Sources of Twentieth-Century Global History

by Overfield, James H.

• ISBN13: 9780395904077
• ISBN10: 0395904072
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-09-10
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

This primary source reader, designed to supplement twentieth-century world history courses, contains both textual and visual sources from around the world. Strong pedagogical learning aids ensure that students are equipped with the information they need to understand and appreciate each document. The book contains a general introduction, as well as part, chapter, section, and source introductions.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Prologue: Primary Sources and How To Read Them	xv
PART ONE The World in an Era of Transformation and Western Dominance, 1880--1914	1	(68)
Global Interaction in an Era of Imperialism and Migration	5	(32)
Imperialism: Western Justifications	7	(6)
A Defense of French Imperialism	8	(1)
Jules Ferry, Speech Before the French Chamber of Deputies, 1883	8	(2)
Imperialism and the Life of Manly Courage	10	(1)
Theodore Roosevelt, The Strenuous Life	10	(3)
The Economics of Imperialism	13	(8)
Cotton Growing and Rebellion in German East Africa	14	(1)
Records of the Maji-Maji Uprising	14	(3)
Indian Railroads and the People's Welfare	17	(1)
G.V. Joshi, The Economic Results of Free Trade and Railway Extension	17	(4)
Responses to Western Domination	21	(9)
China and the Foreign Devils	22	(1)
Two Proclamations of The Boxer Rebellion	22	(2)
``Freedom is My Birthright''	24	(1)
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Speech to the Indian National Congress, 1907	24	(3)
A Blueprint for Japanese Military Modernization	27	(1)
Yamagata Aritomo, Opinion on Military Affairs and Conscription	27	(3)
Migrants and Their Experiences	30	(7)
Indian Merchants in South Africa and Their Problems	31	(1)
Abdool Rehman, Memorandum to Lord Selborne, High Commissioner of Transvaal, October 1905	31	(3)
``The Gates Should No Longer Be Left Unguarded''	34	(1)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Speech to the United States Senate, March 16, 1896	34	(3)
Seeds of Change: Politics, Society, and Culture	37	(32)
Revolutionaries and Revolutions in the Early 1900s	38	(12)
A Revolutionary Formula for China's Revival	39	(1)
Sun Yat-Sen, The Three People's Principles and The Future of the Chinese People	39	(4)
A Marxist Blueprint for Russia	43	(1)
Platform of the Russian Social Democratic Party, 1903	43	(4)
Agrarian Reform and Revolution in Mexico	47	(1)
The Plan of Ayala	47	(3)
The New Voice of Women in the Early Twentieth Century	50	(10)
An Early Voice of Arab Feminism	52	(1)
Bahithat al-Badiya, A Lecture in the Club of the Umma Party, 1909	52	(3)
``Race Decadence'' and the U.S. Women's Movement	55	(1)
Anna Howard Shaw, Presidential Addresses at the Conventions of National American Woman Suffrage Association, 1905, 1906	55	(3)
An Attack on Foot-binding in China	58	(1)
Qiu Jin, An Address to Two Hundred Million Fellow Countrywomen	58	(2)
New Trends in Western Culture and Thought	60	(9)
``God Is Dead. . .We Have Killed Him''	62	(1)
Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Science and On The Genealogy of Morals	62	(3)
Aesthetics for the Machine Age	65	(1)
Excerpts from Futurist Manifestos, 1909--1914	65	(4)
PART TWO Decades of War, Economic Upheaval, and Revolution, 1914--1939	69	(166)
World War I and Its Global Significance	73	(36)
The Trauma of the Trenches	74	(10)
The Romance of War	75	(1)
Popular Art and Poster Art from Germany, England, Australia, and France	75	(4)
The Reality of War in Verse	79	(1)
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est and Disabled	79	(2)
The Reality of War in Art	81	(1)
Christopher Nevinson, The Harvest of Battle; Otto Dix, Storm Troop Advancing Under Gas	81	(3)
The Century's First Genocide	84	(7)
Caravans of Death	85	(1)
Mary L. Graffam, Letter from Turkey, Summer 1915	85	(3)
An Official Version of the Deportations	88	(1)
Talaat Pasha, Posthumous Memoirs	88	(3)
The Russian Revolution and the Beginnings of the Soviet State	91	(7)
Lenin's Call for Revolution	92	(1)
Lenin, April Theses	92	(2)
Forging the Soviet State	94	(1)
Communist Decrees and Legislation, 1917--1918	94	(4)
The Peace That Failed	98	(11)
The Allies' ``Last Horrible Triumph''	99	(1)
Comments of the German Delegation to the Paris Peace Conference on the Conditions of Peace, October 1919	99	(4)
The Betrayal of Arab Nationalism	103	(1)
General Syrian Congress of Damascus, Resolution of July 2, 1919	103	(2)
The Chinese May Fourth Movement and the Versailles Treaty	105	(1)
Deng Yingchao, Memoirs	105	(4)
Decades of Crisis in the Western World and the Soviet Union	109	(34)
Modernism and Mass Culture Between the Wars	111	(8)
The Look of Modernity	112	(1)
Walter Gropius, Dessau Bauhaus --- Principles of Bauhaus Construction; Examples of Bauhaus Design	112	(5)
Perils of Mass Culture: The Threat to Morality	117	(1)
Senator Henry L. Myers, U.S. Senate Speech, June 29, 1922	117	(2)
The Impact of the Great Depression	119	(7)
The Victims of the Depression in Germany	120	(1)
H. Hessel Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today	120	(3)
Government Promises a ``New Deal''	123	(1)
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Annual Address to Congress, January 4, 1935	123	(3)
Nazism in Theory and Practice	126	(9)
The Dreams of the Fuhrer	127	(1)
Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf	127	(5)
Motherhood, Duty, and the Nazi Ideal	132	(1)
Gertrud Scholtz-Klink, Speech to the National Socialist Women's Association, September, 1935	132	(3)
The Stalin Revolution in the Soviet Union	135	(8)
The Soviet Model of Economic Planning	135	(1)
Joseph Stalin, The Results of the First Five-Year Plan	135	(4)
The Abortion Debate Under Stalin	139	(1)
Letters to Izvestiya on the Abortion Issue, May-June 1936	139	(4)
Latin America in an Era of Economic Challenge and Political Change	143	(24)
New Social and Political Currents: Feminism and Indigenismo	145	(8)
Costs and Benefits of Latin American Feminism	147	(1)
Amanda Labarca, Where is Woman Going?	147	(2)
The Indian in Peru: A Marxist Perspective	149	(1)
Jose Carlos Mariategui, The Problem of the Indian and the Problem of the Land	149	(4)
Political Responses to the Great Depression	153	(7)
Economic Nationalism in Mexico	154	(1)
Lazaro Cardenas, Speech to the Nation	154	(3)
Brazilian Mass Politics and the Estado Novo	157	(1)
Getulio Vargas, Excerpts from Speeches and Interviews, 1937--1940	157	(3)
The Mexican Muralists and the Revolution in Mexican Art	160	(7)
The Beginnings of the Mexican Muralist Movement	161	(1)
Jose Clemenre Orozco, Autobiography	161	(2)
Political Visions of the Mexican Muralists	163	(1)
Jose Clemente Orozco, Hispanic-American Society, and Diego Rivera, Imperialism	163	(4)
Africa Under Colonial Rule	167	(28)
European Perspectives on Africa's Future	169	(7)
Blacks in a White Man's Africa	170	(1)
Jan Smuts, Rhodes Memorial Lectures	170	(3)
Colonialism as Trusteeship	173	(1)
Sir Frederick Gordon Guggisberg, The Keystone	173	(3)
African Society and Identity Under Colonial Rule	176	(8)
Eagles into Chickens	177	(1)
James Aggrey, Parable of the Eagle	177	(1)
The Value of African Religion	178	(1)
Kabaka Daudi Chwa, Education, Civilization, and ``Foreignization'' in Buganda	178	(3)
White Rule, African Families	181	(1)
Charlotte Maxeke, Social Conditions Among Bantu Women and Girls	181	(3)
Nationalism, Pan-Africanism, and Anticolonialism	184	(11)
Colonialism and West Africa's Educated Elite	185	(1)
Resolutions of the National Congress of British West Africa, 1920	185	(3)
A Plea to the World for Racial Equality	188	(1)
1921 Pan-African Congress, London Manifesto	188	(3)
African Militancy in the 1930s	191	(1)
Gilbert Coka, The African Liberator, Our Message	191	(4)
Asia in an Era of Nationalism and Revolution	195	(40)
Political and Religious Currents in the Middle East	197	(14)
Secularism and Nationalism in Republican Turkey	198	(1)
Mustafa Kemal, Speech to the Congress of the People's Republican Party	198	(5)
The Meaning of Zionism	203	(1)
Hayyin Nahman Bialik, Speech at the Inauguration of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem	203	(4)
A Call for Islamic Social and Political Action	207	(1)
The Muslim Brotherhood, Toward the Light	207	(4)
Anticolonialism in India and Southeast Asia	211	(10)
Gandhi's Hopes for India	212	(1)
Mohandas Gandhi, Indian Home Rule	212	(4)
A Muslim's View of India's Future	216	(1)
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Speech to the Muslim League, 1940	216	(2)
Revolution and Oppression in Vietnam	218	(1)
Nguyen Thai Hoc, Letter to the French Chamber of Deputies, 1930	218	(3)
Intellectual Ferment and Revolution in China	221	(8)
The New Culture Movement and the West	222	(1)
Hu Shi, Our Attitude Toward Modern Civilization of the West	222	(3)
Basic Tenets of Chinese Communism	225	(1)
Mao Zedong, Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan; Strategic Problems of China's Revolutionary War	225	(4)
Nationalism and Militarism in Japan	229	(6)
The Agenda of Ultranationalism	230	(1)
The Black Dragon Society, Anniversary Statement, 1930	230	(3)
Foreign Policy Priorities on the Eve of the China War	233	(1)
Fundamental Principles of National Policy, 1936	233	(2)
PART THREE From World War II to the Early 1970s: Decades of Conflict, Decolonization, and Economic Recovery	235	(136)
World War II and Its Aftermath	239	(38)
Appeasement and the Origins of World War II in Europe	241	(7)
The Search for ``Peace in our Time''	242	(1)
Neville Chamberlain, Excerpts from Correspondence, Diary, and Speeches	242	(3)
``A Disaster of the First Magnitude''	245	(1)
Winston Churchill, Speech to Parliament, October 5, 1938	245	(3)
The Final Solution: Perpetrators and Victims	248	(8)
``Fuhrer, You Order, We Obey''	249	(1)
Rudolf Hoss, Memoirs	249	(4)
Evil	253	(1)
``B.F.'', Recollections	253	(3)
The Dawn of the Atomic Age	256	(10)
Scientists' Warnings	257	(1)
The Franck Report	257	(3)
``The Face of War Is the Face of Death''	260	(1)
Henry L. Stimson, The Decision To Use the Atomic Bomb	260	(3)
August 6, 1945	263	(1)
Iwao Nakamura and Atsuko Tsujioka, Recollections	263	(3)
From World War II to the Cold War	266	(11)
The Sources of Soviet Conduct	267	(1)
George Kennan, The Long Telegram	267	(4)
U.S. Drive for World Supremacy	271	(1)
Nikolai Novikov, Telegram, September 27, 1947	271	(6)
The Industrialized West in an Era of Economic Growth and Social Change	277	(38)
The End of Empires	279	(10)
Great Britain Lets Go of India	280	(1)
Debate in the House of Commons, March 1947	280	(5)
France Lets Go of Algeria	285	(1)
Charles de Gaulle, Comments on Algeria, April 11, 1961	285	(4)
Discontent in the Midst of Prosperity: The United States in the 1950s and Early 1960s	289	(12)
``The Problem That Has No Name''	290	(1)
Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique	290	(3)
A Cry for Racial Justice	293	(1)
Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from Birmingham Jail	293	(3)
The Beginnings of Modern Environmentalism	296	(1)
Rachel Carson, Silent Spring	296	(5)
The Late 1960s: Years of Protest and Polarization	301	(14)
From Civil Rights to Black Power	303	(1)
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, We Want Black Power	303	(3)
The Emergence of Militant Feminism	306	(1)
Feminist Manifestoes from the Late 1960s	306	(4)
Campus Outrage	310	(1)
Three Student Pamphlets from the University of Paris	310	(5)
Worlds Apart: The USSR, the Soviet Bloc, and China	315	(24)
Dissent and Repression in the Soviet Union	317	(5)
A Plea for Democratic Reform	318	(1)
Andrei Sakharov, Roy Medvedev, and Valentin Turchin, Letter to Comrades Brezhnev, Kosygin, and Podgorny	318	(3)
The Dissidents' Adversary	321	(1)
Secret KGB Report, December 21, 1970	321	(1)
Unrest in Eastern Europe and Soviet Response	322	(6)
Socialism with a Human Face	324	(1)
Ludvik Vaculik, Two Thousand Words to Workers, Farmers, Scientists, Artists, and Everyone	324	(2)
The Brezhnev Doctrine	326	(1)
Leonid Brezhnev, Speech to the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers' Party	326	(2)
Utopian Dreams in Mao's China	328	(11)
Industrial Heroism in the Great Leap Forward	329	(1)
Tan Manni, Lushan's Pig-Iron ``Sputnik''	329	(3)
Creating a New China in the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution	332	(1)
One Hundred Items for Destroying the Old and Establishing the New	332	(3)
Visualizing the New China	335	(1)
Poster Art from The Cultural Revolution	335	(4)
The Emergence of a Third World	339	(32)
New Sources of Conflict in the Middle East	341	(6)
Palestine as an Arab Homeland	342	(1)
The Palestine National Charter	342	(3)
Palestine as a Jewish Homeland	345	(1)
Chaim Herzog, Speech to the United Nations General Assembly	345	(2)
Revolution and Reaction in Latin America	347	(9)
``Create Two, Three, Many Vietnams''	349	(1)
Ernesto ``Che'' Guevara, Message to the Tricontinental Conference	349	(2)
The Fall of Allende and the CIA	351	(1)
Church Committee Report on Covert Actions in Chile, 1963--1973	351	(5)
Racism and Ethnic Conflict in Independent Africa	356	(8)
The Onset of Military Rule in Uganda	357	(1)
Statements from General Idi Amin and the Ugandan Army	357	(3)
Apartheid's Bitter Fruits	360	(1)
Nelson Mandela, The Rivonia Trial Speech to the Court	360	(4)
South and Southeast Asia After Colonialism	364	(7)
Nehru's Blueprint for India	365	(1)
Jawaharlal Nehru, Speeches and Writings, 1952--1955	365	(3)
Two Perspectives on the War in Vietnam	368	(1)
Ho Chi Minh-Johnson Correspondence, February 1967	368	(3)
PART FOUR Century's Close: From Cold War to Globalization	371	(82)
The 1970s and 1980s: Years of Challenge and Change	373	(50)
New Forces in the International Economy	375	(8)
Middle Eastern Politics and the Price of Oil	376	(1)
Mana Saeed al-Otaiba, The Arab Oil Weapon	376	(3)
Japan's Economic Miracle	379	(1)
Akio Morita, Made in Japan	379	(4)
Environmentalism, Economic Development, and Social Justice	383	(10)
Saving the Rain Forest in Brazil	385	(1)
Chico Mendes, Fight for the Forest	385	(4)
Yangzi! Yangzi!	389	(1)
Li Boning and Hou Xueyu, Views of China's Three Gorges Project	389	(4)
Religion and Politics in the 1970s and 1980s	393	(10)
Latin American Catholicism and the Theology of Liberation	394	(1)
Final Document of the Third General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate	394	(3)
A Platform for the Religious Right in the United States	397	(1)
Jerry Falwell, An Agenda for the 1980s	397	(3)
The Place of Hinduism in Modern India	400	(1)
Girilal Jain, Editorials	400	(3)
Third World Women Between Tradition and Change	403	(8)
Women and Iran's Islamic Revolution	404	(1)
Zand Dokht, The Revolution that Failed Women	404	(2)
An African Perspective on Female Circumcision	406	(1)
Association of African Women for Research and Development, A Statement on Genital Mutilation	406	(3)
The Impact of the Indian Dowry System	409	(1)
Editorial Against Dowry	409	(2)
Communism's Reform, Communism's Retreat	411	(12)
China's New Course	412	(1)
Deng Xiaoping, Speeches and Writings	412	(4)
Visualizing China in the Modernization Era	416	(1)
Chinese Poster Art from the 1980s	416	(2)
A Plan to Save Communism in the Soviet Union	418	(1)
Mikhail Gorbachev, Perestroika	418	(5)
The Century's Last Decade	423	(30)
The Debate on Free Trade and Economic Globalization	425	(7)
The Dangers of NAFTA, GATT and Free Trade	426	(1)
Ralph Nader, Free Trade and the Decline of Democracy	426	(3)
Formulas for Economic Success and Failure	429	(1)
David R. Henderson, Economic Miracles	429	(3)
The New Immigration and Its Critics	432	(8)
The Failure of Multiculturalism	433	(1)
Jorg Haider, The Freedom 1 Mean	433	(4)
Too Many Immigrants	437	(1)
Roy H. Beck, The Case Against Immigration	437	(3)
Ethnic Hatreds and Racial Reconciliation	440	(13)
Serbs, Bosnians, and Ethnic Cleansing	441	(1)
T.D. Allman, Serbia's Blood War	441	(4)
Genocide in Rwanda: 1994	445	(1)
Fergal Keane, Season of Blood	445	(4)
Let There Be Justice and Peace for All	449	(1)
Nelson Mandela, Presidential Inauguration Speech, May 10, 1994	449	(4)
Sources	453