9780132284905

Boxes	p. xiii
Maps	p. xvi
Preface	p. xviii
Sociology: Perspective, Theory, and Method	p. 1
The Sociological Perspective	p. 2
Seeing the General in the Particular	p. 2
Seeing the Strange in the Familiar	p. 2
Seeing Personal Choice in Social Context	p. 4
Seeing Sociologically: Marginality and Crisis	p. 4
The Importance of a Global Perspective	p. 5
Applying the Sociological Perspective	p. 8
Sociology and Public Policy	p. 8
Sociology and Personal Growth	p. 8
Careers: The "Sociology Advantage"	p. 9
In the Times: "For Illegal Immigrants, a Harsh Lesson"	p. 10
The Origins of Sociology	p. 11
Social Change and Sociology	p. 11
Science and Sociology	p. 12
Sociological Theory	p. 13
The Structural-Functional Approach	p. 14
The Social-Conflict Approach	p. 15
Feminism and the Gender-Conflict Approach	p. 15
The Race-Conflict Approach	p. 17
The Symbolic-Interaction Approach	p. 17
Three Ways to Do Sociology	p. 18
Scientific Sociology	p. 19
Interpretive Sociology	p. 23
Critical Sociology	p. 23
Methods and Theory	p. 24
Gender and Research	p. 24
Research Ethics	p. 25
Research Methods	p. 25
Testing a Hypothesis: The Experiment	p. 25
Asking Questions: Survey Research	p. 27
In the Field: Participant Observation	p. 28
Using Available Data: Existing Sources	p. 31
Putting It All Together: Ten Steps in Sociological Research	p. 34
Applying Sociology in Everyday Life	p. 34
Making the Grade	p. 35
Visual Summary	p. 35
Sample Test Questions	p. 37
Culture	p. 39
What Is Culture?	p. 40
Culture and Human Intelligence	p. 42
How Many Cultures?	p. 44
The Elements of Culture	p. 44
Symbols	p. 44
Language	p. 46
Values and Beliefs	p. 46
Norms	p. 50
Ideal and Real Culture	p. 50
Technology and Culture	p. 50
Hunting and Gathering	p. 50
Horticulture and Pastoralism	p. 51
Agriculture	p. 51
Industry	p. 52
Postindustrial Information Technology	p. 52
Cultural Diversity	p. 52
High Culture and Popular Culture	p. 52
Subculture	p. 53
In the Times: "Cast from Their Ancestral Home, Creoles Worry about Culture's Future"	p. 54
Multiculturalism	p. 55
Counterculture	p. 56
Cultural Change	p. 57
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism	p. 58
A Global Culture?	p. 59
Theoretical Analysis of Culture	p. 60
The Functions of Culture: Structural-Functional Analysis	p. 60
Inequality and Culture: Social-Conflict Analysis	p. 61
Evolution and Culture: Sociobiology	p. 62
Culture and Human Freedom	p. 64
Applying Sociology in Everyday Life	p. 64
Making the Grade	p. 65
Visual Summary	p. 65
Sample Test Questions	p. 67
Socialization: From Infancy to Old Age	p. 69
Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity	p. 70
Human Development: Nature and Nurture	p. 70
Social Isolation	p. 71
Understanding Socialization	p. 72
Sigmund Freud's Elements of Personality	p. 72
Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development	p. 73
Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development	p. 74
Carol Gilligan's Theory of Gender and Moral Development	p. 74
George Herbert Mead's Theory of the Social Self	p. 75
Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development	p. 76
Agents of Socialization	p. 77
The Family	p. 77
The School	p. 79
The Peer Group	p. 79
The Mass Media	p. 80
Socialization and the Life Course	p. 82
Childhood	p. 82
Adolescence	p. 83
Adulthood	p. 83
In the Times: "Adultescent"	p. 84
Old Age	p. 85
Death and Dying	p. 87
The Life Course: Patterns and Variations	p. 88
Resocialization: Total Institutions	p. 89
Applying Sociology in Everyday Life	p. 90
Making the Grade	p. 91
Visual Summary	p. 91
Sample Test Questions	p. 93
Social Interaction in Everyday Life	p. 95
Social Structure: A Guide to Everyday Living	p. 96
Status	p. 97
Ascribed and Achieved Status	p. 97
Master Status	p. 97
Role	p. 98
Role Conflict and Role Strain	p. 99
Role Exit	p. 99
The Social Construction of Reality	p. 99
"Street Smarts"	p. 100
The Thomas Theorem	p. 101
Ethnomethodology	p. 101
Reality Building: Class and Culture	p. 102
Dramaturgical Analysis: The "Presentation of Self"	p. 102
Performances	p. 103
Nonverbal Communication	p. 103
Gender and Performances	p. 104
Idealization	p. 106
Embarrassment and Tact	p. 106
Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications	p. 107
Emotions: The Social Construction of Feeling	p. 107
Language: The Social Construction of Gender	p. 108
Reality Play: The Social Construction of Humor	p. 111
In the Times: "Seriously, the Joke Is Dead"	p. 112
Applying Sociology in Everyday Life	p. 114
Making the Grade	p. 115
Visual Summary	p. 115
Sample Test Questions	p. 117
Groups and Organizations	p. 119
Social Groups	p. 120
Primary and Secondary Groups	p. 121
Group Leadership	p. 122
Group Conformity	p. 122
Reference Groups	p. 124
In-Groups and Out-Groups	p. 124
Group Size	p. 125
Social Diversity: Race, Class, and Gender	p. 126
Networks	p. 126
Formal Organizations	p. 127
Types of Formal Organizations	p. 127
Origins of Formal Organizations	p. 129
Characteristics of Bureaucracy	p. 129
Organizational Environment	p. 129
The Informal Side of Bureaucracy	p. 130
Problems of Bureaucracy	p. 131
In the Times: "The Beast That Feeds on Boxes: Bureaucracy"	p. 132
The Evolution of Formal Organizations	p. 134
Scientific Management	p. 134
The First Challenge: Race and Gender	p. 134
The Second Challenge: The Japanese Work Organization	p. 135
The Third Challenge: The Changing Nature of Work	p. 135
The "McDonaldization" of Society	p. 137
The Future of Organizations: Opposing Trends	p. 140
Applying Sociology in Everyday Life	p. 140
Making the Grade	p. 141
Visual Summary	p. 141
Sample Test Questions	p. 143
Sexuality and Society	p. 145
Understanding Sexuality	p. 146
Sex: A Biological Issue	p. 146
Sex and the Body	p. 147
Sex: A Cultural Issue	p. 148
The Incest Taboo	p. 149
In the Times: "Children, Media, and Sex: A Big Book of Blank Pages"	p. 150
Sexual Attitudes in the United States	p. 150
The Sexual Revolution	p. 151
The Sexual Counterrevolution	p. 152
Premarital Sex	p. 153
Sex between Adults	p. 154
Extramarital Sex	p. 155
Sex over the Life Course	p. 155
Sexual Orientation	p. 155
What Gives Us a Sexual Orientation?	p. 156
How Many Gay People Are There?	p. 157
The Gay Rights Movement	p. 157
Sexual Issues and Controversies	p. 158
Teen Pregnancy	p. 158
Pornography	p. 159
Prostitution	p. 159
Sexual Violence: Rape and Date Rape	p. 161
Theoretical Analysis of Sexuality	p. 163
Structural-Functional Analysis	p. 163
Symbolic-Interaction Analysis	p. 164
Social-Conflict Analysis	p. 165
Applying Sociology in Everyday Life	p. 168
Making the Grade	p. 169
Visual Summary	p. 169
Sample Test Questions	p. 171
Deviance	p. 173
What Is Deviance?	p. 174
Social Control	p. 174
The Biological Context	p. 175
Personality Factors	p. 175
The Social Foundations of Deviance	p. 176
The Functions of Deviance: Structural-Functional Analysis	p. 176
Durkheim's Basic Insight	p. 176
Merton's Strain Theory	p. 177
Deviant Subcultures	p. 178
Labeling Deviance: Symbolic-Interaction Analysis	p. 179
Labeling Theory	p. 179
The Medicalization of Deviance	p. 181
Sutherland's Differential Association Theory	p. 182
Hirschi's Control Theory	p. 182
Deviance and Inequality: Social-Conflict Analysis	p. 183
Deviance and Power	p. 183
Deviance and Capitalism	p. 183
White-Collar Crime	p. 184
Corporate Crime	p. 185
Organized Crime	p. 185
Deviance, Race, and Gender	p. 186
Hate Crimes	p. 186
The Feminist Perspective: Deviance and Gender	p. 186
Crime	p. 188
Types of Crime	p. 187
Criminal Statistics	p. 188
The Street Criminal: A Profile	p. 188
Crime in Global Perspective	p. 191
The U.S. Criminal Justice System	p. 193
Due Process	p. 193
Police	p. 194
Courts	p. 194
Punishment	p. 195
In the Times: "Despite Drop in Crime, an Increase in Inmates"	p. 196
Community-Based Corrections	p. 199
Applying Sociology in Everyday Life	p. 200
Making the Grade	p. 201
Visual Summary	p. 201
Sample Test Questions	p. 203
Social Stratification	p. 205
What Is Social Stratification?	p. 206
Caste and Class Systems	p. 207
The Caste System	p. 207
The Class System	p. 208
Caste and Class: The United Kingdom	p. 210
Classless Societies? The Former Soviet Union	p. 211
China: Emerging Social Classes	p. 212
Ideology: The Power behind Stratification	p. 213
The Functions of Social Stratification	p. 213
The Davis-Moore Thesis	p. 214
Stratification and Conflict	p. 215
Karl Marx: Class Conflict	p. 215
Why No Marxist Revolution?	p. 216
Max Weber: Class, Status, and Power	p. 217
Stratification and Interaction	p. 218
Stratification and Technology: A Global Perspective	p. 212
Hunting and Gathering Societies	p. 219
Horticultural, Pastoral, and Agrarian Societies	p. 219
Industrial Societies	p. 219
The Kuznets Curve	p. 220
Inequality in the United States	p. 220
Income, Wealth, and Power	p. 220
Schooling	p. 223
Occupational Prestige	p. 223
Ancestry, Race, and Gender	p. 223
Social Classes in the United States	p. 225
The Upper Class	p. 225
The Middle Class	p. 226
The Working Class	p. 226
The Lower Class	p. 227
The Difference Class Makes	p. 227
Health	p. 227
Values and Attitudes	p. 227
Politics	p. 227
Family and Gender	p. 228
Social Mobility	p. 228
Myth versus Reality	p. 229
Mobility by Income Level	p. 229
Mobility: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender	p. 229
Mobility and Marriage	p. 231
The American Dream: Still a Reality?	p. 231
The Global Economy and the U.S. Class Structure	p. 231
Poverty in the United States	p. 232
The Extent of Poverty	p. 232
Who Are the Poor?	p. 233
Explaining Poverty	p. 234
In the Times: "Surge in Homeless Families Sets Off Debate on Cause"	p. 236
The Working Poor	p. 236
Homelessness	p. 237
Class, Welfare, Politics, and Values	p. 238
Applying Sociology in Everyday Life	p. 238
Making the Grade	p. 239
Visual Summary	p. 239
Sample Test Questions	p. 241
Global Stratification	p. 243
Global Stratification: An Overview	p. 244
A Word about Terminology	p. 245
High-Income Countries	p. 245
Middle-Income Countries	p. 246
Low-Income Countries	p. 248
Global Wealth and Poverty	p. 249
The Severity of Poverty	p. 249
The Extent of Poverty	p. 252
Poverty and Children	p. 253
Poverty and Women	p. 253
Slavery	p. 254
Explanations of Global Poverty	p. 254
Global Stratification: Theoretical Analysis	p. 257
Modernization Theory	p. 257
Dependency Theory	p. 260
Global Stratification: Looking Ahead	p. 283
In the Times: "Shantytown Dwellers in South Africa Protest Sluggish Pace of Change	p. 264
Applying Sociology in Everyday Life	p. 266
Making the Grade	p. 267
Visual Summary	p. 267
Sample Test Questions	p. 269
Gender Stratification	p. 271
Gender and Inequality	p. 272
Male-Female Differences	p. 272
Gender in Global Perspective	p. 273
Patriarchy and Sexism	p. 274
Gender and Socialization	p. 276
Gender and the Family	p. 276
Gender and the Peer Group	p. 277
Gender and Schooling	p. 277
Gender and the Mass Media	p. 277
Gender and Social Stratification	p. 279
Working Women and Men	p. 279
Gender, Income, and Wealth	p. 280
Housework: Women's "Second Shift"	p. 281
Gender and Education	p. 281
Gender and Politics	p. 282
Gender and the Military	p. 283
Are Women a Minority?	p. 283
Minority Women: Intersection Theory	p. 283
Violence against Women	p. 284
Violence against Men	p. 285
Sexual Harassment	p. 287
Pornography	p. 287
Theoretical Analysis of Gender	p. 288
Structural-Functional Analysis	p. 288
Social-Conflict Analysis	p. 289
Feminism	p. 290
Basic Feminist Ideas	p. 290
Types of Feminism	p. 291
In the Times: "Men Are Becoming the Ad Target of the Gender Sneer"	p. 292
Opposition to Feminism	p. 292
Gender: Looking Ahead	p. 294
Applying Sociology in Everyday Life	p. 294
Making the Grade	p. 295
Visual Summary	p. 295
Sample Test Questions	p. 297
Race and Ethnicity	p. 299
The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity	p. 300
Race	p. 300
Ethnicity	p. 302
Minorities	p. 303
Prejudice and Stereotypes	p. 304
Measuring Prejudice: The Social Distance Scale	p. 305
Racism	p. 307
Theories of Prejudice	p. 308
Discrimination	p. 310
Institutional Prejudice and Discrimination	p. 310
Prejudice and Discrimination: The Vicious Circle	p. 310
Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction	p. 311
Pluralism	p. 311
Assimilation	p. 311
In the Times: "Around the World in Five Boroughs"	p. 312
Segregation	p. 312
Genocide	p. 313
Race and Ethnicity in the United States	p. 314
Native Americans	p. 314
White Anglo-Saxon Protestants	p. 316
African Americans	p. 316
Asian Americans	p. 318
Hispanic Americans/Latinos	p. 322
Arab Americans	p. 324
White Ethnic Americans	p. 326
Race and Ethnicity: Looking Ahead	p. 328
Applying Sociology in Everyday Life	p. 328
Making the Grade	p. 329
Visual Summary	p. 329
Sample Test Questions	p. 331
Economics and Politics	p. 333
The Economy: Historical Overview	p. 334
The Agricultural Revolution	p. 334
The Industrial Revolution	p. 335
The Information Revolution and Postindustrial Society	p. 335
Sectors of the Economy	p. 336
The Global Economy	p. 337
Economic Systems: Paths to Justice	p. 338
Capitalism	p. 338
Socialism	p. 339
Welfare Capitalism and State Capitalism	p. 340
Relative Advantages of Capitalism and Socialism	p. 340
Changes in Socialist and Capitalist Countries	p. 341
Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy	p. 342
The Changing Workplace	p. 342
Labor Unions	p. 342
Professions	p. 343
Self-Employment	p. 344
Unemployment and Underemployment	p. 344
Workplace Diversity: Race and Gender	p. 345
New Information Technology and Work	p. 345
Corporations	p. 347
Economic Concentration	p. 347
Conglomerates and Corporate Linkages	p. 347
Corporations: Are They Competitive?	p. 347
Corporations and the Global Economy	p. 348
The Economy: Looking Ahead	p. 349
In the Times: "Rewards of a 90-Hour Week: Poverty and Dirty Laundry"	p. 350
Politics: Historical Overview	p. 350
Politics in Global Perspective	p. 352
Monarchy	p. 352
Democracy	p. 352
Authoritarianism	p. 352
Totalitarianism	p. 353
A Global Political System?	p. 354
Politics in the United States	p. 354
U.S. Culture and the Rise of the Welfare State	p. 355
The Political Spectrum	p. 355
Party Identification	p. 356
Special-Interest Groups	p. 357
Voter Apathy	p. 357
Should Convicted Criminals Vote?	p. 358
Theoretical Analysis of Power in Society	p. 358
The Pluralist Model: The People Rule	p. 358
The Power-Elite Model: A Few People Rule	p. 358
The Marxist Model: The System Is Biased	p. 359
Power Beyond the Rules	p. 360
Revolution	p. 360
Terrorism	p. 360
War and Peace	p. 382
The Causes of War	p. 362
Social Class and the Military	p. 362
Is Terrorism a New Kind of War?	p. 363
The Costs and Causes of Militarism	p. 363
Nuclear Weapons	p. 364
Mass Media and War	p. 364
Pursuing Peace	p. 365
Politics: Looking Ahead	p. 366
Applying Sociology in Everyday Life	p. 366
Making the Grade	p. 367
Visual Summary	p. 367
Sample Test Questions	p. 369
Family and Religion	p. 371
Family: Basic Concepts	p. 372
Family: Global Variations	p. 373
Marriage Patterns	p. 373
Residential Patterns	p. 374
Patterns of Descent	p. 375
Patterns of Authority	p. 375
Theoretical Analysis of Family	p. 375
Functions of Family: Structural-Functional Analysis	p. 375
Inequality and Family: Social-Conflict and Feminist Analysis	p. 376
Constructing Family Life: Micro-Level Analysis	p. 376
Stages of Family Life	p. 377
Courtship and Romantic Love	p. 377
Settling In: Ideal and Real Marriage	p. 379
Child Rearing	p. 379
The Family in Later Life	p. 380
U.S. Families: Class, Race, and Gender	p. 381
Social Class	p. 381
Ethnicity and Race	p. 381
In the Times: "Crisis of Indian Children Intensifies as Families Fail"	p. 382
Gender	p. 384
Transitions and Problems in Family Life	p. 384
Divorce	p. 384
Remarriage and Blended Families	p. 385
Family Violence	p. 386
Alternative Family Forms	p. 387
One-Parent Families	p. 387
Cohabitation	p. 387
Gay and Lesbian Couples	p. 388
Singlehood	p. 390
New Reproductive Technologies and Family	p. 390
Families: Looking Ahead	p. 390
Religion: Basic Concepts	p. 391
Theoretical Analysis of Religion	p. 391
Functions of Religion: Structural-Functional Analysis	p. 391
Constructing the Sacred: Symbolic-Interaction Analysis	p. 392
Inequality and Religion: Social-Conflict Analysis	p. 393
Religion and Social Change	p. 394
Max Weber: Protestantism and Capitalism	p. 394
Liberation Theology	p. 395
Types of Religious Organizations	p. 395
Church	p. 395
Sect	p. 395
Cult	p. 396
Religion in History	p. 397
Religion in the United States	p. 397
Religious Commitment	p. 397
Religion: Class, Ethnicity, and Race	p. 399
Religion in a Changing Society	p. 399
Secularization	p. 399
Civil Religion	p. 400
"New Age" Seekers: Spirituality without Formal Religion	p. 400
Religious Revival: "Good Old-Time Religion"	p. 401
Religion: Looking Ahead	p. 404
Applying Sociology in Everyday Life	p. 404
Making the Grade	p. 405
Visual Summary	p. 405
Sample Test Questions	p. 407
Education, Health, and Medicine	p. 409
Education: A Global Survey	p. 410
Schooling and Economic Development	p. 410
Schooling in India	p. 412
Schooling in Japan	p. 412
Schooling in the United States	p. 412
The Functions of Schooling	p. 413
Schooling and Social Interaction	p. 414
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy	p. 414
Schooling and Social Inequality	p. 414
Public and Private Education	p. 415
Access to Higher Education	p. 417
Greater Opportunity: Expanding Higher Education	p. 418
Community Colleges	p. 418
Privilege and Personal Merit	p. 419
Problems in the Schools	p. 420
Discipline and Violence	p. 420
Student Passivity	p. 420
Dropping Out	p. 421
In the Times: "The College Dropout Boom"	p. 422
Academic Standards	p. 422
Grade Inflation	p. 424
Recent Issues in U.S. Education	p. 424
School Choice	p. 424
Home Schooling	p. 425
Schooling People with Disabilities	p. 425
Adult Education	p. 427
The Teacher Shortage	p. 427
Schooling: Looking Ahead	p. 427
Health and Medicine	p. 427
Health and Society	p. 427
Health: A Global Survey	p. 428
Health in Low-Income Countries	p. 428
Health in High-Income Countries	p. 429
Health in the United States	p. 429
Who Is Healthy? Age, Gender, Class, and Race	p. 429
Cigarette Smoking	p. 430
Eating Disorders	p. 431
Obesity	p. 432
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	p. 433
Ethical Issues surrounding Death	p. 435
The Medical Establishment	p. 436
The Rise of Scientific Medicine	p. 436
Holistic Medicine	p. 437
Paying for Medical Care: A Global Survey	p. 437
Paying for Medical Care: The United States	p. 438
The Nursing Shortage	p. 440
Theoretical Analysis of Health and Medicine	p. 440
Structural-Functional Analysis: Role Theory	p. 440
Symbolic-Interaction Analysis: The Meaning of Health	p. 441
Social-Conflict and Feminist Analysis	p. 442
Health and Medicine: Looking Ahead	p. 443
Applying Sociology in Everyday Life	p. 444
Making the Grade	p. 445
Visual Summary	p. 445
Sample Test Questions	p. 447
Population, Urbanization, and Environment	p. 449
Demography: The Study of Population	p. 450
Fertility	p. 450
Mortality	p. 451
Migration	p. 452
Population Growth	p. 452
Population Composition	p. 453
History and Theory of Population Growth	p. 454
Malthusian Theory	p. 455
Demographic Transition Theory	p. 455
Global Population Today: A Brief Survey	p. 456
Urbanization: The Growth of Cities	p. 457
The Evolution of Cities	p. 458
The Growth of U.S. Cities	p. 459
Suburbs and Urban Decline	p. 460
Postindustrial Sunbelt Cities and Sprawl	p. 461
Megalopolis: The Regional City	p. 461
Edge Cities	p. 461
The Rural Rebound	p. 462
Urbanism as a Way of Life	p. 462
Ferdinand Tonnies: Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft	p. 462
Emile Durkheim: Mechanical and Organic Solidarity	p. 463
Georg Simmel: The Blase Urbanite	p. 463
The Chicago School: Robert Park and Louis Wirth	p. 464
Urban Ecology	p. 464
Urban Political Economy	p. 465
In the Times: "Dump Trash, Add Scavengers, Mix and Get a Big Mess"	p. 466
Urbanization in Poor Nations	p. 466
Environment and Society	p. 468
The Global Dimension	p. 468
Technology and the Environmental Deficit	p. 468
Culture: Growth and Limits	p. 469
Solid Waste: The Disposable Society	p. 470
Water and Air	p. 471
The Rain Forests	p. 473
Environmental Racism	p. 474
Looking Ahead: Toward a Sustainable Society and World	p. 475
Applying Sociology in Everyday Life	p. 476
Making the Grade	p. 477
Visual Summary	p. 477
Sample Test Questions	p. 479
Social Change: Modern and Postmodern Societies	p. 481
What Is Social Change?	p. 483
Causes of Social Change	p. 484
Culture and Change	p. 484
Conflict and Change	p. 484
Ideas and Change	p. 484
Demographic Change	p. 484
Social Movements and Change	p. 485
Disasters: Unexpected Change	p. 488
Modernity	p. 490
Ferdinand Tonnies: The Loss of Community	p. 491
Emile Durkheim: The Division of Labor	p. 492
Max Weber: Rationalization	p. 493
Karl Marx: Capitalism	p. 494
Structural-Functional Analysis: Modernity as Mass Society	p. 494
The Mass Scale of Modern Life	p. 494
The Ever-Expanding State	p. 496
Social-Conflict Analysis: Modernity as Class Society	p. 496
Capitalism	p. 497
Persistent Inequality	p. 497
Modernity and the Individual	p. 498
Mass Society: Problems of Identity	p. 498
Class Society: Problems of Powerlessness	p. 499
Modernity and Progress	p. 507
In the Times: "Modernity Tips Balance in a Remote Corner in Kashmir	p. 502
Modernity: Global Variation	p. 503
Postmodernity	p. 503
Looking Ahead: Modernization and Our Global Future	p. 507
Applying Sociology in Everyday Life	p. 508
Making the Grade	p. 509
Visual Summary	p. 509
Sample Test Questions	p. 511
Glossary	p. 512
References	p. 518
Photo Credits	p. 539
Name Index	p. 541
Subject Index	p. 545
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Society : The Basics

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