Sociology Your Compass for a New World, Brief Edition

by Brym, Robert J.; Lie, John

• ISBN13: 9780495096337
• ISBN10: 0495096334
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-12-19
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

You'll quickly learn to see the connections between yourself and society with this concise, rigorous, and contemporary book! Robert Brym and John Lie draw vivid examples from popular culture, including the hip hop music scene, comedian Chris Rock's stand-up routine, and the rituals of the Super Bowl to "hook" you to sociology instantly. Plus, the book's fun features-such as Sociology at the Movies boxes that analyze recent movies, including "Crash," "Walk the Line," and "Brokeback Mountain" from a sociological perspective-help you see and explore sociological issues all around you. This Brief Second Edition discusses pressing social issues and events such as Hurricane Katrina, immigration, hate crimes, bilingual education, the war in Iraq, and much more. Explore our social world and your place in it with Brym and Lie! Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Foundations
A Sociological Compass	p. xxxiv
Introduction	p. 1
Robert Brym's Indirect Road to Sociology	p. 1
A Change of Mind	p. 2
The Sociological Perspective	p. 3
The Sociological Explanation of Suicide	p. 3
The Sociological Imagination	p. 5
Origins of the Sociological Imagination	p. 6
Sociology at the Movies: Minority Report (2002)	p. 7
Sociological Theory and Theorists	p. 9
Functionalism	p. 9
Conflict Theory	p. 10
Symbolic Interactionism	p. 12
Feminist Theory	p. 14
Conducting Research	p. 16
The Research Cycle	p. 17
Ethics in Sociological Research	p. 18
The Main Methods of Sociological Research	p. 19
Experiments	p. 19
Surveys	p. 21
Field Research	p. 22
Analysis of Existing Documents and Official Statistics	p. 23
The Points of the Compass	p. 24
Equality versus Inequality of Opportunity	p. 26
Individual Freedom versus Individual Constraint	p. 26
Where Do You Fit In?	p. 27
Social Policy: What Do You Think? Are Corporate Scandals a Problem of Individual Ethics or Social Policy?	p. 28
Chapter Summary	p. 28
Questions to Consider	p. 29
Web Resources	p. 30
Basic Social Processes
Culture	p. 32
Culture as Problem Solving	p. 33
The Origins and Components of Culture	p. 34
Symbols	p. 35
Norms and Values	p. 35
Material and Nonmaterial Cultures	p. 35
Sanctions, Taboos, Mores, and Folkways	p. 36
Language and the Sapir-Whorf Thesis	p. 37
Sociology at the Movies: Paradise Now (2005)	p. 38
Culture as Freedom and Constraint	p. 38
Culture and Ethnocentrism: A Functionalist Analysis of Culture	p. 38
Culture as Freedom	p. 40
Cultural Production and Symbolic Interactionism	p. 40
Cultural Diversity	p. 41
Multiculturalism	p. 41
Social Policy: What Do You Think? Female Genital Mutilation: Cultural Relativism or Ethnocentrism?	p. 43
The Rights Revolution: A Conflict Analysis of Culture	p. 44
From Diversity to Globalization	p. 44
Aspects of Postmodernism	p. 45
Mass Media and Society: English, Globalization, and the Internet	p. 46
Culture as Constraint	p. 50
Values	p. 50
Consumerism	p. 54
You and the Social World: Ads 'R Us	p. 55
From Counterculture to Subculture	p. 55
The Points of the Compass	p. 56
Chapter Summary	p. 57
Questions to Consider	p. 58
Web Resources	p. 58
Socialization	p. 60
Social Isolation and Socialization	p. 61
The Crystallization of Self-Identity	p. 62
Theories of Childhood Socialization	p. 63
Freud	p. 64
Cooley's Symbolic Interactionism	p. 65
Mead	p. 65
Gilligan and Gender Differences	p. 66
Civilizational Differences	p. 66
Agents of Socialization	p. 67
Families	p. 67
Schools	p. 67
Sociology at the Movies: Monster (2003)	p. 68
Class, Race, and Conflict Theory	p. 69
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy	p. 70
Peer Groups	p. 71
The Mass Media	p. 72
Self-Socialization	p. 73
Gender Roles, the Mass Media, and the Feminist Approach to Socialization	p. 74
Mass Media and Society: Learning Gender Roles through Popular Romance Novels	p. 75
Resocialization and Total Institutions	p. 75
Socialization across the Life Course	p. 76
Adult Socialization and the Flexible Self	p. 76
Identity and the Internet	p. 78
Dilemmas of Childhood and Adolescent Socialization	p. 79
The Emergence of Childhood and Adolescence	p. 79
Problems of Childhood and Adolescent Socialization Today	p. 80
You and the Social World: Your Adolescent Socialization	p. 81
Social Policy: What Do You Think? Socialization versus Gun Control	p. 82
The Points of the Compass	p. 83
Chapter Summary	p. 84
Questions to Consider	p. 84
Web Resources	p. 85
Social Interaction	p. 86
What Is Social Interaction?	p. 87
The Structure of Social Interaction	p. 88
Case Study: Stewardesses and Their Clientele	p. 89
What Shapes Social Interaction?	p. 91
The Sociology of Emotions	p. 91
Laughter and Humor	p. 91
Emotion Management	p. 93
Emotion Labor	p. 94
Emotions in Historical Perspective	p. 94
Modes of Social Interaction	p. 96
Interaction as Competition and Exchange	p. 96
Exchange and Rational Choice Theories	p. 96
You and the Social World: Competing for Attention	p. 97
Interaction as Symbolic	p. 98
Sociology at the Movies: Miss Congeniality (2000)	p. 100
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication	p. 101
Power and Conflict Theories of Social Interaction	p. 104
Mass Media and Society: The Problem of Domination	p. 106
Social Policy: What Do You Think? Allocating Time Fairly in Class Discussions	p. 107
The Points of the Compass	p. 107
Chapter Summary	p. 108
Questions to Consider	p. 109
Web Resources	p. 109
Networks, Groups, and Organizations	p. 110
Beyond Individual Motives	p. 111
The Holocaust	p. 111
How Social Groups Shape Our Actions	p. 112
Social Policy: What Do You Think? Group Loyalty or Betrayal	p. 114
Social Networks: It's a Small World	p. 116
Mass Media and Society: Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon	p. 117
The Value of Network Analysis	p. 117
You and the Social World: Social Networks and Illness	p. 120
The Building Blocks of Social Networks: The Dyad and the Triad	p. 120
Groups	p. 121
Primary and Secondary Groups	p. 122
Group Conformity	p. 122
Groupthink	p. 123
Inclusion and Exclusion: In-Groups and Out-Groups	p. 124
Groups and Social Imagination	p. 126
Bureaucracy	p. 127
Bureaucratic Inefficiency	p. 127
Sociology at the Movies: Ikiru (1952)	p. 128
Bureaucracy's Informal Side	p. 131
Leadership Styles	p. 131
Overcoming Bureaucratic Inefficiency	p. 132
Organizational Environments	p. 133
The Points of the Compass	p. 134
Chapter Summary	p. 135
Questions to Consider	p. 136
Web Resources	p. 136
Deviance, Crime, and Social Control	p. 138
The Social Definition and Social Construction of Deviance	p. 139
The Difference between Deviance and Crime	p. 140
Sanctions	p. 140
Types of Deviance and Crime	p. 141
Power and the Social Construction of Deviance	p. 142
Measuring Crime	p. 144
Crime Rates	p. 145
Criminal Profiles	p. 147
Social Policy: What Do You Think? The War on Drugs	p. 150
Explaining Deviance and Crime	p. 150
Learning the Deviant Role: The Case of Marijuana Users	p. 151
Motivational Theories	p. 152
Constraint Theories	p. 154
Punishment	p. 156
The Medicalization of Deviance	p. 158
The Prison	p. 160
Moral Panic	p. 161
You and the Social World: Moral Panic	p. 162
Alternative Forms of Punishment	p. 163
Sociology at the Movies: Bowling for Columbine (2002)	p. 164
The Points of the Compass	p. 167
Chapter Summary	p. 168
Questions to Consider	p. 169
Web Resources	p. 169
Inequality
Social Stratification: United States and Global Perspectives	p. 170
Social Stratification: Shipwrecks and Inequality	p. 171
Patterns of Social Inequality	p. 172
Wealth	p. 172
Income	p. 174
Sociology at the Movies: Sweet Home Alabama (2002)	p. 176
Global Inequality	p. 178
International Differences	p. 178
Mass Media and Society: The Internet and Social Stratification	p. 179
Measuring Internal Stratification	p. 179
Economic Development	p. 180
Is Stratification Inevitable? Three Theories	p. 183
Marx	p. 183
Critical Evaluation of Marx's Conflict Theory	p. 184
Functionalism: The Davis-Moore Thesis	p. 184
Critical Evaluation of Functionalism	p. 184
Weber	p. 186
Social Mobility	p. 187
Blau and Duncan: The Status Attainment Model	p. 187
Group Barriers: Race and Gender	p. 189
Noneconomic Dimensions of Class	p. 190
Prestige and Power	p. 190
Politics and the Plight of the Poor	p. 191
Government Policy and the Poverty Rate in the United States	p. 192
Poverty Myths	p. 194
Perception of Class Inequality in the United States	p. 195
Social Policy: What Do You Think? Redesigning Welfare	p. 196
You and the Social World: Your Attitudes to Social Inequality	p. 197
The Points of the Compass	p. 198
Chapter Summary	p. 198
Questions to Consider	p. 199
Web Resources	p. 199
Globalization, Inequality, and Development	p. 200
Introduction	p. 201
The Creation of a Global Village	p. 201
The Triumphs and Tragedies of Globalization	p. 202
Globalization	p. 205
Globalization in Everyday Life	p. 205
The Sources of Globalization	p. 206
A World Like the United States?	p. 208
Social Policy: What Do You Think? Should the United States Promote World Democracy?	p. 209
Mass Media and Society: Globalization or Cultural Imperialism?	p. 210
Globalization and Its Discontents: Antiglobalization and Anti-Americanism	p. 211
Global Inequality	p. 213
Levels of Global Inequality	p. 214
Theories of Development and Underdevelopment	p. 217
Modernization Theory: A Functionalist Approach	p. 217
Dependency Theory: A Conflict Approach	p. 217
Effects of Foreign Investment	p. 219
Core, Periphery, and Semiperiphery	p. 220
Neoliberal versus Democratic Globalization	p. 221
Globalization and Neoliberalism	p. 221
Globalization Reform	p. 223
You and the Social World: Foreign Aid and Personal Responsibility	p. 224
Sociology at the Movies: Syriana (2005)	p. 226
The Points of the Compass	p. 226
Chapter Summary	p. 227
Questions to Consider	p. 227
Web Resources	p. 228
Race and Ethnicity	p. 230
Defining Race and Ethnicity	p. 231
Race, Biology, and Society	p. 231
Prejudice, Discrimination, and Sports	p. 232
The Social Construction of Race	p. 233
Ethnicity, Culture, and Social Structure	p. 235
Race and Ethnic Relations	p. 236
Labels and Identity	p. 236
The Formation of Racial and Ethnic Identities	p. 236
Case Study: The Diversity of the "Hispanic American" Community	p. 237
Social Policy: What Do You Think? Bilingual Education	p. 240
Ethnic and Racial Labels: Choice versus Imposition	p. 240
Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations	p. 241
Ecological Theory	p. 241
Internal Colonialism and the Split Labor Market	p. 242
Sociology at the Movies: Crash (2005)	p. 243
Some Advantages of Ethnicity	p. 248
Economic Advantages	p. 248
Political Advantages	p. 249
Emotional Advantages	p. 250
The Future of Race and Ethnicity	p. 250
The Declining Significance of Race?	p. 251
Mass Media and Society: Minority Representation on Television	p. 253
Immigration and the Renewal of Racial and Ethnic Groups	p. 254
A Vertical Mosaic	p. 256
The Points of the Compass	p. 257
Chapter Summary	p. 258
Questions to Consider	p. 259
Web Resources	p. 259
Sexuality and Gender	p. 260
Sex versus Gender	p. 261
Is It a Boy or a Girl?	p. 261
Gender Identity and Gender Role	p. 262
Theories of Gender	p. 263
Essentialism	p. 264
Functionalism and Essentialism	p. 264
A Critique of Essentialism from the Conflict and Feminist Perspectives	p. 264
Social Constructionism and Symbolic Interactionism	p. 266
The Mass Media and Body Image	p. 269
Mass Media and Society: Why Thinner?	p. 271
Male-Female Interaction	p. 273
Homosexuality	p. 273
Social Policy: What Do You Think? Hate Crime Law and Homophobia	p. 276
Sociology at the Movies: Brokeback Mountain (2005)	p. 277
Gender Inequality	p. 278
The Earnings Gap Today	p. 278
Male Aggression against Women	p. 280
Toward 2050	p. 283
Child Care	p. 285
Comparable Worth	p. 285
The Women's Movement	p. 286
The Points of the Compass	p. 288
Chapter Summary	p. 289
Questions to Consider	p. 290
Web Resources	p. 290
Institutions
Families	p. 292
Introduction	p. 293
Is the Family in Decline?	p. 294
Sociology at the Movies: Walk the Line (2005)	p. 295
Functionalism and the Nuclear Ideal	p. 297
Functional Theory	p. 297
Functions of the Nuclear Family	p. 298
The American Middle Class in the 1950s	p. 298
Conflict and Feminist Theories	p. 301
Power and Families	p. 302
Love and Mate Selection	p. 302
Marital Satisfaction	p. 304
Divorce	p. 306
Reproductive Choice	p. 308
Reproductive Technologies	p. 308
You and the Social World: The Abortion Issue	p. 309
Housework and Child Care	p. 310
Domestic Violence	p. 311
Family Diversity	p. 313
Heterosexual Cohabitation	p. 313
Same-Sex Unions and Partnerships	p. 314
Single-Mother Families: Racial and Ethnic Differences	p. 316
Zero-Child Families	p. 318
Social Policy: What Do You Think? The Pro-Fatherhood Campaign	p. 319
Family Policy	p. 319
Crossnational Differences: The United States and Sweden	p. 320
The Points of the Compass	p. 322
Chapter Summary	p. 323
Questions to Consider	p. 324
Web Resources	p. 324
Religion and Education	p. 326
Religion	p. 327
Classical Approaches in the Sociology of Religion	p. 328
Durkheim: A Functionalist Approach	p. 328
Religion, Conflict Theory, and Feminist Theory	p. 329
Weber and the Problem of Social Change: A Symbolic Interactionist Interpretation	p. 332
The Rise, Decline, and Partial Revival of Religion	p. 333
Secularization	p. 333
Religious Revival	p. 334
Religious Fundamentalism in the United States	p. 335
Sociology at the Movies: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005)	p. 336
Religious Fundamentalism Worldwide	p. 337
Fundamentalism and Extremist Politics in the Arab World	p. 337
The Revised Secularization Thesis	p. 338
The Structure of Religion in the United States and the World	p. 339
Types of Religious Organization	p. 339
Religiosity	p. 342
The Future of Religion	p. 343
Education	p. 343
Affirmative Action and Meritocracy	p. 344
You and the Social World: Affirmative Action	p. 345
Macrosociological Processes	p. 345
The Functions of Education	p. 345
The Effect of Economic Inequality from the Conflict Perspective	p. 346
Standardized Tests	p. 347
Case Study: Functionalist versus Conflict Theories of the American Community College	p. 350
Gender and Education: The Feminist Contribution	p. 351
Microsociological Processes	p. 351
The Stereotype Threat: A Symbolic Interactionist Perspective	p. 351
Cultural Capital	p. 352
Education and Globalization	p. 353
Crisis and Reform in U.S. Schools	p. 354
Social Policy: What Do You Think? The No Child Left Behind Act	p. 355
The Points of the Compass	p. 358
Chapter Summary	p. 358
Questions to Consider	p. 359
Web Resources	p. 359
Politics, Work, and the Economy	p. 360
Politics	p. 361
The Tobacco War	p. 361
Politics, Social Structure, and Political Institutions	p. 363
Power and Authority	p. 363
Types of Authority	p. 364
Types of Political System	p. 364
Sociology at the Movies: Gangs of New York (2002)	p. 367
Mass Media and Society: Television and Politics	p. 368
Theories of Democracy	p. 369
Pluralist Theory	p. 369
Elite Theory	p. 369
The Elitist Critique of Pluralism	p. 370
Power Resource Theory	p. 370
State-Centered Theory	p. 372
Politics by Other Means	p. 375
War	p. 375
Terrorism and Related Forms of Political Violence	p. 376
World and the Economy	p. 378
Economic Sectors	p. 378
The Division and Hierarchy of Labor	p. 379
The Quality of Work	p. 379
The Deskilling Thesis	p. 380
A Critique of the Deskilling Thesis	p. 380
Worker Resistance and Management Response	p. 381
Labor Market Segmentation	p. 382
Free versus Regulated Markets	p. 384
Economic Systems	p. 384
Capitalism	p. 384
Social Policy: What Do You Think? The Minimum wage	p. 385
Communism	p. 386
Democratic Socialism	p. 387
The Corporation	p. 387
Globalization	p. 388
Globalization and the Less Developed Countries	p. 390
The Future of Work and the Economy	p. 391
The Points of the Compass	p. 391
Chapter Summary	p. 392
Questions to Consider	p. 393
Web Resources	p. 393
Health, Medicine, Disability, and Aging	p. 394
Health and Medicine	p. 395
The Black Death	p. 395
Sociological Issues of Health, Medicine, Disability, and Aging	p. 396
Defining and Measuring Health	p. 397
The Social Causes of Illness and Death	p. 398
Global Health Inequalities	p. 399
Class Inequalities and Health Care	p. 401
Racial and Ethnic Inequalities in Health Care	p. 402
Gender Inequalities in Health Care: The Feminist Contribution	p. 403
Health and Politics: The United States from Conflict and Functionalist Perspectives	p. 404
Social Policy: What Do You Think? The High Cost of Prescription Drugs	p. 405
Problems with Private Health Insurance and Health Maintenance Organizations	p. 406
Advantages of Private and For-Profit Health Care Institutions	p. 406
You and the Social World: What Kind of Health System Do You Prefer?	p. 407
The Professionalization of Medicine	p. 408
Recent Challenges to Traditional Medical Science	p. 409
Patient Activism	p. 409
Alternative Medicine	p. 410
Holistic Medicine	p. 410
Disability	p. 411
The Social Construction of Disability	p. 411
Rehabilitation and Elimination	p. 412
Ablism	p. 413
Challenging Ablism: The Normality of Disability	p. 413
Sociology at the Movies: Shallow Hal (2001)	p. 415
Aging	p. 415
Age Stratification	p. 416
Theories of Age Stratification	p. 417
The Functionalist View	p. 417
Conflict Theory	p. 417
Symbolic Interactionist Theory	p. 418
Social Problems of Elderly People	p. 418
Aging and Poverty	p. 419
A Shortage of Caregivers	p. 419
Ageism	p. 419
Death and Dying	p. 421
Euthanasia	p. 421
The Business of Dying	p. 422
The Points of the Compass	p. 423
Chapter Summary	p. 423
Questions to Consider	p. 424
Web Resources	p. 424
Social Change
Collective Action and Social Movements	p. 426
How to Spark a Riot	p. 427
The Study of Collective Action and Social Movements	p. 428
Nonroutine Collective Action	p. 429
The Lynching of Claude Neal	p. 429
Breakdown Theory	p. 431
Deprivation, Crowds, and the Breakdown of Norms	p. 431
Assessing Breakdown Theory	p. 432
Social Organization and Collective Action	p. 435
Social Movements	p. 437
Solidarity Theory	p. 437
Case Study: Strikes and the Union Movement in the United States	p. 438
Social Policy: What Do You Think? Government Surveillance of Social Movements	p. 439
Strikes and Resource Mobilization	p. 441
Strikes and Political Opportunities	p. 442
Framing Discontent	p. 444
Examples of Frame Alignment	p. 444
An Application of Frame Alignment Theory: Back to 1968	p. 445
Sociology at the Movies: The Day after Tomorrow (2004)	p. 446
The Future of Social Movements	p. 446
You and the Social World: Organizing for Change	p. 448
Goals of New Social Movements	p. 449
Membership in New Social Movements	p. 450
Globalization Potential of New Social Movements	p. 450
An Environmental Social Movement	p. 450
Mass Media and Society: "The First Postmodern Revolution"	p. 451
The Points of the Compass	p. 452
Chapter Summary	p. 452
Questions to Consider	p. 452
Web Resources	p. 453
Population, Urbanization, and the Environment	p. 454
The City of God	p. 455
Population	p. 456
The Population "Explosion"	p. 456
Social Policy: What Do You Think? How Can We Find 100 Million Missing Women?	p. 458
Theories of Population Growth	p. 459
The Malthusian Trap	p. 459
A Critique of Malthus	p. 460
Demographic Transition Theory	p. 461
A Critique of Demographic Transition Theory	p. 462
Population and Social Inequality	p. 463
Karl Marx	p. 463
Gender Inequality and Overpopulation	p. 463
Class Inequality and Overpopulation	p. 464
Summing Up	p. 464
Urbanization	p. 465
From the Preindustrial to the Industrial City	p. 466
The Chicago School and the Industrial City	p. 467
After Chicago: A Critique	p. 468
Mass Media and Society: The Mass Media and the Establishment of Community	p. 469
The Conflict View and New Urban Sociology	p. 470
The Corporate City	p. 470
Sociology at the Movies: 8 Mile (2002)	p. 472
The Postmodern City	p. 472
The Environment	p. 475
Environmental Degradation	p. 475
The Social Construction of Environmental Problems	p. 477
The Case of Global Warming	p. 478
The Social Distribution of Environmental Risk	p. 479
What Is to Be Done?	p. 482
The Market and High-Tech Solutions	p. 482
The Cooperative Alternative	p. 483
The Points of the Compass	p. 485
Chapter Summary	p. 486
Questions to Consider	p. 487
Web Resources	p. 487
Glossary	p. 489
References	p. 499
Credits	p. 535
Indexes	p. 537
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