations Within the Text | p. 297 |
Author and Page Number in Parenthetic Citation | p. 300 |
Title and Page Number in Parentheses | p. 300 |
Author, Title, and Page Number in Parentheses | p. 301 |
A Government Document or a Work of Corporate Authorship | p. 301 |
A Work by Two or Three Authors | p. 301 |
Parenthetic Citation of an Indirect Source (Citation of Material That Itself Was Quoted or Summarized in Your Source) | p. 302 |
Parenthetic Citation of Two or More Words | p. 302 |
A Work in More Than One Volume | p. 302 |
An Anonymous Work | p. 303 |
A literary Work | p. 303 |
A Personal Interview | p. 305 |
Lectures | p. 306 |
Electronic Sources | p. 306 |
A Note on Footnotes in an Essay Using Parenthetic Citations | p. 306 |
The List of Works Cited | p. 307 |
Alphabetic Order | p. 308 |
Form on the Page | p. 308 |
Author's Name | p. 308 |
Title of Book | p. 309 |
Place of Publication, Publisher, and Date | p. 310 |
A Book by More Than One Author | p. 311 |
Government Documents | p. 311 |
Works of Corporate Authorship | p. 311 |
Republished Work | p. 312 |
A Book in Several Volumes | p. 312 |
One Book with a Separate Title in a Set of Volumes | p. 313 |
A Book with an Author and an Editor | p. 313 |
A Revised Edition of a Book | p. 313 |
A Translated Book | p. 313 |
An Introduction, Foreword, or Afterword | p. 314 |
A Book with an Editor but No Author | p. 314 |
A Work in a Volume of Works by One Author | p. 314 |
A Work in a Collection of Works by Several Authors | p. 314 |
A Book Review | p. 315 |
An Article or Essay-Not a Reprint-in a Collection | p. 316 |
An Article or Essay Reprinted in a Collection | p. 316 |
An Encyclopedia or Other Alphabetically Arranged Reference Work | p. 317 |
A Film | p. 317 |
A Television or Radio Program | p. 318 |
An Article in a Scholarly Journal | p. 318 |
An Article in a Weekly, Biweekly, or Monthly Publication | p. 318 |
An Article in a Newspaper | p. 319 |
An Interview | p. 319 |
A Lecture | p. 319 |
Portable Database Sources | p. 319 |
Online Sources | p. 320 |
APA Format | p. 323 |
Citations Within the Text | p. 324 |
A Summary of an Entire Work | p. 324 |
A Reference to a Page or Pages | p. 325 |
A Reference to an Author Represented by More Than One Work Published in a Given Year in the References | p. 325 |
The List of References | p. 325 |
Form on the Page | p. 325 |
Alphabetic Order | p. 325 |
Form of Title | p. 327 |
Sample References | p. 327 |
A Book by One Author | p. 327 |
A Book by More Than One Author | p. 327 |
A Collection of Essays | p. 327 |
A Work in a Collection of Essays | p. 328 |
Government Documents | p. 328 |
An Article in a Journal That Paginates Each Issue Separately | p. 328 |
An Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination | p. 328 |
An Article from a Monthly or Weekly Magazine | p. 328 |
An Article in a Newspaper | p. 329 |
A Book Review | p. 329 |
Electronic Sources | p. 329 |
A Note on Other Systems of Documentation | p. 331 |
Preparing the Manuscript | p. 333 |
Basic Manuscript Form | p. 333 |
Using Quotations (and Punctuating Them Correctly) | p. 338 |
Corrections in the Final Copy | p. 343 |
Last Words | p. 345 |
Credits | p. 346 |
Index | p. 347 |
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