Sociology Your Compass for a New World

by Brym, Robert J.; Lie, John

• ISBN13: 9780495008484
• ISBN10: 0495008486
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-04
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

This balanced, mainstream, beautifully written and totally up-to-date text is unrivalled in its ability to get students to see the connection between themselves and the social world. It teaches students how to think sociologically, not just what to think, and emphasizes the importance of diversity and a global perspective. It has been heralded for its inclusion of pop culture examples that instantly connect with today's students, and for its presentation of sociological concepts in a fresh, contemporary light.

Table of Contents

PART 1 Foundations
A Sociological Compass	1	(31)
Introduction	1	(2)
Why Robert Brym Decided Not to Study Sociology	1	(1)
A Change of Mind	2	(1)
The Power of Sociology	2	(1)
The sociological Perspective	3	(5)
The Sociological Explanation of Suicide	3	(2)
From Personal Troubles to Social Structures	5	(2)
The Sociological Imagination	7	(1)
Box 1.1 Sociology at tne Movies: Minority Report (2002)	8	(3)
Origins of the Sociological Imagination	9	(2)
Theory, Research, and values	11	(2)
Theory	12	(1)
Research	12	(1)
Values	12	(1)
Sociological Theory and Theorists	13	(7)
Functionalism	13	(1)
Conflict Theory	14	(2)
Symbolic Interactionism	16	(2)
Feminist Theory	18	(2)
Applying tne Four Theoretical Perspectives: The Problem of Fashion	20	(3)
A Sociological Compass	23	(5)
Equality versus Inequality of Opportunity	25	(1)
Individual Freedom versus Individual Constraint	26	(1)
Where Do You Fit In?	26	(1)
Careers in Sociology	27	(1)
Box 1.2 Social Policy: What Do You Think? Are Corporate Scandals a Problem of Individual Ethics or Social Policy?	28	(4)
Summary	29	(1)
Questions to consider	30	(1)
web Resources	30	(2)
How Sociologists Do Research	32	(30)
Science and Experience	33	(3)
Ottffssent	33	(1)
Scientific versus Nonscientific Thinking	34	(2)
Conducting Research	36	(2)
The Research Cycle	36	(1)
Ethical Considerations	37	(1)
The Main Methods of Sociological Research	38	(11)
Field Research	38	(2)
Participant Observation	40	(2)
Methodological Problems	42	(2)
Experiments	44	(3)
Surveys	47	(2)
Box 2.1 Social Policy: What Do You Think? The Politics of the U.S. Census	49	(5)
Box 2.2 You and the Social World: Thinking causally	54	(2)
Analysis of Existing Documents and Official Statistics	54	(2)
Box 2.3 Sociology at the Movies: Kinsey (2004)	56	(2)
The importance of Being subjective	58	(4)
Summary	59	(1)
Questions to Consider	60	(1)
Web Resources	60	(1)
Appendix: Pour Statistics You snouid Know	60	(2)
PART II Basic Social Processes
culture	62	(32)
Culture as Problem Solving	63	(1)
The Origins and components of Culture	64	(3)
Symbols	65	(1)
Norms and Values	65	(1)
Material and Nonmateriai Culture	65	(1)
Sanctions, Taboos, Mores, and Folkways	66	(1)
Culture and Biology	67	(5)
The Evolution of Human Behavior	67	(2)
Language and the Sapir-Whorf Thesis	69	(3)
Culture and Ethnocentrism: A Functionalist Analysis of Culture	72	(1)
Box 3.1 Sociology at the Movies: Austin Powers.- international Man of Mystery (1997), The spy Who Shagged Me (1999), and Goldmember (2002)	73	(1)
The Two Faces of Culture: Freedom and Constraint	74	(3)
Culture as Freedom	74	(1)
Cultural Production and Symbolic Interactionism	74	(1)
Cultural Diversity	75	(1)
Multiculturaiism	75	(1)
The Rights Revolution: A Conflict Analysis of Culture	76	(1)
Box 3.2 Social Policy: What Do YOU Think? Female Genital Mutilation: Cultural Relativism or Ethnocentrism?	77	(13)
From Diversity to Globalization	78	(3)
Aspects of Postmodernism	81	(3)
Culture as Constraint	84	(1)
Values	84	(4)
Consumerism	88	(2)
Box 3.3 You and the Social World: Labeling Yourself and others	90	(4)
From Counterculture to Subculture	90	(2)
Summary	92	(1)
Questions to Consider	93	(1)
Web Resources	93	(1)
Socialization	94	(30)
Social isolation and Socialization	95	(2)
The Crystallization of Self-Identity	96	(1)
Theories of Childhood Socialization	97	(3)
Freud	97	(2)
Cooley's Symbolic Interactionism	99	(1)
Mead	99	(1)
Box 4.1 Sociology at the Movies: Monster (2003)	100	(3)
Piaget	101	(1)
Kohlberg	102	(1)
Vygotsky	102	(1)
Gilligan	103	(1)
Agents of socialization	103	(10)
Families	103	(1)
Schools	104	(1)
Class, Race, and Conflict Theory	105	(2)
The Functions of Peer Groups	107	(1)
The Mass Media	108	(1)
Gender Roles, the Mass Media, and the Feminist Approach to Socialization	109	(1)
Professional Socialization	110	(2)
Resocialization and Total Institutions	112	(1)
Socialization Across the Life Course	113	(6)
Adult Socialization	113	(2)
The Flexible Self	115	(1)
Identity and the Internet	116	(1)
Dilemmas of Childhood and Adolescent Socialization	117	(1)
The Emergence of Childhood and Adolescence	118	(1)
Problems of Childhood and Adolescent Socialization Today	118	(1)
Box 4.2 You and the Social World: Changing Patterns of Adolescent socialization	119	(1)
Box 4.5 Social Policy: What DO You Think? Socialization versus Gun Control	120	(4)
summary	121	(1)
Questions to Consider	122	(1)
web Resources	122	(2)
Social Interaction	124	(26)
What is Social Interaction?	125	(3)
The Structure of Social Interaction	125	(1)
Case Study: Stewardesses and Their Clientele	126	(2)
What Shapes Social Interaction?	128	(1)
The Sociology of Emotions	129	(5)
Laughter and Humor	129	(2)
Emotion Management	131	(1)
Emotion Labor	132	(1)
Emotions in Historical Perspective	133	(1)
Modes of Social interaction	134	(2)
Interaction as Competition and Exchange	134	(1)
Exchange and Rational Choice Theories	135	(1)
Box 5.1 You and the Social world: Competing for Attention	136	(2)
Interaction as Symbolic	137	(1)
Box 5.2 Sociology at the Movies: Miss Congeniality (2000)	138	(7)
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication	140	(3)
Power and Conflict Theories of Social Interaction	143	(2)
Box 5.3 Social Policy. What Do You Think? Allocating Time Fairly in Class Discussions	145	(2)
Micro, Meso, Macro, and Global Structures	147	(3)
Summary	148	(1)
Questions to Consider	148	(1)
wee Resources	148	(2)
Social Collectivities: From Croups to Societies	150	(32)
Beyond individual Motives	151	(3)
The Holocaust	151	(1)
How Social Groups Shape Our Actions	152	(2)
Box 6.1 Social Policy: What Do You Think? Croup Loyalty or Betrayal?	154	(3)
Networks	156	(1)
It's a Small World	156	(1)
Network Analysis	157	(3)
Box 6.2 You and the Social World: Networks and Health	160	(1)
The Building Blocks of Social Networks: Dyads and Triads	160	(6)
Groups	161	(1)
Love and Group Loyalty	161	(1)
Varieties of Group Experience	161	(1)
Primary Groups and Secondary Groups	162	(1)
Group Conformity	162	(1)
Groupthink	163	(1)
Inclusion and Exclusion; In-groups and Out-groups	164	(1)
Groups and Social Imagination	165	(1)
Bureaucracy	166	(2)
Bureaucratic Inefficiency	166	(2)
Box 6.3 Sociology at the Movies: Ikiru (1952)	168	(5)
Bureaucracy's Informal Side	170	(1)
Leadership	171	(1)
Overcoming Bureaucratic Inefficiency	171	(1)
Organizational Environments	172	(1)
Societies	173	(5)
Foraging Societies	174	(1)
Pastoral and Horticultural Societies	175	(1)
Agricultural Societies	175	(1)
Industrial Societies	176	(1)
Postindustrial Societies	177	(1)
Postnatural Societies	178	(1)
Freedom and Constraint in social Life	178	(4)
Summary	179	(1)
Questions to Consider	180	(1)
web Resources	180	(2)
PART III Inequality
Deviance and Crime	182	(30)
The Social Definition of Deviance and Crime	183	(10)
The Difference Between Deviance and Crime	184	(1)
Types of Deviance and Crime	185	(2)
Power and the Social Construction of Crime and Deviance	187	(2)
Measuring Crime	189	(1)
Crime Rates	189	(3)
Criminal Profiles	192	(1)
Explaining Deviance and Crime	193	(1)
Box 7.1 Social Policy: What Do You Think? The war on Drugs	194	(7)
Learning the Deviant Role: The Case of Marijuana Users	194	(1)
Motivational Theories	195	(2)
Constraint Theories	197	(4)
Trends in Criminal Justice	201	(4)
Social Control	201	(1)
The Prison	202	(1)
Moral Panic	203	(2)
Box 7.2 Sociology at the Movies: Bowling for Columbine (2002)	205	(1)
Box 7.3 You and the Social World: Moral Panic	206	(6)
Alternative Forms of Punishment	207	(3)
Summary	210	(1)
Questions to Consider	211	(1)
Web Resources	211	(1)
Stratification: united States and Global Perspectives	212	(36)
Social stratification: Shipwrecks and inequality	213	(1)
Patterns of social inequality	214	(6)
Wealth	214	(2)
Income	216	(1)
Income Classes	217	(1)
How Green Is the Valley?	218	(2)
Box 8.1 Sociology at the Movies: Sweet Home Alabama (2002)	220	(2)
Global inequality	222	(5)
International Differences	222	(2)
Measuring Internal Stratification	224	(1)
Economic Development	224	(3)
Theories of Stratification	227	(5)
Marx	227	(1)
Weber	228	(1)
An American Perspective: Functionalism	229	(3)
Social Mobility: Theory and Research	232	(5)
Blau and Duncan: The Status Attainment Mode	233	(1)
A Critique of Blau and Duncan	234	(2)
The Revival of Class Analysis	236	(1)
Noneconomic Dimensions of Class	237	(6)
Prestige and Power	237	(2)
Politics and the Plight of the Poor	239	(1)
Government Policy and the Poverty Rate in the United States	240	(2)
Poverty Myths	242	(1)
Box 8.2 Social Policy: What DO You Think? Redesigning Welfare	243	(1)
Box 8.3 You and the Social World: Perceptions of Class	244	(4)
Perception of Class Inequality in the United States	244	(1)
Summary	245	(1)
Questions to Consider	246	(1)
Web Resources	246	(2)
Globalization, Inequality, and Development	248	(28)
The Creation of a Global village	249	(3)
The Triumphs and Tragedies of Globalization	250	(2)
Globaiization	252	(5)
Globalization in Everyday Life	252	(2)
The Sources of Globalization	254	(1)
A World Tike the United States?	255	(2)
Box 9.1 Social policy. What Do You Think? Should the United States Promote World Democracy?	257	(3)
Globalization and Its Discontents: Antiglobalization and Anti-Americanism	258	(1)
The History of Globalization	259	(1)
Global inequality	260	(3)
Levels of Global Inequality	261	(2)
Theories of Development and underdevelopment	263	(5)
Modernization Theory: A Functionalist Approach	263	(1)
Dependency Theory: A Conflict Approach	264	(1)
Effects of Foreign Investment	265	(1)
Core, Periphery, and Semiperiphery	266	(2)
weoliberal versus Democratic Globalization	268	(4)
Globalization and Neoliberalism	268	(1)
Globalization Reform	269	(3)
Box 9.2 Sociology at the Movies: Three Kings (1999)	272	(4)
Summary	273	(1)
Questions to consider	274	(1)
Web Resources	274	(2)
Race and Ethnicity	276	(36)
Defining Race and Ethnicity	277	(7)
The Great Brain Robbery	277	(1)
Race, Biology, and Society	278	(1)
Prejudice, Discrimination, and Sports	279	(2)
The Social Construction of Race	281	(1)
Ethnicity, Culture, and Social Structure	282	(2)
Race and Ethnic Relations	284	(4)
Labels and Identity	284	(1)
The Formation of Racial and Ethnic Identities	285	(1)
Case Study: The Diversity of the ``Hispanic American'' Community	285	(3)
Box 10.1 Social Policy: What Do You mink? Bilingual Education	288	(4)
Ethnic and Racial Labels: Choice versus Imposition	288	(4)
Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations	292	(6)
Ecological Theory	292	(1)
Internal Colonialism and the Split Labor Market	293	(5)
Some Advantages of Ethnicity	298	(3)
Economic Advantages of Ethnic Group Membership	299	(1)
Political Advantages of Ethnic Group Membership	299	(1)
Emotional Advantages of Ethnic Group Membership	300	(1)
Transnational Communities	300	(1)
The Future of Race and Ethnicity	301	(7)
The Declining Significance of Race?	302	(3)
Immigration and the Renewal of Racial and Ethnic Communities	305	(1)
A Vertical Mosaic	306	(2)
Box 10.2 Sociology at the Movies: Hotel Rwanda (2004)	308	(4)
Summary	310	(1)
Questions to consider	310	(1)
Web Resources	311	(1)
Sexuality and Gender	312	(34)
Sex versus Gender	313	(2)
Is It a Boy or a Girl?	313	(1)
Gender Identity and Gender Role	314	(1)
Theories of Gender	315	(11)
Essentialism	316	(1)
Functionalism and Essentialism	316	(1)
A Critique of Essentialism from the Conflict and Feminist Perspectives	316	(2)
Social Constructionism and Symbolic Interactionism	318	(4)
The Mass Media and Body Image	322	(3)
Male/Female Interaction	325	(1)
Homosexuality	326	(3)
Box 11.1 Social policy: What Do YOU Thihk? Hate Crime Law and Homophobia	329	(1)
Box 11.2 Sociology at the Movies: Boys Don't cry (1999)	330	(1)
Gender inequality	330	(6)
The Origins of Gender Inequality	330	(2)
The Earnings Gap Today	332	(1)
Male Aggression Against Women	333	(3)
Toward 2050	336	(3)
Child Care	338	(1)
Comparable Worth	339	(1)
The Women's Movement	339	(7)
Summary	343	(1)
Questions to Consider	343	(1)
Web Resources	344	(2)
Sociology of the Body: Disability, Aging, and Death	346	(24)
Bob Dole's Body	347	(1)
Society and the Human Body	348	(2)
The Body and Social Status	348	(2)
Box 12.1 You ana the Social World: Height Discrimination	350	(2)
Sociology of the Body	351	(1)
Disability	352	(3)
The Social Construction of Disability	352	(1)
Rehabilitation and Elimination	352	(1)
Ablism	353	(1)
The Normality of Disability	354	(1)
Box 12.2 Sociology at the Movies: Shallow Hal (2001)	355	(1)
Aging	356	(9)
Sociology of Aging	356	(2)
Aging and Inequality	358	(2)
Theories of Age Stratification	360	(1)
Social Problems of the Elderly	361	(3)
Death and Dying	364	(1)
Box 12.3 Social Policy: What Do You Think? The Social Security Crisis	365	(5)
Summary	368	(1)
Questions to Consider	369
Web Resources	363	(7)
PART IV Institutions
Work and the Economy	370	(32)
The Promise and History of Work	371	(3)
Salvation or Curse?	371	(2)
Three Revolutions	373	(1)
The Quality of Work: ``Good'' versus ``Bad'' Jobs	374	(10)
The Deskilling Thesis	375	(2)
A Critique of the Deskilling Thesis	377	(2)
Labor Market Segmentation	379	(1)
Worker Resistance and Management Response	380	(2)
Unions and Professional Organizations	382	(1)
Barriers Between the Primary and Secondary Labor Markets	383	(1)
Box 13.1 Sociology at the Movies: Roger and Me (1989)	384	(3)
The Time Crunch and Its Effects	385	(2)
The Problem of Markets	387	(1)
Box 13.2 Social Policy: What Do You Think? The Minimum Wage	388	(14)
Economic Systems	390	(4)
The Corporation	394	(1)
Globalization	395	(3)
The Future of Work and the Economy	398	(1)
Summary	399	(1)
Questions to Consider	400	(1)
Web Resources	400	(2)
Politics	402	(32)
Introduction	403	(2)
The Tobacco War	403	(2)
Power and Authority	405	(3)
Types of Authority	406	(1)
Types of Political System	406	(2)
Theories of Democracy	408	(4)
Pluralist Theory	408	(1)
Elite Theory	409	(1)
A Critique of Pluralism	409	(3)
Box 14.1 Social Policy: What Do You Think? Financing Political Campaigns	412	(5)
Power Resource Theory	413	(3)
State-Centered Theory	416	(1)
Box 14.2 You and the Social World: Felon Dlsenfranchisement	417	(2)
Box 14.3 Sociology at the Movies: Gangs of New York (2002)	419	(2)
The Future of Democracy	421	(6)
Two Cheers for Russian Democracy	421	(2)
The Three Waves of Democracy	423	(1)
The Social Preconditions of Democracy	424	(1)
Electronic Democracy	425	(1)
Postmaterialism	426	(1)
Politics by Other Means	427	(7)
War	428	(3)
Terrorism and Related Forms of Political Violence	431	(1)
Summary	432	(1)
Questions to Consider	433	(1)
Web Resources	433	(1)
Families	434	(144)
Introduction	435	(1)
Is the Family in Decline?	436	(2)
Functionalism and the Nuclear Ideal	438	(4)
Functional Theory	438	(1)
Functions of the Nuclear Family	438	(1)
Foraging Societies	439	(2)
The American Middle Class in the 1950s	441	(1)
Conflict and Feminist Theories	442	(2)
Power and Families	444	(4)
Love and Mate Selection	444	(3)
Marital Satisfaction	447	(1)
Box 15.1 Sociology at the Movies: My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002)	448	(5)
Divorce	450	(1)
Reproductive Choice	451	(1)
Reproductive Technologies	452	(1)
Box 15.2 You and the Social World: The Abortion Issue	453	(4)
Housework and Child Care	454	(1)
Domestic Violence	455	(2)
Family Diversity	457	(5)
Cohabitation	457	(1)
Same-Sex Unions and Partnerships	458	(2)
Single-Parent Families: Racial and Ethnic Differences	460	(2)
Family Policy	462	(1)
Crossnational Differences: The United States and Sweden	462	(1)
Box 15.3 Social Policy: What Do You Think? The Pro-Fatherhood campaign	463	(108)
Summary	465	(1)
Questions to Consider	466	(1)
Web Resources	466	(101)
The Political Sociology of Mental Illness	567	(2)
The Professionalization of Medicine	569	(1)
The Social Limits of Modern Medicine	570	(1)
Box 19.2 Sociology at the Movies: Patch Adams (1998)	571	(2)
Recent Challenges to Traditional Medical Science	572	(1)
Box 19.3 Social Policy: What Do You Think? The High Cost of Prescription Drugs	573	(5)
Summary	576	(1)
Questions to Consider	577	(1)
Web Resources	577	(1)
PART V Social Change
Population and Urbanization	578	(26)
Population	579	(4)
The City of God	579	(1)
The Population ``Explosion''	580	(3)
Theories of Population Growth	583	(3)
The Malthusian Trap	583	(1)
A Critique of Malthus	583	(1)
Demographic Transition Theory	584	(1)
A Critique ot Demographic Transition Theory	585	(1)
Population and Social Inequality	586	(2)
Karl Marx	586	(1)
Gender Inequality and Overpopulation	586	(1)
Class Inequality and Overpopulation	587	(1)
Box 20.1 Social Policy: What Do You Think? How Can We Find 100 Million Missing women?	588	(1)
Summing Up	589	(1)
Urbanization	589	(9)
From the Preindustrial to the Industrial City	590	(1)
The Chicago School and the Industrial City	591	(2)
After Chicago: A Critique	593	(1)
The Conflict View and the New Urban Sociology	594	(1)
The Corporate City	594	(2)
The Urbanization of Rural America	596	(1)
The Postmodern City	597	(1)
Box 20.2 Sociology at the Movies: 8 Mile (2002)	598	(6)
Summary	601	(1)
Questions to Consider	602	(1)
Web Resources	602	(2)
Collective Action and Social Movements	604	(28)
How to Spark a Riot	605	(2)
The Study of Collective Action and Social Movements	606	(1)
Nonroutine Collective Action: The Lynch Mob	607	(6)
The Lynching of Claude Neal	607	(1)
Breakdown Theory and Functionalism	608	(1)
Deprivation, Crowds, and the Breakdown of Norms	609	(1)
Assessing Breakdown Theory	610	(2)
Rumors and Riots	612	(1)
Social Movements	613	(2)
Solidarity Theory: A Variant of Conflict Theory	614	(1)
Case Study: Strikes and the Union Movement in the United States	615	(1)
Box 21.1 Social Policy: What Do You Think? Government Surveillance of social Movements	616	(5)
Strikes and Resource Mobilization	618	(1)
Strikes and Political Opportunities	619	(2)
Framing Discontent: The Contribution of Symbolic Interactionism	621	(2)
Examples of Frame Alignment	621	(1)
An Application of Frame Alignment Theory: Back to 1968	622	(1)
Box 21.2 Sociology at the Movies: The Day after Tomorrow (2004)	623	(1)
Where Do You Fit In?	624	(1)
Social Movements from the 18th to the 21st century	624	(8)
The History of Social Movements	625	(2)
The Future of Social Movements	627	(2)
Summary	629	(1)
Questions to Consider	630	(1)
Web Resources	630	(2)
Technology and the Global Environment	632	(28)
Technology: Savior or Frankenstein?	633	(3)
The Environmental Awakening	634	(1)
Normal Accidents and the Risk Society	635	(1)
Box 22.1 Sociology at the Movies: The Matrix (1999), The Matrix Reloaded (2003), The Matrix Revolutions (2003), The Terminator (1984), Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003)	636	(11)
Technology and People Make History	638	(2)
How High Tech Became Big Tech	640	(2)
Environmental Degradation	642	(5)
The Social Construction of Environmental Problems	647	(4)
The Case of Global Warming	647	(1)
The Social Distribution of Environmental Risk	648	(3)
Box 22.2 Social Policy: What Do You Think? Web-Based Learning ana Higher Education	651	(1)
What Is to Be Done?	651	(5)
The Market and High-Tech Solutions	651	(2)
The Cooperative Alternative	653	(3)
Evolution and Sociology	656	(4)
Summary	658	(1)
Questions to Consider	658	(1)
web Resources	658	(2)
Glossary	660	(11)
References	671	(46)
Credits	717	(2)
Indexes	719