Social Welfare Policy and Social Programs A Values Perspective

by Segal, Elizabeth A.

• ISBN13: 9780534644932
• ISBN10: 0534644937
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-02-06
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

Offering a new values perspective, Elizabeth Segal's SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY AND SOCIAL PROGRAMS takes the student beyond identifying, describing, and analyzing social welfare policies. Segal demonstrates how the myriad values of diverse groups in America have influenced current policies, and helps students recognize that analysis takes place through the lens of these often opposing values. The dual themes of critical thinking and critical evaluation provide the framework of the book, and Segal's unique attention to international perspectives on values around social welfare policies and social programs heightens students' awareness of the global implications of social work around the world.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Social Welfare Policy and Underlying Values	1	(24)
What Is Social Welfare?	2	(1)
Why Study Social Welfare?	3	(1)
Premises for Studying Social Welfare	4	(6)
Each Person Is a Part of the Social Welfare System	5	(1)
Provision of Social Welfare Services	6	(1)
Approaches to the Provision of Social Welfare	7	(2)
How Are People Involved? Public and Private Efforts	9	(1)
Why Do We Have a Social Welfare System?	10	(1)
Values and Beliefs as the Cornerstone of Social Welfare in America	11	(3)
Religious Values	11	(2)
Social Values	13	(1)
Conflicting Values and Beliefs in Social Welfare Policy	14	(6)
Undeserving versus Deserving	15	(1)
Personal Failure versus System Failure	16	(1)
Individual Responsibility versus Social Responsibility	16	(2)
Individual Change versus Social Change	18	(1)
Self-sufficiency versus Social Support	18	(1)
Entitlement versus ``Handout''	18	(1)
Aid to Those We Know versus Aid to Strangers	18	(1)
Religious and Faith-Based Practice versus Separation of Church and State	19	(1)
Crisis Response versus Prevention	19	(1)
Sympathy versus Empathy	19	(1)
Trust versus Suspicion	19	(1)
Rationality versus Emotions	20	(1)
Values and Beliefs Guide Policy Making	20	(1)
Final Thoughts	20	(5)
Key Terms	23	(1)
Questions for Discussion	23	(1)
Exercises	23	(1)
References	24	(1)
Historical Foundations of Social Welfare in America	25	(28)
Colonial Period (1690-1800)	26	(3)
Impact of the Colonial Period	29	(1)
Conflicting Beliefs of the Colonial Period	29	(1)
Pre-Civil War Period (1800-1860)	29	(2)
Impact of the Pre-Civil War Period	30	(1)
Conflicting Beliefs of the Pre-Civil War Period	30	(1)
Civil War And Postwar Period (1861-1874)	31	(2)
Impact of the Civil War and Postwar Period	32	(1)
Conflicting Beliefs of the Civil War and Postwar Period	32	(1)
Progressive Era (1875-1925)	33	(2)
Charity Organization Societies	33	(1)
Settlement Movement	34	(1)
Impact of the Progressive Era	34	(1)
Conflicting Beliefs of the Progressive Era	35	(1)
The Great Depression and the New Deal (1925-1940)	35	(5)
Impact of the Great Depression and New Deal Era	39	(1)
Conflicting Beliefs during the Great Depression and New Deal Era	39	(1)
World War II and the Postwar Era (1940-1960)	40	(2)
Impact of World War II and the the Postwar Era	41	(1)
Conflicting Beliefs of the World War II Era and the Postwar Era	41	(1)
Social Reform (1960-1970)	42	(1)
Impact of the Social Reform Period	43	(1)
Conflicting Beliefs of the Social Reform Period	43	(1)
The Shifting Focus of the 1970s and 1980s	43	(3)
Impact of the 1970s and 1980s	45	(1)
Conflicting Beliefs of the 1970s and 1980s	45	(1)
Economic Shifts of the 1990s	46	(2)
Implications of the Economic Shifts of the 1990s	47	(1)
Conflicting Beliefs Affecting the Economic Shifts of the 1990s	48	(1)
The New Century	48	(2)
Final Thoughts	50	(3)
Key Terms	50	(1)
Questions for Discussion	50	(1)
Exercises	50	(1)
References	51	(2)
Conceptual Foundations of Social Welfare Policy	53	(20)
Ideologies of the Social Welfare System	54	(4)
Cause and Function	54	(1)
Blaming the Victim	55	(1)
The Culture of Poverty and the Underclass	56	(1)
Conservative and Liberal Political Perspectives	57	(1)
Biological Determinism	57	(1)
Social Welfare Services as a Right	58	(1)
Theories of the Evolution of the Social Welfare System	58	(7)
Industrialization and the Social Welfare System	59	(1)
Cycles of History	59	(1)
Social Control	60	(1)
Elite Power Theory	61	(1)
Economics as a Determinant of Social Welfare Policy	61	(2)
Critical Theory	63	(1)
Postindustrialization and Globalization	64	(1)
Paradigms of the Social Welfare System	65	(5)
Social Construction	65	(1)
Critical Analysis	66	(1)
Distributive Justice	66	(1)
Strengths-Based Model	67	(1)
Social Empathy	67	(1)
Social Work Professional Paradigm	68	(1)
Conflicting Values and Beliefs and the Theoretical Foundation of Social Welfare Policy	69	(1)
Final Thoughts on the Conceptual Foundation of Social Welfare Policy	70	(3)
Key Terms	70	(1)
Questions for Discussion	70	(1)
Exercises	70	(1)
References	71	(2)
The Delivery of Social Welfare Services	73	(17)
The Professionalization of Social Welfare Services	74	(5)
History of Social Work	74	(2)
Professional Contributions of the Charity Organization Societies and Settlement Movement	76	(3)
Public and Private Providers of Social Welfare Services	79	(5)
Government Roles	79	(2)
Should the Federal Government Provide Social Services?	81	(2)
Private Agencies	83	(1)
Forms of Social Welfare Assistance	84	(4)
Public Assistance and Social Insurance	84	(2)
Cash Assistance Programs	86	(1)
In-Kind Benefit Programs	86	(1)
Vouchers	86	(1)
Entitlement	87	(1)
Social Investment	87	(1)
Economic Development	87	(1)
Conflicting Values and Beliefs	88	(1)
Final Thoughts on the Delivery of Social Welfare Services	88	(2)
Key Terms	88	(1)
Questions for Discussion	88	(1)
Exercises	89	(1)
References	89	(1)
Social Justice and Civil Rights	90	(30)
Barriers to Social Justice and Civil Rights	91	(2)
The Constitution: Cornerstone of Civil Rights	93	(1)
The History of Voting Rights in the United States	94	(4)
Voting Rights for African American Men	94	(2)
Women's Suffrage	96	(1)
Voting Rights for Indigenous People	97	(1)
Mexican Immigration and Latino Voting Rights	98	(1)
Protection from Discrimination and Oppression	98	(17)
Protection from Racism	99	(2)
Hate Crimes Legislation	101	(1)
Affirmative Action	102	(2)
Women's Rights	104	(6)
Rights of People with Disabilities	110	(1)
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights	111	(1)
Native Americans and Civil Rights	112	(2)
Attitudes toward Immigration	114	(1)
Conflicting Values and Beliefs	115	(1)
Final Thoughts on Social Justice and Civil Rights	116	(4)
Key Terms	117	(1)
Questions for Discussion	117	(1)
Exercises	118	(1)
References	118	(2)
Analyzing Social Welfare Policies	120	(19)
What Is Policy Analysis?	121	(1)
The Dynamics of Social Welfare Policy Development	122	(4)
Rationalism in Policy Making	122	(1)
Incrementalism in Policy Making	123	(1)
Window of Opportunity in Policy Making	123	(1)
Magnitude in Policy Making	124	(1)
Critical Analysis of Social Welfare Policy	124	(1)
Implementation of Policies	125	(1)
Street-Level Bureaucrats	125	(1)
Models of Social Welfare Policy Analysis	126	(5)
Sequential Model of Analysis	126	(4)
Critical Theory Model of Analysis	130	(1)
The Impact of Values and Beliefs on Social Welfare Policy	130	(1)
Social Welfare Policy and the Political Arena	131	(1)
The Dynamics of Social Welfare Policy: Application of the Model	131	(5)
Social Welfare Policy Research	136	(1)
Final Thoughts on Social Welfare Policy Analysis	136	(3)
Key Terms	137	(1)
Questions for Discussion	137	(1)
Exercises	137	(1)
References	137	(2)
Social Insurance	139	(21)
What Is Social Insurance?	140	(2)
History of Social Security	140	(2)
The Twofold Purpose of the Social Security Act	142	(11)
Social Insurance	144	(1)
Public Assistance	145	(1)
How the OASDI Program Works	146	(2)
Public Perceptions of Social Security	148	(1)
How Important Is Social Security?	149	(1)
Limitations of Social Security	150	(2)
Changes in the Social Security Program	152	(1)
The Future of Social Security	153	(4)
Solvency of the Trust Fund	153	(2)
Privatization of Social Security	155	(2)
Conflicting Values and Beliefs	157	(1)
Final Thoughts on Social Insurance	157	(3)
Key Terms	158	(1)
Questions for Discussion	158	(1)
Exercises	158	(1)
References	158	(2)
Poverty and Economic Inequality	160	(23)
Defining Poverty and Economic Need	161	(9)
Measures of Poverty	161	(3)
How Many People Are Poor?	164	(1)
Who Are the Poor?	165	(4)
What Causes Poverty?	169	(1)
Antipoverty Policies and Programs	170	(6)
Programs to Ensure Economic Stability	170	(5)
Programs Providing In-kind Support	175	(1)
Conflicting Values and Beliefs	176	(3)
Undeserving versus Deserving Poor People	177	(1)
Personal Failure versus System Failure	177	(1)
Self-sufficiency versus Social Support	178	(1)
Those We Know versus Those Who Are Strangers	178	(1)
Sympathy versus Empathy	179	(1)
Final Thoughts on Poverty	179	(4)
Key Terms	179	(1)
Questions for Discussion	180	(1)
Exercises	180	(1)
References	180	(3)
The Impact of the Economy: Employment, Budgets, and Taxes	183	(27)
Ideological Differences Between Social Work and Economics	184	(2)
Competitive Marketplace	185	(1)
Cost/Benefit Emphasis	185	(1)
Mathematical Calculations	186	(1)
Key Economic Concepts	186	(10)
Role of the Marketplace	187	(1)
Employment and Unemployment	188	(3)
Impact of Race and Gender on Employment and Economic Well-Being	191	(1)
Employment and Job Creation	192	(2)
Taxes	194	(2)
Major Economic Social Welfare Programs Tied to Economic Conditions	196	(3)
Unemployment Insurance	196	(1)
Minimum Wage	197	(1)
Earned Income Tax Credit	198	(1)
Impact of the Federal Budget on Social Welfare Policy	199	(4)
What Is the Federal Budget?	200	(1)
What Are Federal Budget Surpluses and Deficits?	200	(1)
Consequences of the Deficit	201	(1)
Budget Priorities	202	(1)
Corporate America	203	(2)
Changes in the Workforce	205	(1)
Conflicting Values and Beliefs	206	(1)
Final Thoughts on the Impact of the Economy	206	(4)
Key Terms	207	(1)
Questions for Discussion	207	(1)
Exercises	207	(1)
References	207	(3)
Children and Families	210	(27)
Overview of Current Conditions	211	(2)
The Child Welfare System	213	(1)
Historical Development of Child and Family Policy	214	(18)
The Progressive Era	214	(4)
The Great Depression and the New Deal	218	(1)
The War on Poverty	218	(1)
The 1970s and Child Protection	218	(2)
The 1980s and 1990s: Welfare Reform and Preserving Families	220	(1)
The New Millennium	221	(2)
Income Assistance	223	(1)
Health Care	224	(2)
Child Protective Services	226	(4)
Education	230	(2)
Conflicting Values and Beliefs	232	(1)
Final Thoughts on Children and Families	233	(4)
Key Terms	234	(1)
Questions for Discussion	234	(1)
Exercises	234	(1)
References	234	(3)
Health Care Policy	237	(22)
Overview of Health Care Policy in the United States	238	(2)
Overview of Mental Health Care Policy in the United States	240	(2)
Major Health Programs	242	(6)
Medicare	243	(1)
Medicaid	244	(1)
SCHIP	245	(1)
Immunization	245	(1)
Disability Insurance	246	(1)
Supplemental Security Income	246	(1)
Community Mental Health Centers	247	(1)
Current Needs and Policy Issues	248	(3)
Lack of Health Insurance Coverage	248	(1)
High Cost of Medical Care	248	(2)
Managed Care	250	(1)
Emerging Health Concerns	251	(4)
HIV Infection and AIDS	251	(2)
Alcohol and Illegal Drugs	253	(1)
Alzheimer's Disease	254	(1)
Diabetes	254	(1)
Conflicting Values and Beliefs	255	(1)
Final Thoughts on Health Care Policy	255	(4)
Key Terms	256	(1)
Questions for Discussion	256	(1)
Exercises	256	(1)
References	257	(2)
Aging and Social Welfare Policy	259	(19)
History of Social Welfare Policies Related to Aging	260	(2)
Services for Promoting and Protecting Elderly People	262	(3)
Older Americans Act of 1965	262	(1)
Protective Services for Elderly People	263	(1)
Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)	264	(1)
Financial Security	265	(4)
Income Assistance: Supplemental Security Income (SSI)	265	(1)
Retirement Security	266	(2)
Variability in Financial Security by Race and Gender	268	(1)
Health Care for an Aging Population	269	(4)
Health Expenses	269	(1)
Medicare	270	(1)
Long-Term Care	270	(1)
Medicaid	271	(1)
Types of Caregiving and Caregivers	271	(1)
Political Power	272	(1)
Intergenerational Relations: Conflict or Cooperation	273	(1)
Conflicting Values and Beliefs	274	(1)
Final Thoughts on Aging and Social Welfare Policy	275	(3)
Key Terms	275	(1)
Questions for Discussion	275	(1)
Exercise	275	(1)
References	276	(2)
United States Social Welfare Policies and International Comparisons	278	(15)
Forced Relocation and Enslavement	279	(1)
Immigrants and Refugees	280	(2)
Globalization	282	(1)
Border Policies Between Mexico and the United States	283	(1)
How Does the United States Compare with Other Nations?	284	(5)
Social Welfare Policies Supporting Work	284	(1)
Social Welfare and Health	285	(3)
Social Security Programs	288	(1)
Poverty	288	(1)
International Relations	289	(1)
Conflicting Values and Beliefs	289	(1)
Final Thoughts on International Comparisons	290	(3)
Key Terms	291	(1)
Questions for Discussion	291	(1)
Exercises	292	(1)
References	292	(1)
The Impact of Social Welfare Policy	293	(14)
How Important Is Social Welfare Policy to Social Workers?	294	(1)
The Power of Social Welfare Policy	295	(3)
Addressing Racial Discrimination	296	(1)
Addressing Gender Discrimination	296	(1)
Securing Our Lives in Retirement	296	(1)
Ensuring Our Safety	297	(1)
Providing Public Education	297	(1)
How Does Social Welfare Policy Change?	298	(1)
Executive Orders	298	(1)
The Influence of Advocacy Groups	299	(1)
Campaign Finance Reform	299	(1)
Limitations of Social Welfare Policy	299	(1)
Conflicting Values and Beliefs: Where Do We Go From Here?	300	(1)
Developing Social Welfare Policies That Promote Social Justice	301	(1)
Policy Practice	302	(2)
Final Thoughts on the Impact of Social Welfare Policy	304	(3)
Key Terms	304	(1)
Questions for Discussion	305	(1)
Exercises	305	(1)
References	305	(2)
Glossary	307	(4)
Index	311