Society: The Basics

by MacIonis, John J.

• ISBN13: 9780130207487
• ISBN10: 0130207489
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-08-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

Placing an emphasis on global perspectives and current research, this wide praised and adopted sociology textbook introduces the reader to the field of sociology. & John Macionis, like many people, took a college course that shaped his life. His first sociology course helped him make sense of the world. John shares his enthusiasm, excitement, and teaching experience through a clear and engaging writing style and emphasis on sociology's relevance to everyday life.

Table of Contents

Preface	xviii
Sociology: Perspective, Theory, and Method
The Sociological Perspective	2	(6)
Seeing the General in the Particular	2	(1)
Seeing the Strange in the Familiar	3	(1)
Seeing Individuality in Social Context	3	(2)
Benefits of the Sociological Perspective	5	(1)
Applied Sociology	5	(1)
The Importance of a Global Perspective	6	(2)
The Origins of Sociology	8	(3)
Science and Sociology	8	(2)
Social Change and Sociology	10	(1)
Marginal Voices	10	(1)
Sociological Theory	11	(4)
The Structural-Functional Paradigm	11	(2)
The Social-Conflict Paradigm	13	(1)
The Symbolic-Interaction Paradigm	14	(1)
Scientific Sociology	15	(7)
Concepts, Variables, and Measurement	16	(2)
Correlation and Cause	18	(1)
The Ideal of Objectivity	19	(1)
Research and Gender	19	(1)
Feminist Research	20	(1)
Research Ethics	20	(2)
Research Methods	22	(10)
Testing a Hypothesis: The Experiment	22	(1)
Asking Questions: The Survey	22	(1)
In the Field: Participant Observation	22	(1)
The Second Time Around: Existing Sources	23	(1)
Putting It All Together: Ten Steps in Sociological Research	24	(1)
Summary	25	(1)
Key Concepts	26	(1)
Critical-Thinking Questions	27	(1)
Learning Exercises	27	(1)
Welcome to the Information Revolution!	28	(4)
Culture	32	(28)
What is Culture?	35	(2)
Culture and Human Intelligence	35	(2)
The Components of Culture	37	(4)
Symbols	37	(1)
Language	38	(1)
Values	38	(3)
Norms	41	(1)
``Ideal'' and ``Real'' Culture	41	(1)
Technology and Culture	41	(4)
Hunting and Gathering	42	(1)
Horticulture and Pastoralism	42	(1)
Agriculture	42	(2)
Industry	44	(1)
Postindustrial Information Technology	45	(1)
Cultural Diversity	45	(8)
High Culture and Popular Culture	46	(1)
Subculture	46	(1)
Multiculturalism	47	(2)
Counterculture	49	(1)
Cultural Change	49	(1)
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativity	50	(1)
A Global Culture?	51	(2)
Theoretical Analysis of Culture	53	(3)
Structural-Functional Analysis	53	(1)
Social-Conflict Analysis	53	(1)
Sociobiology	54	(2)
Culture and Human Freedom	56	(4)
Summary	57	(1)
Key Concepts	58	(1)
Critical-Thinking Questions	59	(1)
Learning Exercises	59	(1)
Socialization: From Infancy To Old Age	60	(24)
Social Experience: The Key To Our Humanity	61	(3)
Human Development: Nature and Nurture	61	(2)
Social Isolation	63	(1)
Understanding Socialization	64	(6)
The Elements of Personality	64	(1)
Sigmund Freud
Cognitive Development	65	(1)
Jean Piaget
Moral Development	66	(1)
Lawrence Kohlberg
The Gender Factor	67	(1)
Carol Gilligan
The Social Self	67	(2)
George Herbert Mead
Eight Stages of Development	69	(1)
Erik H. Erikson
Agents of Socialization	70	(4)
The Family	70	(1)
The School	70	(1)
The Peer Group	71	(1)
The Mass Media	71	(3)
Socialization and the Life Course	74	(6)
Childhood	74	(2)
Adolescence	76	(1)
Adulthood	76	(1)
Old Age	76	(2)
Death and Dying	78	(1)
The Life Course: An Overview	79	(1)
Resocialization: Total Institutions	80	(4)
Summary	81	(1)
Key Concepts	82	(1)
Critical-Thinking Questions	83	(1)
Learning Exercises	83	(1)
Social Interaction In Everyday Life	84	(22)
Social Structure: A Guide to Everyday Living	85	(1)
Status	86	(1)
Ascribed and Achieved Status	86	(1)
Master Status	87	(1)
Role	87	(1)
Role Conflict and Role Strain	88	(1)
Role Exit	88	(1)
The Social Construction of Reality	88	(4)
``Street Smarts''	90	(1)
The Thomas Theorem	90	(1)
Ethnomethodology	91	(1)
Reality-Building: Some Broader Considerations	92	(1)
Dramaturgical Analysis: ``The Presentation of Self''	92	(7)
Performances	93	(1)
Nonverbal Communication	94	(2)
Gender and Performances	96	(1)
Idealization	97	(1)
Embarrassment and Tact	98	(1)
Interaction in Everyday Life: Two Illustrations	99	(7)
Language: The Gender Issue	99	(1)
Humor: Playing with Reality	100	(4)
Summary	104	(1)
Key Concepts	104	(1)
Critical-Thinking Questions	105	(1)
Learning Exercises	105	(1)
Groups and Organizations	106	(24)
Social Groups	107	(8)
Primary and Secondary Groups	108	(1)
Group Leadership	109	(1)
Group Conformity	110	(2)
Reference Groups	112	(1)
Ingroups and Outgroups	112	(1)
Group Size	113	(1)
Social Diversity	114	(1)
Networks	114	(1)
Formal Organizations	115	(12)
Types of Formal Organizations	116	(1)
Origins of Bureaucracy	117	(1)
Characteristics of Bureaucracy	117	(2)
The Informal Side of Bureaucracy	119	(1)
Problems of Bureaucracy	119	(2)
Gender and Race in Organizations	121	(2)
Self-Managed Work Teams	123	(1)
Organizational Environment	123	(1)
The McDonaldization of Society	124	(1)
Japanese Organizations	125	(2)
Groups and Organizations in Global Perspective	127	(3)
Summary	128	(1)
Key Concepts	129	(1)
Critical-Thinking Questions	129	(1)
Learning Exercises	129	(1)
Deviance	130	(30)
What is Deviance?	131	(3)
The Biological Context	132	(1)
Personality Factors	133	(1)
The Social Foundations of Deviance	133	(1)
The Functions of Deviance: Structural-Functional Analysis	134	(3)
Durkheim's Basic Insight	134	(1)
Merton's Strain Theory	135	(1)
Deviant Subcultures	135	(2)
Labeling Deviance: The Symbolic-Interaction Approach	137	(3)
Labeling Theory	137	(1)
Primary and Secondary Deviance	137	(1)
Stigma	137	(1)
Labeling and Mental Illness	138	(1)
The Medicalization of Deviance	138	(1)
Sutherland's Differential Association Theory	139	(1)
Hirschi's Control Theory	139	(1)
Deviance and Inequality: Social-Conflict Analysis	140	(3)
Deviance and Power	140	(1)
Deviance and Capitalism	140	(1)
White-Collar Crime	141	(2)
Deviance and Social Diversity	143	(1)
Deviance and Gender	143	(1)
Hate Crimes	143	(1)
Crime	144	(7)
Types of Crime	145	(1)
Criminal Statistics	146	(1)
The ``Street'' Criminal: A Profile	146	(3)
Crime in Global Perspective	149	(2)
The Criminal Justice System	151	(9)
Police	151	(1)
Courts	152	(1)
Punishment	152	(4)
Summary	156	(1)
Key Concepts	156	(1)
Critical-Thinking Questions	157	(1)
Learning Exercises	157	(1)
How New Technology Is Changing Our Way of Life	158	(2)
Social Stratification	160	(34)
What is Social Stratification?	162	(1)
Caste and Class Systems	162	(7)
The Caste System	162	(1)
The Class System	163	(3)
Classless Societies?	166	(2)
Ideology: Stratification's ``Staying Power''	168	(1)
The Functions of Social Stratification	169	(1)
The Davis-Moore Thesis	169	(1)
Stratification and Conflict	170	(3)
Class Conflict	170	(1)
Karl Marx
Why No Marxist Revolution?	171	(1)
Class, Status, and Power	172	(1)
Max Weber
Stratification and Technology: A Global Perspective	173	(1)
Inequality in the United States	174	(5)
Income, Wealth, and Power	176	(1)
Occupational Prestige	177	(1)
Schooling	177	(1)
Ancestry, Race, and Gender	177	(2)
Social Classes in the United States	179	(2)
The Upper Class	179	(1)
The Middle Class	180	(1)
The Working Class	180	(1)
The Lower Class	180	(1)
The Difference Class Makes	181	(1)
Health	181	(1)
Values and Attitudes	181	(1)
Family Patterns	182	(1)
Social Mobility	182	(3)
Myth versus Reality	183	(1)
Mobility by Income Level	183	(1)
Mobility by Race, Ethnicity, and Gender	184	(1)
The American Dream: Still a Reality?	184	(1)
The Global Economy and the U.S. Class Structure	184	(1)
Poverty in the United States	185	(9)
The Extent of Poverty	186	(1)
Who Are the Poor?	186	(1)
Explaining Poverty	187	(2)
Homelessness	189	(1)
Class and Welfare, Politics and Values	189	(2)
Summary	191	(1)
Key Concepts	192	(1)
Critical-Thinking Questions	193	(1)
Learning Exercises	193	(1)
Global Stratification	194	(24)
Global Stratification: An Overview	195	(3)
A Word about Terminology	196	(1)
High-Income Countries	196	(2)
Middle-Income Countries	198	(5)
Slavery	203
Low-Income Countries	198	(1)
Global Wealth and Poverty	198	(7)
The Severity of Poverty	200	(1)
The Extent of Poverty	201	(1)
Poverty and Children	201	(2)
Poverty and Women	203	(1)
Slavery	203	(1)
Correlates of Global Poverty	203	(2)
Global Inequality: Theoretical Analysis	205	(8)
Modernization Theory	205	(5)
Dependency Theory	210	(3)
Global Inequality: Looking Ahead	213	(5)
Summary	216	(1)
Key Concepts	217	(1)
Critical-Thinking Questions	217	(1)
Learning Exercises	217	(1)
Sex and Gender	218	(26)
Sex and Gender	219	(6)
Sex: A Biological Distinction	219	(1)
Sexual Orientation	220	(2)
Gender: A Cultural Distinction	222	(1)
Patriarchy and Sexism	223	(2)
Gender and Socialization	225	(2)
Gender and the Family	225	(1)
Gender and the Peer Group	226	(1)
Gender and Schooling	226	(1)
Gender and the Mass Media	227	(1)
Gender and Social Stratification	227	(9)
Working Women and Men	227	(2)
Housework: Women's ``Second Shift''	229	(1)
Gender, Income, and Wealth	230	(1)
Gender and Education	231	(1)
Gender and Politics	231	(1)
Gender and the Military	232	(1)
Are Women a Minority?	233	(1)
Minority Women	233	(1)
Violence against Women	234	(2)
Theoretical Analysis of Gender	236	(1)
Structural-Functional Analysis	236	(1)
Social-Conflict Analysis	236	(1)
Feminism	237	(3)
Basic Feminist Ideas	237	(1)
Types of Feminism	238	(1)
Opposition to Feminism	239	(1)
Looking Ahead: Gender in the Twenty-First Century	240	(4)
Summary	242	(1)
Key Concepts	242	(1)
Critical-Thinking Questions	243	(1)
Learning Exercises	243	(1)
Race and Ethnicity	244	(28)
The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity	245	(8)
Race	246	(1)
Ethnicity	247	(1)
Minorities	248	(1)
Prejudice and Stereotypes	249	(1)
Racism	250	(1)
Theories of Prejudice	250	(2)
Discrimination	252	(1)
Institutional Prejudice and Discrimination	252	(1)
Prejudice and Discrimination: The Vicious Cycle	252	(1)
Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction	253	(2)
Pluralism	253	(1)
Assimilation	253	(1)
Segregation	254	(1)
Genocide	254	(1)
Race and Ethnicity in the United States	255	(11)
Native Americans	255	(1)
White Anglo-Saxon Protestants	256	(1)
African Americans	257	(2)
Asian Americans	259	(5)
Hispanic Americans	264	(1)
White Ethnic Americans	265	(1)
Race and Ethnicity: Looking Ahead	266	(6)
Summary	268	(1)
Key Concepts	268	(1)
Critical-Thinking Questions	269	(1)
Learning Exercises	269	(1)
New Information Technology and Social Stratification	270	(2)
Economics and Politics	272	(34)
The Economy: Historical Overview	274	(2)
The Agricultural Revolution	274	(1)
The Industrial Revolution	274	(1)
The Information Revolution and the Postindustrial Society	275	(1)
Sectors of the Economy	275	(1)
The Global Economy	276	(1)
Economic Systems: Paths to Justice	276	(5)
Capitalism	278	(1)
Socialism	278	(1)
Welfare Capitalism and State Capitalism	279	(1)
Relative Advantages of Capitalism and Socialism	279	(1)
Changes in Socialist Countries	280	(1)
Work in the Postindustrial Economy	281	(4)
The Changing Workplace	281	(1)
Labor Unions	282	(1)
Professions	282	(1)
Self-Employment	283	(1)
Unemployment	283	(1)
Social Diversity in the Workplace	284	(1)
New Information Technology and Work	284	(1)
Corporations	285	(3)
Economic Concentration	285	(1)
Corporate Linkages	286	(1)
Corporations: Are They Competitive?	286	(1)
Corporations and the Global Economy	286	(1)
Looking Ahead: The Economy of the Twenty-First Century	287	(1)
Politics: Historical Overview	288	(1)
Global Political Systems	289	(3)
Monarchy	289	(1)
Democracy	289	(1)
Authoritarianism	289	(2)
Totalitarianism	291	(1)
A Global Political System?	291	(1)
Politics in the United States	292	(3)
U.S. Culture and the Rise of the Welfare State	292	(1)
The Political Spectrum	293	(1)
Party Identification	294	(1)
Special-Interest Groups	294	(1)
Voter Apathy	294	(1)
Theoretical Analysis of Politics	295	(2)
The Pluralist Model: The People Rule	295	(1)
The Power-Elite Model: A Few People Rule	295	(1)
The Marxist Model: Bias in the System Itself	296	(1)
Power Beyond the Rules	297	(1)
Revolution	297	(1)
Terrorism	298	(1)
War and Peace	298	(8)
The Causes of War	299	(1)
The Costs and Causes of Militarism	299	(1)
Nuclear Weapons	300	(1)
Pursuing Peace	300	(2)
Looking Ahead: Politics in the Twenty-First Century	302	(1)
Summary	303	(1)
Key Concepts	304	(1)
Critical-Thinking Questions	305	(1)
Learning Exercises	305	(1)
Family and Religion	306	(34)
The Family: Basic Concepts	308	(1)
The Family: Global Variations	308	(3)
Marriage Patterns	309	(1)
Residential Patterns	309	(1)
Patterns of Descent	310	(1)
Patterns of Authority	311	(1)
Theoretical Analysis of the Family	311	(2)
Functions of the Family: Structural-Functional Analysis	311	(1)
Inequality and the Family: Social-Conflict Analysis	311	(1)
Constructing Family Life: Micro-Level Analysis	312	(1)
Stages of Family Life	313	(3)
Courtship and Romantic Love	313	(1)
Settling in: Ideal and Real Marriage	313	(1)
Child Rearing	314	(1)
The Family in Later Life	315	(1)
U.S. Families: Class, Race, and Gender	316	(2)
Social Class	316	(1)
Ethnicity and Race	317	(1)
Gender	318	(1)
Transitions and Problems in Family Life	318	(3)
Divorce	318	(2)
Remarriage	320	(1)
Family Violence	320	(1)
Alternative Family Forms	321	(4)
One-Parent Families	321	(1)
Cohabitation	322	(1)
Gay and Lesbian Couples	322	(1)
Singlehood	323	(1)
New Reproductive Technology	323	(1)
Looking Ahead: The Family in the Twenty-First Century	324	(1)
Religion: Basic Concepts	325	(1)
Theoretical Analysis of Religion	326	(2)
Functions of Religion: Structural-Functional Analysis	326	(1)
Constructing the Sacred: Symbolic-Interaction Analysis	327	(1)
Religion and Inequality: Social-Conflict Analysis	327	(1)
Religion and Social Change	328	(1)
Protestantism and Capitalism	328	(1)
Max Weber
Liberation Theology	328	(1)
Church, Sect, and Cult	329	(2)
Religion in History	331	(1)
Religion in the United States	331	(2)
Religious Commitment	331	(1)
Religion and Social Stratification	332	(1)
Religion in a Changing Society	333	(7)
Secularization	333	(1)
Civil Religion	333	(1)
Religious Revival	334	(2)
Looking Ahead: Religion in the Twenty-First Century	336	(1)
Summary	337	(1)
Key Concepts	338	(1)
Critical-Thinking Questions	339	(1)
Learning Exercises	339	(1)
Education and Medicine	340	(34)
Education: A Global Survey	341	(3)
Schooling in Low-Income Countries	342	(1)
Schooling in High-Income Countries	343	(1)
Schooling in the United States	344	(1)
The Functions of Schooling	344	(1)
Schooling and Social Inequality	345	(3)
Public and Private Education	346	(1)
Access to Higher Education	347	(1)
Credentialism	348	(1)
Privilege and Personal Merit	348	(1)
Problems in the Schools	348	(4)
Discipline and Violence	348	(1)
Bureaucracy and Student Passivity	349	(1)
College: The Silent Classroom	350	(1)
Dropping Out	350	(1)
Academic Standards	351	(1)
Recent Issues in U.S. Education	352	(2)
School Choice	352	(1)
Schooling People with Disabilities	352	(1)
Adult Education	353	(1)
Looking Ahead: Schooling in the Twenty-First Century	353	(1)
Health	354	(1)
Health and Society	354	(1)
Health: A Global Survey	354	(2)
Health in Low-Income Countries	355	(1)
Health in High-Income Countries	355	(1)
Health in the United States	356	(6)
Social Epidemiology: Who Is Healthy?	356	(1)
Cigarette Smoking	357	(1)
Eating Disorders	358	(1)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	358	(3)
Ethical Issues: Confronting Death	361	(1)
The Medical Establishment	362	(4)
The Rise of Scientific Medicine	362	(1)
Holistic Medicine	363	(1)
Paying the Costs: A Global Survey	363	(1)
Medicine in the United States	364	(2)
Theoretical Analysis of Medicine	366	(8)
Structural-Functional Analysis	366	(1)
Symbolic-Interaction Analysis	366	(1)
Social-Conflict Analysis	367	(1)
Looking Ahead: Health in the Twenty-First Century	368	(2)
Summary	370	(1)
Key Concepts	371	(1)
Critical-Thinking Questions	371	(1)
Learning Exercises	371	(1)
New Information Technology and Social Institutions	372	(2)
Population and Urbanization	374	(24)
Demography: The Study of Population	375	(5)
Fertility	376	(1)
Mortality	376	(1)
Migration	377	(1)
Population Growth	377	(2)
Population Composition	379	(1)
History and Theory of Population Growth	380	(2)
Malthusian Theory	380	(1)
Demographic Transition Theory	381	(1)
Global Population: A Survey	382	(2)
The Low-Growth North	382	(1)
The High-Growth South	382	(2)
Urbanization: The Growth of Cities	384	(5)
The Evolution of Cities	384	(2)
The Growth of U.S. Cities	386	(1)
The Rise of Suburbs	387	(1)
Postindustrial Sunbelt Cities	388	(1)
Megalopolis: Regional Cities	388	(1)
Edge Cities	389	(1)
Urbanism as a Way of Life	389	(4)
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft	389	(1)
Ferdinand Tonnies
Mechanical and Organic Solidarity	389	(1)
Emile Durkheim
The Blase Urbanite	390	(1)
Georg Simmel
Walking the Streets	390	(1)
Robert Park
Urbanism as a Way of Life	391	(1)
Louis Wirth
Urban Ecology	391	(2)
Urban Political Economy	393	(1)
Urbanization in Poor Societies	393	(5)
Looking Ahead: Population and Urbanization in the Twenty-First Century	394	(2)
Summary	396	(1)
Key Concepts	396	(1)
Critical-Thinking Questions	397	(1)
Learning Exercises	397	(1)
Environment and Society	398	(22)
Ecology: The Study of the Natural Environment	399	(6)
The Role of Sociology	400	(1)
The Global Dimension	400	(1)
The Historical Dimension	401	(1)
Population Increase	401	(2)
Cultural Patterns: Growth and Limits	403	(2)
Environmental Issues	405	(7)
Solid Waste: The Disposable Society	405	(1)
Preserving Clean Water	406	(3)
Clearing the Air	409	(1)
Acid Rain	410	(1)
The Rain Forests	411	(1)
Society and the Environment: Theoretical Analysis	412	(3)
Structural-Functional Analysis	412	(1)
Cultural Ecology	412	(1)
Social-Conflict Analysis	413	(1)
Environmental Racism	414	(1)
Looking Ahead: Toward A Sustainable Society and World	415	(5)
Summary	418	(1)
Key Concepts	419	(1)
Critical-Thinking Questions	419	(1)
Learning Exercises	419	(1)
Social Change: Modern and Postmodern Societies	420	(26)
What is Social Change?	422	(2)
Causes of Social Change	424	(3)
Culture and Change	424	(1)
Conflict and Change	424	(1)
Ideas and Change	424	(1)
Demographic Change	425	(1)
Social Movements and Change	425	(2)
Modernity	427	(3)
The Loss of Community	428	(1)
Ferdinand Tonnies
The Division of Labor	429	(1)
Emile Durkheim
Rationalization	429	(1)
Max Weber
Capitalism	430	(1)
Karl Marx
Structural-Functional Analysis: The Theory of Mass Society	430	(3)
The Mass Scale of Modern Life	431	(1)
The Ever-Expanding State	432	(1)
Social-Conflict Analysis: The Theory of Class Society	433	(1)
Capitalism	433	(1)
Persistent Inequality	433	(1)
Modernity and the Individual	434	(2)
Mass Society: Problems of Identity	434	(1)
Class Society: Problems of Powerlessness	435	(1)
Modernity and Progress	436	(1)
Modernity: Global Variations	437	(1)
Postmodernity	437	(2)
Looking Ahead: Modernization and Our Global Future	439	(7)
Summary	442	(1)
Key Concepts	442	(1)
Critical-Thinking Questions	443	(1)
Learning Exercises	443	(1)
New Information Technology and Social Change	444	(2)
Glossary	446	(7)
References	453	(24)
Photo Credits	477	(2)
About the Author	479	(1)
Name Index	480	(6)
Subject Index	486