A Short History of Renaissance and Reformation Europe

by Zophy, Jonathan W.

• ISBN13: 9780139593628
• ISBN10: 0139593624
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-07-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

This concise survey is designed to make the exciting history of Europe in the age of the Renaissance and Reformation come alive to readers. It is the first textbook on Europe between 1300 and 1700 to focus on gender as a significant issue for historical analysis. Author Jonathan W. Zophy introduces major events and personalities of the period as well as its cultural, economic, religious, political, and social developments. Taking a biographical approach, the book discusses ideas and artistic creations in their human and societal contexts. Reflects the latest in cross-disciplinary scholarship Written in a lively, student-friendly style Handsomely illustrated with masterpieces of art and useful maps Each chapter concludes with a chronology and up-to-date reading lists NEW Revised bibliographies NEW Additional material on Savonarola and Philip Melanchthon

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
1 Introduction: The Best and Worst of Times	1	(8)
The Problem of the Renaissance	1	(3)
The Reformation	4	(1)
Dances over Fire and Water?	4	(1)
General Chronology	5	(2)
Further Reading	7	(1)
Note	8	(1)
2 The Peoples of Europe	9	(21)
The Peasantry	9	(3)
A Culture of Poverty: Village Life	9	(2)
The Continuities of Life for Men, Women, and Children	11	(1)
Town Dwellers	12	(10)
Daily Life	15	(1)
Urban Women	15	(1)
Social Tensions	16	(1)
The Rise of the Capitalists	17	(1)
Jacob Fugger the Rich (1459-1525)	18	(1)
Muslims	19	(2)
Slaves from Africa and the Levant	21	(1)
Jews	21	(1)
The Nobility	22	(3)
Mercenary and Robber Nobles	23	(1)
The Refinement of Manners	23	(2)
The Clergy	25	(2)
Further Reading	27	(2)
Notes	29	(1)
3 An Age of Disasters	30	(18)
The Black Death, 1347-1350	30	(2)
Peasant and Artisan Revolts	32	(1)
Troubles in the Church	33	(6)
The Babylonian Captivity, 1305-1376	33	(2)
The Western Schism of 1378-1417	35	(2)
The Burning of Jan Hus (c. 1372-1415)	37	(1)
The Hussite Revolt	38	(1)
The Hundred Years' War	39	(4)
Joan of Arc (1412-1431)	42	(1)
The War of the Roses, 1455-1485	43	(2)
Chronology	45	(1)
Further Reading	45	(1)
Notes	46	(2)
4 Italy: Home of the Renaissance	48	(21)
Rome and the Papal States	49	(3)
Cola di Rienzo (1313-1354)	50	(1)
Renaissance Popes	50	(2)
Naples and Sicily	52	(1)
The Reigns of Joanna II (1414-1435), Alfonso V (1416-1458), and Ferrante I (1458-1494)	53	(1)
The Power of Milan	53	(2)
The Rise and Fall of the Sforza, 1450-1499	54	(1)
The Mantua of Isabella d'Este	55	(1)
Duke Federigo's Urbino	56	(1)
Venice: The Queen of the Adriatic	57	(2)
Venetian Politics and Society	57	(2)
Venice and the Arts	59	(1)
Florence: "The Most Beautiful of Cities"	59	(7)
The Medici in Florence	62	(1)
The Rise of the Medici Banking Empire	62	(1)
Cosimo de' Medici as a Patron	63	(1)
The Magnificent Lorenzo (1449-1492)	64	(1)
The Pazzi Plot of 1478	64	(1)
The Fall of the Medici	65	(1)
Chronology	66	(1)
Further Reading	66	(2)
Notes	68	(1)
5 The Culture of Renaissance Humanism in Italy	69	(16)
Setting the Agenda: Early Renaissance Humanists	69	(3)
Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374)	70	(1)
Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375)	71	(1)
Civic Humanists	72	(1)
Coluccio Salutati (1331-1406)	72	(1)
Leonardo Bruni (1370-1444)	72	(1)
The Illustrious Lorenzo Valla (c. 1407-1457)	73	(1)
Women Humanists	74	(2)
Isotta Nogarola (1418-1466)	74	(1)
Laura Cereta (1469-1499)	75	(1)
Humanists as Philosophers, Historians, and Social Theorists	76	(4)
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494)	76	(1)
Lions and Foxes: Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)	77	(1)
Machiavelli's Writings	78	(1)
Francesco Guicciardini (1483-1540)	79	(1)
Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529)	79	(1)
The Flowering of Italian Literature	80	(2)
Ludovico Ariosto (1474-1533)	80	(1)
The Poet as Blackmailer: Pietro Aretino (1492-1556)	81	(1)
The Honest Courtesan: Veronica Franco (1546-1591)	81	(1)
Vittoria Colonna	82	(1)
Chronology	82	(1)
Further Reading	82	(1)
Notes	83	(2)
6 Painting in Renaissance Italy	85	(24)
Early Renaissance Painting: Giotto	85	(4)
Masaccio (1401-1428)	87	(2)
A Distinctive Style: Sandro Botticelli (c. 1444-1510)	89	(2)
The High Renaissance	91	(15)
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)	92	(4)
Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) as a Painter	96	(2)
Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520)	98	(2)
The Prolific Titian (c. 1488-1576)	100	(2)
Sofonisba Anguissola (c. 1532-1625)	102	(1)
Artemisia Gentileschi (1593-c. 1632)	103	(3)
Chronology	106	(1)
Further Reading	106	(2)
Notes	108	(1)
7 Renaissance Sculpture, Architecture, and Music	109	(14)
The Fatiguing Art: Sculpture	109	(6)
Lorenzo Ghiberti (c. 1381-1455)	109	(1)
Donatello (1386-1466)	110	(2)
Michelangelo as a Sculptor	112	(3)
Architecture	115	(4)
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)	116	(1)
Michelozzo Michelozzi (1396-1472)	117	(1)
Bramante (1444-1514)	118	(1)
Women in Sculpture and Architecture	118	(1)
The Sounds of the Universe: Music	119	(2)
Giovanni Palestrina (c. 1525-1594)	120	(1)
Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643)	120	(1)
Chronology	121	(1)
Further Reading	121	(1)
Notes	122	(1)
8 The Northern Monarchies and Their Expansion	123	(21)
The Economic Background	123	(2)
The Political World	125	(8)
The Disappearance of Burgundy	125	(1)
France under Francois I (r. 1515-1547)	125	(2)
England under the Early Tudors	127	(1)
Spain under Isabella and Ferdinand	128	(2)
The Holy Roman Empire	130	(1)
Scandinavia and Margaret of Denmark	131	(1)
Eastern Europe	131	(2)
Russia	133	(1)
The Expansion of Europe	133	(4)
Henry the Navigator and Portuguese Exploration	133	(1)
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)	134	(2)
Other European Explorers	136	(1)
The Spanish Conquest of the Americas: Cortes	137	(3)
Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475-1541)	139	(1)
Chronology	140	(1)
Further Reading	141	(2)
Notes	143	(1)
9 The Renaissance in the North	144	(23)
The Literary Culture of the North	144	(2)
Christine de Pizan (1365-c. 1429)	144	(2)
Later French Writers	146	(2)
Francois Villon (1431-c. 1464)	146	(1)
Louise Labe (c. 1520-1566)	147	(1)
Marguerite of Navarre (1492-1549)	147	(1)
Francois Rabelais (1483-1553)	147	(1)
The Emergence of the Vernacular in England	148	(2)
William Shakespeare: The Bard of Avon	148	(1)
Other Writers of the Elizabethan Renaissance	149	(1)
The Golden Age of Spanish Literature	150	(1)
The Fine Arts in the North	151	(2)
Jan van Eyck	151	(1)
Later Flemish Painting	152	(1)
Renaissance Art in Germany	153	(2)
Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)	153	(2)
Lucas Cranach (1472-1553) and Hans Holbein (1497-1543)	155	(1)
The Sculptor Tilman Riemenschneider (c. 1460-1531)	155	(1)
Northern Renaissance Humanism	155	(1)
The Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life	156	(1)
German Humanism	156	(3)
Conrad Celtis (1459-1508)	156	(1)
Caritas and Willibald Pirckheimer	157	(1)
Johann Reuchlin (1455-1522)	158	(1)
English Humanism	159	(2)
The Man for all Seasons: Thomas More (1478-1535)	159	(2)
Erasmus (c. 1466-1536), Prince of the Humanists	161	(2)
The Printing Press and Its Impact	163	(1)
Chronology	164	(1)
Further Reading	164	(2)
Notes	166	(1)
10 Martin Luther's Revolt	167	(17)
The Man with Seven Heads	167	(6)
Martin Luther's Background	167	(2)
The Indulgence Controversy	169	(2)
The Rebel	171	(1)
Choosing a New Caesar	172	(1)
Luther's Rebellion Intensifies	173	(6)
Luther versus Charles V: The 1521 Diet of Worms	176	(2)
Anticlericalism	178	(1)
Luther at the Wartburg Castle, May 1521 to March 1522	178	(1)
The Knights' Revolt of 1522 to 1524	179	(2)
Franz von Sickingen (1481-1523)	180	(1)
Chronology	181	(1)
Further Reading	182	(1)
Notes	182	(2)
11 The Spread of Lutheranism	184	(19)
A New Pope and New Hope, 1522-1524	184	(2)
The Diets of Nuremberg, 1522-1524	184	(1)
The Spread of Lutheranism: The Case of Nuremberg	185	(1)
The German Peasants' War, 1524-1526	186	(4)
The Outbreak of the Revolt, May 1524	187	(1)
Thomas Muntzer (c. 1490-1525)	188	(1)
The End of the 1524-1526 Peasants' War	189	(1)
Martin Luther and the Peasants' War	190	(1)
Katherine von Bora (1499-1550)	190	(2)
The Emergence of Evangelical Politics	192	(1)
The Diets of Speyer, 1526 and 1529	192	(2)
The Augsburg Confession of 1530	194	(2)
Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560)	194	(1)
The Formation of the Schmalkaldic League	195	(1)
Luther's Declining Years, 1530-1546	196	(2)
The Bigamy of Philip of Hesse	197	(1)
Luther and the Jews	197	(1)
Lutheranism in Scandinavia	198	(2)
Chronology	200	(1)
Further Reading	200	(2)
Notes	202	(1)
12 Zwingli, Swiss Reform, and Anabaptism	203	(14)
Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531)	203	(4)
Early Years	203	(1)
Not a Frivolous Musician: Zwingli in Zurich	204	(1)
The Adoption of the Reform by Zurich	205	(1)
The Marburg Colloquy	206	(1)
Zwingli's Last Years	206	(1)
Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575)	207	(1)
Big Names in the Reform of Basel	208	(1)
The Rise of Anabaptism	209	(2)
Conrad Grebel (1498-1526)	209	(1)
Michael Sattler (c. 1490-1527) and the Schleitheim Statement	210	(1)
Balthasar Hubmaier (c. 1480-1528)	211	(1)
Charisma and Fanaticism at Munster	211	(2)
The Fall of "King" Jan	212	(1)
Menno Simons (1496-1561)	213	(1)
The Hutterites and the Community of Goods	214	(1)
Chronology	215	(1)
Further Reading	215	(1)
Notes	216	(1)
13 John Calvin and Calvinism	217	(15)
Calvin's Early Years	217	(1)
The Flight from Paris	218	(1)
Calvin's Theology	218	(2)
The Call to Geneva	219	(1)
The Reform in Strasbourg	220	(1)
Martin Bucer (1491-1551)	220	(1)
Katherine Zell (c. 1497-1562)	221	(1)
Calvin's Return to Geneva	221	(4)
The Michael Servetus Case	222	(1)
The Threat of the Libertines	223	(1)
Discipline in Calvin's Geneva	223	(1)
Calvin and Women	224	(1)
Calvin the Man	224	(1)
Theodore Beza (1516-1605) and the Genevan Academy	225	(1)
The Spread of Calvinism	226	(3)
A Failed Calvinist Reformation in Brandenburg	227	(2)
Calvinism Triumphant	229	(1)
Chronology	229	(1)
Further Reading	230	(1)
Notes	231	(1)
14 The Reformation in England to 1558	232	(14)
King Harry's Trouble with Women	232	(3)
Cardinal Thomas Wolsey (1471-1530)	233	(1)
"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do": The Problem of the Divorce	234	(1)
Replacements for Wolsey	235	(2)
Thomas Cromwell (1485-1540)	235	(1)
Exploiting Anticlericalism	236	(1)
The Legal Reformation	237	(2)
Unlucky in Love: Henry's Matrimonial Difficulties	238	(1)
The Reformation under Edward VI (1537-1553)	239	(3)
The Tyndale Bible	240	(1)
The Fall of Edward Seymour	240	(1)
The Rise and Fall of John Dudley (c. 1502-1553) and Lady Jane Grey (1537-1554)	241	(1)
The Reign of Mary I, Tudor, 1553-1558	242	(1)
Chronology	243	(1)
Further Reading	244	(1)
Notes	245	(1)
15 A Tale of Two Queens: Elizabeth I of England and Mary of Scotland	246	(11)
The Young Queen Elizabeth	246	(4)
The Elizabethan Religious Settlement	247	(1)
Gloriana: The Successful Queen	248	(2)
Mary Stuart and the Reformation in Scotland	250	(4)
The Spread of Protestant Ideas	250	(1)
The Rise of Knox, the "Thundering Scot"	251	(1)
Mary, Queen of Scots	251	(2)
Mary's Life and Death in England, 1568-1587	253	(1)
Chronology	254	(1)
Further Reading	255	(1)
Notes	256	(1)
16 The Catholic Reformation	257	(15)
Reform in Spain	257	(1)
Efforts at Reform in Italy	258	(2)
New Reform Orders: Capuchins, Theatines, and Ursulines	259	(1)
Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) and the Society of Jesus	260	(3)
The Founding of the Society of Jesus	261	(1)
The Organization of the Jesuits	261	(2)
The Jesuit Legacy	263	(1)
Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)	263	(2)
Pope Paul III and Reform	265	(1)
An Irenic Reformer: Gasparo Contarini (1483-1542)	265	(1)
The Council of Trent 1545-1563	266	(3)
The Conclusion of the Council of Trent and Its Impact	267	(2)
Chronology	269	(1)
Further Reading	270	(1)
Notes	271	(1)
17 An Age of Religious Warfare, 1546-1660	272	(27)
The Empire Strikes Back: The Schmalkaldic War, 1546-1548	273	(4)
The Defection of Nuremberg and Brandenburg-Ansbach	273	(1)
A Truce with the Ottomans	273	(1)
Imperial Initiatives	274	(1)
The Battle of Muhlberg, 1547	275	(1)
The Augsburg and Leipzig Interims	275	(1)
Splits in Lutheranism	276	(1)
The Religious Peace of Augsburg of 1555	276	(1)
The Religious Wars in France	277	(7)
The Reign of Henri II (r. 1547-1559)	277	(1)
The Power of Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589)	278	(1)
The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre	278	(2)
The Reign of Henri III (r. 1574-1589)	280	(1)
Political Theorists	280	(1)
The War of the Three Henries, 1587-1589	281	(1)
Henri of Navarre as King of France, 1589-1610	282	(2)
Philip II's Crusades	284	(6)
The Character of the King	284	(1)
War against Islam	285	(1)
The Revolt of the Low Countries	285	(2)
The Spanish Armada of 1588	287	(3)
The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648	290	(4)
Danish Intervention, 1623-1630	291	(1)
Swedish Intervention, 1630-1635	291	(2)
The Franco-Swedish Phase (1635-1648) and Aftermath	293	(1)
Chronology	294	(1)
Further Reading	295	(3)
Notes	298	(1)
18 The Legacy	299	(24)
Religious Life	299	(4)
Theological Divisions and Social Discipline	299	(2)
Marriage in Protestant Europe	301	(1)
Margaret Fell (1614-1702) and Women as Preachers	301	(2)
Roman Catholicism Revived	303	(1)
Witchcraft and Its Suppression	303	(2)
Critics of the Witch Craze	305	(1)
The Rise of Western Science	305	(10)
Astrology, Alchemy, and Magic	305	(2)
Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)	307	(1)
Brahe and Kepler	307	(1)
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)	308	(3)
Medicine and Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)	311	(1)
The Scientific Method and Francis Bacon (1561-1626)	312	(2)
Women Scientists	314	(1)
Rene Descartes (1595-1650)	314	(1)
Political Changes	315	(4)
The Constitutional Struggle in England, 1642-1688	315	(2)
The Rise of Absolutism	317	(1)
French-style Absolutism	317	(2)
Chronology	319	(1)
Further Reading	319	(3)
Notes	322	(1)
Index	323