Single-Case Research Designs Methods for Clinical and Applied Settings

by Kazdin, Alan E.

• ISBN13: 9780195030211
• ISBN10: 0195030214
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1982-03-04
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Table of Contents

Introduction and Historical Perspective	3	(14)
Historical Overview	4	(6)
Contemporary Development of Single-Case Methodology	10	(5)
Overview of the Book	15	(2)
Behavioral Assessment	17	(31)
Identifying the Focus of Assessment and Treatment	17	(9)
Strategies of Assessment	26	(13)
Conditions of Assessment	39	(7)
Summary and Conclusions	46	(2)
Interobserver Agreement	48	(28)
Basic Information on Agreement	48	(4)
Methods of Estimating Agreement	52	(7)
Base Rates and Chance Agreement	59	(3)
Alternative Methods of Handling Expected (``Chance'') Levels of Agreement	62	(5)
Sources of Artifact and Bias	67	(5)
Acceptable Levels of Agreement	72	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	74	(2)
Experimentation, Valid Inferences, and Pre-Experimental Designs	76	(27)
Experimentation and Valid Inferences	76	(11)
Pre-Experimental Single-Case Designs	87	(13)
Pre-Experimental and Single-Case Experimental Designs	100	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	101	(2)
Introduction to Single-Case Research and ABAB Designs	103	(23)
General Requirements for Single-Case Designs	104	(5)
ABAB Designs	109	(1)
Basic Characteristics of the Designs	110	(5)
Design Variations	115	(6)
Problems and Limitations	121	(3)
Evaluation of the Design	124	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	125	(1)
Multiple-Baseline Designs	126	(26)
Basic Characteristics of the Designs	126	(6)
Design Variations	132	(9)
Problems and Limitations	141	(7)
Evaluation of the Design	148	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	150	(2)
Changing-Criterion Designs	152	(20)
Basic Characteristics of the Designs	153	(4)
Design Variations	157	(3)
Problems and Limitations	160	(9)
Evaluation of the Design	169	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	170	(2)
Multiple-Treatment Designs	172	(28)
Basic Characteristics of the Designs	173	(1)
Major Design Variations	173	(12)
Additional Design Variations	185	(3)
Problems and Considerations	188	(8)
Evaluation of the Designs	196	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	198	(2)
Additional Design Options	200	(30)
Combined Designs	200	(7)
Problems and Considerations	207	(1)
Designs to Examine Transfer of Training and Response Maintenance	208	(11)
Between-Group Designs	219	(9)
Summary and Conclusions	228	(2)
Data Evaluation	230	(32)
Visual Inspection	231	(10)
Statistical Evaluation	241	(10)
Clinical or Applied Significance of Behavior Change	251	(8)
Summary and Conclusions	259	(3)
Evaluation of Single-Case Designs: Issues and Limitations	262	(28)
Common Methodological Problems and Obstacles	263	(12)
General Issues and Limitations	275	(12)
Summary and Conclusions	287	(3)
Summing Up: Single-Case Research in Perspective	290	(6)
Characteristics of Single-Case Research	291	(3)
Single-Case and Between-Group Research	294	(2)
Appendix A. Graphic Display of Data for Visual Inspection	296	(22)
Basic Types of Graphs	296	(11)
Descriptive Aids for Visual Inspection	307	(10)
Conclusion	317	(1)
Appendix B. Statistical Analyses for Single-Case Designs: Illustrations of Selected Tests	318	(21)
Conventional t and F Tests	318	(3)
Time-Series Analysis	321	(3)
Randomization Tests	324	(5)
Rn Test of Ranks	329	(4)
Split-Middle Technique	333	(4)
Conclusion	337	(2)
References	339	(20)
Author Index	359	(6)
Subject Index	365