Sociology in Our Times : The Essentials (with InfoTrac)

by KENDALL

• ISBN13: 9780534646295
• ISBN10: 0534646298
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-02-23
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Part One: STUDYING SOCIETY AND SOCIAL LIFE. 1. The Sociological Perspective and Research Process. 2. Culture. 3. Socialization. Part Two: SOCIAL GROUPS AND SOCIAL CONTROL. 4. Social Structure and Interaction in Everyday Life. 5. Groups and Organizations. 6. Deviance and Crime. Part Three: SOCIAL INEQUALITY. 7. Global Stratification. 8. Class and Stratification in the United States. 9. Race and Ethnicity. 10. Sex and Gender. Part Four: SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS. 11. Families and Intimate Relationships. 12. Education and Religion. 13. Politics and the Economy in Global Perspective. 14. Health, Health Care and Disability. Part Five: SOCIAL DYNAMICS AND SOCIAL CHANGE. 15. Population and Urbanization. 16. Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change.

Table of Contents

Part 1 Studying Society and Social Life
The Sociological Perspective and Research Process	1	(39)
Putting Social Life into Perspective	2	(4)
Why Study Sociology?	2	(1)
The Sociological Imagination	3	(1)
The Importance of a Global Sociological Imagination	4	(2)
Comparing Sociology with Other Social Sciences	6	(2)
The Development of Sociological Thinking	8	(7)
Early Thinkers: A Concern with Social Order and Stability	8	(4)
Differing Views on the Status Quo: Stability Versus Change	12	(2)
The Beginnings of Sociology in the United States	14	(1)
Contemporary Theoretical Perspectives	15	(6)
Functionalist Perspectives	15	(2)
Conflict Perspectives	17	(2)
Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives	19	(1)
Postmodern Perspectives	20	(1)
The Sociological Research Process	21	(9)
The ``Conventional'' Research Model	23	(7)
A Qualitative Research Model	30	(1)
Research Methods	30	(5)
Survey Research	30	(2)
Secondary Analysis of Existing Data	32	(1)
Field Research	33	(1)
Experiments	34	(1)
Ethical Issues in Sociological Research	35	(3)
Resources on the Internet	38	(2)
Culture	40	(36)
Culture and Society in a Changing World	42	(6)
Material Culture and Nonmaterial Culture	44	(3)
Cultural Universals	47	(1)
Components of Culture	48	(9)
Symbols	48	(2)
Language	50	(4)
Values	54	(1)
Norms	55	(2)
Technology, Cultural Change, and Diversity	57	(6)
Cultural Change	57	(1)
Cultural Diversity	58	(3)
Culture Shock	61	(1)
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism	62	(1)
A Global Popular Culture?	63	(2)
High Culture and Popular Culture	63	(1)
Forms of Popular Culture	64	(1)
Sociological Analysis of Culture	65	(6)
Functionalist Perspectives	65	(1)
Conflict Perspectives	66	(1)
Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives	66	(1)
Postmodernist Perspectives	67	(4)
Culture in the Future	71	(3)
Resources on the Internet	74	(2)
Socialization	76	(32)
Why Is Socialization Important Around the Globe?	78	(5)
Human Development: Biology and Society	79	(2)
Problems Associated with Social Isolation and Maltreatment	81	(2)
Social Psychological Theories of Human Development	83	(4)
Freud and the Psychoanalytic Perspective	83	(1)
Piaget and Cognitive Development	84	(1)
Kohlberg and the Stages of Moral Development	85	(1)
Gilligan's View on Gender and Moral Development	86	(1)
Sociological Theories of Human Development	87	(4)
Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self	87	(1)
Mead and Role-Taking	88	(2)
Recent Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives	90	(1)
Agents of Socialization	91	(6)
The Family	91	(2)
The School	93	(2)
Peer Groups	95	(1)
Mass Media	96	(1)
Gender and Racial--Ethnic Socialization	97	(2)
Socialization Through the Life Course	99	(3)
Infancy and Childhood	99	(1)
Adolescence	99	(1)
Adulthood	100	(1)
Late Adulthood and Ageism	101	(1)
Resocialization	102	(1)
Voluntary Resocialization	102	(1)
Involuntary Resocialization	102	(1)
Socialization in the Future	103	(3)
Resources on the Internet	106	(2)
Part 2 Social Groups and Social Control
Social Structure and Interaction in Everyday Life	108	(34)
Social Structure: The Macrolevel Perspective	110	(2)
Components of Social Structure	112	(11)
Status	112	(4)
Roles	116	(4)
Groups	120	(1)
Social Institutions	121	(2)
Societies: Changes in Social Structure	123	(3)
Durkheim: Mechanical and Organic Solidarity	123	(1)
Tonnies: Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft	124	(1)
Industrial and Postindustrial Societies	124	(2)
Social Interaction: The Microlevel Perspective	126	(10)
Social Interaction and Meaning	126	(1)
The Social Construction of Reality	127	(2)
Ethnomethodology	129	(1)
Dramaturgical Analysis	129	(2)
The Sociology of Emotions	131	(2)
Nonverbal Communication	133	(3)
Changing Social Structure and Interaction in the Future	136	(4)
Resources on the Internet	140	(2)
Groups and Organizations	142	(32)
Social Groups	144	(5)
Groups, Aggregates, and Categories	145	(1)
Types of Groups	146	(3)
Group Characteristics and Dynamics	149	(7)
Group Size	150	(1)
Group Leadership	151	(1)
Group Conformity	152	(2)
Groupthink	154	(2)
Formal Organizations in Global Perspective	156	(11)
Types of Formal Organizations	157	(1)
Bureaucracies	157	(5)
Shortcomings of Bureaucracies	162	(4)
Bureaucracy and Oligarchy	166	(1)
Alternative Forms of Organization	167	(3)
Organizational Structure in Japan	167	(3)
Organizations in the Future	170	(2)
Resources on the Internet	172	(2)
Deviance and Crime	174	(38)
What Is Deviance?	176	(4)
Who Defines Deviance?	177	(1)
What Is Social Control?	178	(2)
Functionalist Perspectives on Deviance	180	(3)
What Causes Deviance, and Why Is It Functional for Society?	180	(1)
Strain Theory: Goals and Means to Achieve Them	181	(1)
Opportunity Theory: Access to Illegitimate Opportunities	182	(1)
Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives on Deviance	183	(3)
Differential Association Theory and Differential Reinforcement Theory	183	(1)
Control Theory: Social Bonding	184	(1)
Labeling Theory	185	(1)
Conflict Perspectives on Deviance	186	(3)
Deviance and Power Relations	186	(1)
Deviance and Capitalism	187	(1)
Feminist Approaches	188	(1)
Approaches Focusing on Race, Class, and Gender	189	(1)
Postmodernist Perspectives on Deviance	189	(2)
Crime Classifications and Statistics	191	(9)
How the Law Classifies Crime	191	(1)
How Sociologists Classify Crime	191	(4)
Crime Statistics	195	(1)
Terrorism and Crime	196	(1)
Street Crimes and Criminals	196	(3)
Crime Victims	199	(1)
The Criminal Justice System	200	(6)
The Police	200	(1)
The Courts	201	(2)
Punishment and Corrections	203	(3)
Deviance and Crime in the United States in the Future	206	(1)
The Global Criminal Economy	207	(3)
Resources on the Internet	210	(2)
Part 3 Social Inequality
Global Stratification	212	(34)
What Is Social Stratification?	214	(1)
Global Systems of Stratification	214	(7)
Slavery	217	(2)
The Caste System	219	(1)
The Class System	220	(1)
Wealth and Poverty in Global Perspective	221	(2)
Problems in Studying Global Inequality	223	(2)
The ``Three Worlds'' Approach	223	(1)
The Levels of Development Approach	224	(1)
Classification of Economies by Income	225	(4)
Low-Income Economies	225	(2)
Middle-Income Economies	227	(1)
High-Income Economies	228	(1)
Measuring Global Wealth and Poverty	229	(1)
Absolute, Relative, and Subjective Poverty	229	(1)
The Gini Coefficient and Global Quality of Life Issues	229	(1)
Global Poverty and Human Development Issues	230	(3)
Life Expectancy	230	(2)
Health	232	(1)
Education and Literacy	232	(1)
Persistent Gaps in Human Development	233	(1)
Theories of Global Inequality	233	(7)
Development and Modernization Theory	233	(2)
Dependency Theory	235	(2)
World Systems Theory	237	(1)
The New International Division of Labor Theory	238	(2)
Global Inequality in the Future	240	(4)
Resources on the Internet	244	(2)
Social Class in the United States	246	(30)
Income and Wealth Differences in the United States	248	(5)
Comparing Income and Wealth	248	(1)
Distribution of Income and Wealth	249	(4)
Classical Perspectives on Social Class	253	(4)
Karl Marx: Relationship to the Means of Production	253	(2)
Max Weber: Wealth, Prestige, and Power	255	(2)
Contemporary Sociological Models of the U.S. Class Structure	257	(7)
The Weberian Model of the U.S. Class Structure	257	(4)
The Marxian Model of the U.S. Class Structure	261	(3)
Consequences of Inequality	264	(2)
Physical Health, Mental Health, and Nutrition	264	(1)
Housing	265	(1)
Education	265	(1)
Poverty in the United States	266	(4)
Who Are the Poor?	267	(2)
Economic and Structural Sources of Poverty	269	(1)
Solving the Poverty Problem	269	(1)
Sociological Explanations of Social Inequality in the United States	270	(2)
Functionalist Perspectives	270	(1)
Conflict Perspectives	270	(1)
Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives	271	(1)
U.S. Stratification in the Future	272	(3)
Resources on the Internet	275	(1)
Race and Ethnicity	276	(34)
Race and Ethnicity	278	(4)
The Social Significance of Race and Ethnicity	278	(2)
Racial Classifications and the Meaning of Race	280	(1)
Dominant and Subordinate Groups	281	(1)
Prejudice	282	(2)
Stereotypes	282	(1)
Racism	283	(1)
Theories of Prejudice	283	(1)
Discrimination	284	(2)
Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnic Relations	286	(6)
Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives	286	(1)
Functionalist Perspectives	287	(1)
Conflict Perspectives	288	(2)
An Alternative Perspective: Critical Race Theory	290	(2)
Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States	292	(13)
Native Americans	292	(2)
White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (British Americans)	294	(1)
African Americans	294	(5)
White Ethnic Americans	299	(1)
Asian Americans	300	(2)
Latinos/as (Hispanic Americans)	302	(2)
Middle Eastern Americans	304	(1)
Global Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the Future	305	(4)
Worldwide Racial and Ethnic Struggles	305	(1)
Growing Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the United States	306	(3)
Resources on the Internet	309	(1)
Sex and Gender	310	(34)
Sex: The Biological Dimension	312	(4)
Hermaphrodites/Transsexuals	314	(1)
Sexual Orientation	314	(2)
Gender: The Cultural Dimension	316	(3)
The Social Significance of Gender	318	(1)
Sexism	318	(1)
Gender Stratification in Historical and Contemporary Perspective	319	(6)
Hunting and Gathering Societies	319	(1)
Horticultural and Pastoral Societies	319	(2)
Agrarian Societies	321	(1)
Industrial Societies	322	(1)
Postindustrial Societies	323	(2)
Gender and Socialization	325	(6)
Parents and Gender Socialization	325	(1)
Peers and Gender Socialization	326	(1)
Teachers, Schools, and Gender Socialization	327	(2)
Sports and Gender Socialization	329	(1)
Mass Media and Gender Socialization	329	(1)
Adult Gender Socialization	330	(1)
Contemporary Gender Inequality	331	(4)
Gendered Division of Paid Work	331	(2)
Pay Equity (Comparable Worth)	333	(2)
Paid Work and Family Work	335	(1)
Perspectives on Gender Stratification	335	(5)
Functionalist and Neoclassical Economic Perspectives	335	(2)
Conflict Perspectives	337	(1)
Feminist Perspectives	337	(3)
Gender Issues in the Future	340	(2)
Resources on the Internet	342	(2)
Part 4 Social Institutions
Families and Intimate Relationships	344	(32)
Families in Global Perspective	346	(6)
Family Structure and Characteristics	347	(3)
Marriage Patterns	350	(1)
Patterns of Descent and Inheritance	351	(1)
Power and Authority in Families	351	(1)
Residential Patterns	352	(1)
Theoretical Perspectives on Families	352	(3)
Functionalist Perspectives	353	(1)
Conflict and Feminist Perspectives	354	(1)
Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives	354	(1)
Postmodernist Perspectives	355	(1)
Developing Intimate Relationships and Establishing Families	355	(6)
Love and Intimacy	355	(2)
Cohabitation and Domestic Partnerships	357	(1)
Marriage	358	(1)
Housework and Child-Care Responsibilities	358	(3)
Child-Related Family Issues and Parenting	361	(5)
Deciding to Have Children	361	(1)
Adoption	361	(1)
Teenage Pregnancies	362	(1)
Single-Parent Households	363	(1)
Two-Parent Households	364	(1)
Remaining Single	364	(2)
Transitions and Problems in Families	366	(6)
Family Transitions Based on Age and the Life Course	366	(1)
Family Violence	367	(1)
Children in Foster Care	368	(1)
Elder Abuse	368	(2)
Divorce	370	(1)
Remarriage	371	(1)
Family Issues in the Future	372	(2)
Resources on the Internet	374	(2)
Education and Religion	376	(32)
An Overview of Education and Religion	378	(1)
Sociological Perspectives on Education	379	(9)
Functionalist Perspectives on Education	380	(3)
Conflict Perspectives on Education	383	(3)
Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives on Education	386	(2)
Problems in Education	388	(5)
Unequal Funding of Public Schools	388	(1)
School Violence	388	(2)
Dropping Out	390	(1)
Racial Segregation and Resegregation	390	(2)
Class, Race, and Social Reproduction in Higher Education	392	(1)
Religion in Historical Perspective	393	(3)
Religion and the Meaning of Life	393	(1)
Religion and Scientific Explanations	394	(2)
Sociological Perspectives on Religion	396	(4)
Functionalist Perspectives on Religion	396	(1)
Conflict Perspectives on Religion	397	(2)
Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives on Religion	399	(1)
Types of Religious Organization	400	(3)
Ecclesia	400	(1)
The Church---Sect Typology	400	(1)
Cults	401	(2)
Trends in Religion in the United States	403	(1)
Education and Religion in the Future	404	(2)
Resources on the Internet	406	(2)
Politics and the Economy in Global Perspective	408	(38)
Politics, Power, and Authority	410	(4)
Power and Authority	411	(2)
Ideal Types of Authority	413	(1)
Political Systems in Global Perspective	414	(4)
Monarchy	414	(2)
Authoritarianism	416	(1)
Totalitarianism	416	(2)
Democracy	418	(1)
Perspectives on Power and Political Systems	418	(4)
Functionalist Perspectives: The Pluralist Model	419	(1)
Conflict Perspectives: Elite Models	420	(2)
The U.S. Political System	422	(4)
Political Parties and Elections	422	(1)
Political Participation and Voter Apathy	423	(1)
Governmental Bureaucracy	424	(2)
Economic Systems in Global Perspective	426	(7)
Preindustrial, Industrial, and Postindustrial Economies	426	(1)
Capitalism	427	(5)
Socialism	432	(1)
Mixed Economies	433	(1)
Work in the Contemporary United States	433	(7)
Professions	434	(2)
Other Occupations	436	(1)
Contingent Work	437	(1)
Unemployment	437	(1)
Labor Unions and Worker Activism	438	(1)
Employment Opportunities for Persons with a Disability	439	(1)
Politics and the Economy in the Future	440	(3)
Resources on the Internet	443	(3)
Health, Health Care, and Disability	446	(32)
Health in Global Perspective	448	(3)
Health in the United States	451	(5)
Social Epidemiology	452	(1)
Lifestyle Factors	453	(3)
Health Care in the United States	456	(9)
The Rise of Scientific Medicine and Professionalism	456	(1)
Medicine Today	457	(1)
Paying for Medical Care in the United States	458	(2)
Paying for Medical Care in Other Nations	460	(3)
Social Implications of Advanced Medical Technology	463	(1)
Holistic Medicine and Alternative Medicine	464	(1)
Sociological Perspectives on Health and Medicine	465	(5)
A Functionalist Perspective: The Sick Role	465	(1)
A Conflict Perspective: Inequalities in Health and Health Care	466	(1)
A Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: The Social Construction of Illness	467	(2)
A Postmodernist Perspective: The Clinical Gaze	469	(1)
Disability	470	(4)
Sociological Perspectives on Disability	472	(1)
Social Inequalities Based on Disability	472	(2)
Health Care in the Future	474	(3)
Resources on the Internet	477	(1)
Part 5 Social Dynamics and Social Change
Population and Urbanization	478	(34)
Demography: The Study of Population	480	(6)
Fertility	480	(3)
Mortality	483	(1)
Migration	484	(1)
Population Composition	484	(2)
Population Growth in Global Context	486	(4)
The Malthusian Perspective	487	(1)
The Marxist Perspective	487	(1)
The Neo-Malthusian Perspective	488	(1)
Demographic Transition Theory	488	(1)
Other Perspectives on Population Change	489	(1)
A Brief Glimpse at International Migration Theories	490	(2)
Urbanization in Global Perspective	492	(2)
Emergence and Evolution of the City	492	(1)
Preindustrial Cities	492	(1)
Industrial Cities	493	(1)
Postindustrial Cities	494	(1)
Perspectives on Urbanization and the Growth of Cities	494	(8)
Functionalist Perspectives: Ecological Models	495	(2)
Conflict Perspectives: Political Economy Models	497	(2)
Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives: The Experience of City Life	499	(3)
Problems in Global Cities	502	(1)
Urban Problems in the United States	503	(3)
Divided Interests: Cities, Suburbs, and Beyond	503	(2)
The Continuing Fiscal Crises of the Cities	505	(1)
Population and Urbanization in the Future	506	(3)
Resources on the Internet	509	(3)
Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change	512	(31)
Collective Behavior	514	(12)
Conditions for Collective Behavior	514	(2)
Dynamics of Collective Behavior	516	(2)
Distinctions Regarding Collective Behavior	518	(1)
Types of Crowd Behavior	518	(2)
Explanations of Crowd Behavior	520	(2)
Mass Behavior	522	(4)
Social Movements	526	(4)
Types of Social Movements	528	(1)
Stages in Social Movements	529	(1)
Social Movement Theories	530	(5)
Relative Deprivation Theory	530	(1)
Value-Added Theory	530	(1)
Resource Mobilization Theory	531	(1)
Social Constructionist Theory: Frame Analysis	531	(2)
New Social Movement Theory	533	(2)
Social Change in the Future	535	(6)
The Physical Environment and Change	535	(1)
Population and Change	536	(1)
Technology and Change	536	(1)
Social Institutions and Change	537	(2)
A Few Final Thoughts	539	(2)
Resources on the Internet	541	(2)
Glossary	543	(8)
References	551	(16)
Photo Credits	567	(2)
Name Index	569	(8)
Subject Index	577