Sociology of Deviant Behavior (with InfoTrac)

by Clinard, Marshall B.; Meier, Robert F.

• ISBN13: 9780534619473
• ISBN10: 0534619479
• Edition: 12th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-07-21
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

This text has been the market leader for more than 40 years. It continues its popularity due to its thorough updating of data, facts, and figures while retaining the basic focus on solid research findings through a sociological point of view. Designed to appeal to today's students, the 12th edition examines topics with relevance for today - cultural and social reactions to deviance; the growing interest in white-collar and corporate crime; and the importance of the Internet and computer communications in changing views on deviance in modern life.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 The Nature and Meaning of Deviance	1	(27)
What is Deviance?	4	(5)
Normative Definition	5	(1)
Alternative Definitions	6	(3)
Deviance and Society	9	(17)
Norms	10	(2)
Differentiation and Deviance	12	(2)
Subcultures	14	(4)
The Relativity of Deviance	18	(2)
Creating Deviance	20	(3)
Determining Norms and the Content of Deviance	23	(2)
Two Final Observations	25	(1)
Summary	26	(1)
Selected References	27	(1)
Chapter 2 Deviant Events and Social Control	28	(23)
Deviant Events	28	(6)
Deviant Roles	29	(1)
Deviant Places	30	(1)
The Deviant Act Over Time	31	(2)
Deviant Acts and Victims	33	(1)
Social Control	34	(6)
Processes of Social Control	34	(2)
Informal Social Controls	36	(2)
Formal Social Controls	38	(2)
Law as an Example of Formal Social Control	40	(6)
What Kinds of Problems Can the Law Solve?	42	(3)
Legal Sanctions	45	(1)
The Irony of Social Control	46	(3)
Summary	49	(1)
Selected References	50	(1)
Chapter 3 Becoming Deviant	51	(33)
Socialization and Social Roles	53	(7)
Socialization as Role Taking	55	(1)
Deviant Role Taking	56	(4)
Seeing the Deviant's Perspective	60	(7)
Understanding Deviant Worlds	61	(2)
Managing Deviance	63	(4)
Individualistic Theories of Deviance	67	(14)
Biological Explanations for Deviance	68	(2)
Psychiatric Model of Deviance	70	(3)
Psychoanalytic Explanation of Deviance	73	(1)
Evaluating the Psychiatric and Psychoanalytic Perspectives	74	(2)
Psychological Explanations of Deviance	76	(2)
Rational Choice Theories	78	(3)
Summary	81	(2)
Selected References	83	(1)
Chapter 4 Structural Perspectives on Deviance: Anomie and Conflict Theories	84	(19)
Anomie Theory	85	(7)
Adapting to Strain	86	(1)
Extensions of the Anomie Perspective	87	(2)
Evaluating Anomie Theory	89	(3)
Conflict Theories	92	(8)
Deviance and Marxism	93	(1)
Other Conflict Theorists	93	(2)
Social Threat	95	(1)
Left Realism	96	(1)
Evaluating the Conflict Model	97	(3)
Summary	100	(1)
Selected References	101	(2)
Chapter 5 Labeling, Control, and Learning Theories of Deviance	103	(26)
Labeling Theory	103	(9)
Deviance as Reaction	105	(1)
Labels That Create Types of Deviants	105	(2)
The Power to Label	107	(1)
Evaluating Labeling Theory	108	(4)
Control Theory	112	(8)
Assumptions and Structure of Control Theory	114	(1)
Crime and Low Self-Control	115	(1)
Evaluating Control Theory	116	(4)
Learning or Socialization Theory	120	(7)
Sutherland's Theory of Differential Association	120	(2)
Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory	122	(1)
Evaluating Learning Theory	123	(4)
Summary	127	(1)
Selected References	128	(1)
Chapter 6 Crimes of Interpersonal Violence	129	(43)
Crime as Deviance	130	(4)
Types of Crimes	130	(2)
Types of Criminals	132	(2)
Assault and Murder	134	(13)
Frequency of Assault and Homicide	134	(2)
Group Variations in Homicide	136	(4)
Interaction Between Offender and Victim	140	(1)
Understanding and Explaining Violence	141	(4)
The Development of Dangerous Violent Offenders	145	(2)
Domestic Violence	147	(9)
Child Abuse	147	(4)
Intimate Partner Violence	151	(5)
Elder Abuse	156	(1)
Forcible Rape	156	(10)
Patterns of Forcible Rape	157	(1)
Date Rape	158	(2)
Male and Prison Rape	160	(1)
The Political Context of Rape	161	(1)
Rape Reporting	162	(1)
Legal Reforms for Rape Cases	163	(2)
Theories of Rape	165	(1)
Society's Reaction to Crimes of Personal Violence	166	(3)
Reactions to Murder	167	(1)
Reactions to Assault	168	(1)
Reactions to Rape	168	(1)
Summary	169	(1)
Selected References	170	(2)
Chapter 7 Nonviolent Crime	172	(30)
Occasional Property Offenders	174	(4)
Auto Theft	174	(1)
Check Forgeries	175	(1)
Shoplifting and Employee Theft	175	(2)
Vandalism	177	(1)
Society's Reaction to Occasional Offenders	177	(1)
Conventional Criminal Careers	178	(5)
Self-Conception of Conventional Offenders	181	(1)
Society's Reaction to Conventional Offenders	181	(2)
Political Criminal Offenders	183	(4)
Crimes Against Governments	183	(2)
Crimes by Governments	185	(2)
Society's Reaction to Political Offenders	187	(1)
Organized Crime and Criminals	187	(8)
Organized Criminals	190	(1)
Organized Criminal Activities	191	(2)
Society's Reaction to Organized Crime	193	(2)
Professional Offenders	195	(4)
Skill	196	(1)
Status	197	(1)
Criminal Associations	197	(1)
Organization	198	(1)
Society's Reaction to Professional Crime	198	(1)
Summary	199	(1)
Selected References	200	(2)
Chapter 8 White-Collar and Corporate Crime	202	(43)
The Example of Computer Crime	204	(2)
A Brief History	206	(2)
Defining White-Collar Crime	208	(6)
Initial Definitions	209	(1)
White-Collar Crime and Criminal Events	210	(4)
Corporate Criminal Behavior	214	(12)
The Turbulent Twenty-First Century	215	(3)
Nature and Types of Corporate Violations	218	(8)
Professional White-Collar Crime and Deviance	226	(2)
Characteristics of White-Collar Offenders	228	(2)
Sophistication	228	(1)
Planning	229	(1)
Self-Concept	229	(1)
Criminal Careers of White-Collar Offenders	230	(1)
Explaining White-Collar Crime	230	(3)
Costs of White-Collar and Corporate Crime	233	(4)
Financial Harm	233	(2)
Physical Harm	235	(1)
Social Costs or Damage to the Moral Climate	236	(1)
Explaining Corporate Criminal Behavior	237	(2)
Controlling White-Collar and Corporate Crime	239	(4)
Public Education	240	(1)
Increasing Ethical Behavior in the Workplace	240	(1)
Legislative Reforms	241	(1)
The Use of Publicity	242	(1)
Summary	243	(1)
Selected References	244	(1)
Chapter 9 Drug Use and Addiction	245	(60)
Drug Taking as Deviance	247	(8)
Social Attitudes About Drugs	249	(4)
Public Policy and the War on Drugs	253	(2)
Legal Drug Use	255	(3)
Types of Illegal Drugs	258	(4)
Marijuana Use	262	(4)
Extent of Marijuana Use	262	(2)
Using Marijuana and Group Support	264	(2)
Marijuana and Heroin	266	(1)
Opiate Use and Addiction	266	(6)
The Meaning of Addiction	266	(2)
Patterns of Heroin Use	268	(1)
Number of Heroin Users	269	(1)
Who Uses Heroin?	270	(2)
Becoming an Opiate Addict	272	(8)
The Process of Addiction	274	(2)
Theories of Addiction	276	(2)
The Addict Subculture	278	(2)
Cocaine Use	280	(7)
The Cocaine Highway	280	(2)
Extent of Cocaine Use	282	(2)
Methods of Use	284	(1)
Consequences of Use	285	(2)
Society's Response to Drug Use and Addiction	287	(14)
Applying Criminal Sanctions	287	(6)
Treatment	293	(5)
Addict Self-Help Programs	298	(3)
Prevention of Drug Use	301	(1)
Media Messages	301	(1)
Drug-Education Programs	301	(1)
Summary	302	(2)
Selected References	304	(1)
Chapter 10 Drunkenness and Alcoholism	305	(50)
Physiological and Behavioral Aspects of Alcohol	306	(4)
Physiological Dimensions	307	(1)
Other Health-Related Effects	307	(1)
Psychological Effects	308	(1)
Prevalence of Drinking in the United States	309	(1)
Types of Drinkers	310	(3)
Drinking as a Social and Group Activity	313	(12)
Variations in Drinking Behavior	314	(3)
Public Drinking Houses	317	(2)
Ethnic Differences in Excessive Drinking	319	(6)
Alcoholism and Problem Drinking	325	(6)
The Extent of Alcoholism and Excessive Drinking	325	(1)
The Costs of Alcoholism	326	(1)
Alcohol-Related Crime	327	(1)
Drunk Driving	328	(3)
Group and Subcultural Influences on Excessive Drinking	331	(7)
Gender Differences in Excessive Drinking	333	(1)
Companions and Excessive Drinking	334	(1)
Drinking Among the Homeless and on Skid Row	335	(1)
Occupation and Excessive Drinking	336	(1)
Religious Differences in Excessive Drinking	337	(1)
Society's Response to Alcohol Use and Alcoholism	338	(14)
Strategies of Social Control	339	(1)
Models of Alcoholism	340	(4)
Public Policy and Public Drunkenness and Alcoholism	344	(1)
Community-Based Treatment Programs	344	(2)
Alcoholics Anonymous	346	(4)
The Continuing Controversy: Can "Recovering" Alcoholics Ever Return to Drinking?	350	(2)
Summary	352	(1)
Selected References	353	(2)
Chapter 11 Sexual Deviance	355	(50)
Sexual Norms	356	(7)
Deviating from Sexual Norms	357	(2)
Social Change and Sexual Behavior	359	(4)
Selected Forms of Sexual Deviance	363	(1)
Extramarital Sex (Adultery)	363	(2)
Sex and the Computer	365	(3)
Sex Work and Prostitution	368	(21)
Nature and Extent	370	(2)
International Dimensions of Sex Work	372	(2)
Types of Prostitutes	374	(2)
Prostitution and Deviant Street Networks	376	(1)
Becoming a Prostitute	377	(4)
Prostitution as a Career	381	(2)
Self-Concept	383	(2)
Prostitution and AIDS	385	(1)
Prostitution and Social Control	386	(3)
Transvestitism	389	(3)
Pornography	392	(10)
Social Regulation of Pornography	395	(2)
Pornography in Everyday Life	397	(2)
The Effects of Pornography	399	(3)
Summary	402	(2)
Selected References	404	(1)
Chapter 12 Suicide	405	(46)
Suicidal Behavior	406	(2)
Historical Background	408	(4)
Public Attitudes Toward Suicide	410	(1)
Attempted Suicide	411	(1)
Extent of Suicide	412	(11)
Variations in Suicide by Country	414	(2)
Social Differentials in Suicide Rates	416	(7)
Types of Suicide	423	(6)
Altruistic Suicide	424	(1)
Egoistic Suicide	425	(1)
Anomic Suicide	426	(1)
Adolescent Suicide	427	(2)
Sociological Theories of Suicide	429	(9)
Social and Religious Integration	429	(1)
Status Integration	430	(1)
Status Frustration	431	(1)
Community Migration	432	(1)
Socialization for Suicide	432	(3)
The Suicide Process	435	(3)
Social Meanings of Suicide	438	(5)
The Purpose of Suicide	438	(3)
Suicide, Mental Disorders, and Hopelessness	441	(2)
Preventing Suicide	443	(3)
Suicide Prevention Centers	443	(2)
Effectiveness of Suicide Prevention Centers	445	(1)
Physician-Assisted Suicide	446	(2)
Summary	448	(2)
Selected References	450	(1)
Chapter 13 Physical Disabilities	451	(35)
Deviance and Physical Disabilities	452	(2)
Definitions and Distinctions	454	(4)
Disabilities and the Idea of Deviance 456
Disability as Deviant Status 457
Disability and the Sick Role	458	(2)
Societal Reaction and Ambivalence Toward Disability	460	(9)
Blindness	461	(2)
Mental Retardation	463	(2)
Physical Handicaps	465	(2)
Obesity	467	(2)
Disability as a Socialization Process	469	(3)
Socialization and Disability	469	(2)
Self-Reactions of the Disabled	471	(1)
Disability as a "Career"	472	(4)
Professionals and Agencies	472	(2)
Subcultures and Groups	474	(1)
The Role of Stigma in the Disability Career	475	(1)
Managing Disability	476	(5)
Passing	478	(1)
Normalizing	478	(1)
Coping	479	(1)
Dissociation	480	(1)
The Americans With Disabilities Act	481	(2)
Summary	483	(2)
Selected References	485	(1)
Chapter 14 Homosexuality, Lesbianism, and Homophobia	486	(58)
The Development of the Notion of Homosexuality	487	(1)
Why Do Some People Regard Homosexuality as Deviant?	488	(1)
Social Dimensions of Homophobia	489	(4)
Homophobic Attitudes	490	(2)
Homophobic Behavior	492	(1)
Law and Public Attitudes	493	(7)
Homosexuality and the Law	493	(2)
Changing Public Attitudes	495	(3)
The Attribution of Homosexuality	498	(2)
Prevalence of Male Homosexuality and Homophobia	500	(4)
Prevalence of Homosexuality	500	(1)
Variations of Homosexuality	501	(3)
Sex Role Socialization and Becoming a Homosexual	504	(17)
Sexual Development	505	(5)
Becoming a Homosexual	510	(4)
Developing a Homosexual Identity	514	(2)
The Coming Out Process	516	(2)
Homosexual Subcultures	518	(3)
Lesbianism	521	(8)
The Nature of Lesbianism	521	(1)
The Extent of Lesbianism	522	(1)
Becoming a Lesbian	523	(3)
Lesbian Self-Concept	526	(1)
Lesbian Subcultures	527	(2)
AIDS and the Homosexual Community	529	(8)
The Disease and its Transmission	530	(3)
The Impact of AIDS	533	(1)
AIDS' Impact on Sexual Behavior	534	(1)
Political Impact	535	(2)
Current Controversies over Homosexuality	537	(4)
Same-Sex Marriages	537	(2)
Homosexuality as a Protected Status	539	(2)
Summary	541	(1)
Selected References	542	(2)
Chapter 15 Mental Disorders	544
The Stigma of Mental Disorders	544	(2)
Psychiatric View of Mental Disorders	546	(5)
The Psychiatric Diagnostic Manual	546	(2)
Organic Mental Disorders	548	(1)
Functional Mental Disorders	548	(3)
Problems of Definition	551	(5)
Statistical Definition of Mental Disorder	552	(1)
Clinical Definition of Mental Disorder	552	(3)
Residual Norms and Societal Reaction	555	(1)
Social Stratification and Mental Disorders	556	(4)
Social Class	557	(1)
Sex Differences	558	(1)
Age	559	(1)
Race and Ethnicity	559	(1)
Marital Status	559	(1)
Social Stress in Mental Disorders	560	(7)
Stress in Modern Life	560	(3)
Stress and Anxiety	563	(1)
Stress in Social Situations	564	(2)
Stress as a Precondition for Mental Disorders	566	(1)
Coping and Social Adaptation	567	(1)
Social Roles and Mental Disorders	567	(7)
Inability to Shift Roles	568	(1)
Performing the Mentally Disordered Role	569	(3)
Self-Reactions and Social Roles	572	(2)
Eating Disorders	574	(9)
Social Dimensions of Eating Disorders	574	(5)
Explaining Eating Disorders	579	(4)
Social Control of Mental Disorders	583	(5)
Mental Hospitals	584	(2)
The Deinstitutionalization Movement	586	(2)
Reducing Stigma	588	(2)
Summary	590	(2)
Selected References	592
References	R-1
Name Index	IN-1
Subject Index	IN-9