Sources of the Western Tradition From the Ancient Times to the Enlightenment, Volume 1

by Perry, Marvin; Peden, Joseph R.; Von Laue, Theodore H.

• ISBN13: 9780618162277
• ISBN10: 0618162275
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-05-15
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

This successful two-volume primary source reader emphasizes the history of ideas. Each of its 300 sources is accompanied by an introductory essay and review questions. "How to Read Sources" prologue helps students read and interpret primary sources. The author uses the example of Holocaust deniers for this prologue, showing students the danger of improper analysis and use of documents. Approximately one-third of the documents are new to the Fifth Edition.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Prologue	xv
PART ONE: The Ancient World	1	(194)
The Near East	1	(25)
Mesopotamian Protest Against Death	3	(4)
Epic of Gilgamesh	4	(3)
A Pessimistic View of Life	7	(2)
Mesopotamian Wisdom Literature	7	(2)
Mesopotamian Concepts of Justice	9	(4)
Code of Hammurabi	10	(3)
Divine Kingship in Egypt	13	(2)
Hymns to the Pharaohs	13	(1)
Guidelines for the Ruler	14	(1)
Religious Inspiration of Akhenaten	15	(2)
Hymn to Aton	15	(2)
Love, Passion, and Misogyny in Ancient Egypt	17	(2)
Love Poetry	17	(1)
The Instruction of Ankhsheshonq	18	(1)
Empire Builders	19	(3)
The Assyrian Empire: Inscription of Tiglathpileser I	19	(1)
The Persian Empire: Inscriptions of Cyrus and Darius I	20	(2)
The Myth-making Outlook of the Ancient Near East	22	(4)
Personification of Natural Objects	23	(1)
Lament for Ur: The Gods and Human Destiny	24	(2)
The Hebrews	26	(19)
Hebrew Cosmogony and Anthropology	28	(3)
Genesis	28	(3)
Human Sinfulness	31	(7)
Genesis: The Origins of Sin	31	(1)
Jeremiah: Sin and Suffering	32	(2)
Job: The Problem of Undeserved Suffering	34	(4)
The Covenant and the Ten Commandments	38	(1)
Exodus: The Covenant	38	(1)
Exodus: The Ten Commandments	38	(1)
Humaneness of Hebrew Law	39	(3)
Leviticus: Neighbor and Community	40	(1)
Deuteronomy: Judges, Witnesses, and Justice	40	(2)
The Age of Classical Prophecy	42	(3)
Amos and Isaiah: Social Justice	42	(1)
Isaiah: Peace and Humanity	43	(2)
The Greeks	45	(54)
Homer: The Educator of Greece	48	(3)
Homer: The Iliad	49	(2)
Early Greek Philosophy: The Emancipation of Thought from Myth	51	(3)
Aristotle: Thales of Miletus	51	(1)
Anaximander	52	(1)
Aristotle: Pythagoras	53	(1)
The Expansion of Reason	54	(3)
Hippocrates: The Sacred Disease: The Separation of Medicine from Myth	54	(1)
Thucydides: Method of Historical Inquiry	55	(1)
Critias: Religion as a Human Invention	56	(1)
Humanism	57	(2)
Pindar: The Pursuit of Excellence	58	(1)
Sophocles: Lauding Human Talents	58	(1)
Greek Drama	59	(9)
Sophocles: Antigone	59	(6)
Aeschylus: The Persians	65	(3)
Athenian Greatness	68	(3)
Diodorus Siculus: ``The Grecians...Gained an Everlasting Renown''	68	(1)
Thucydides: The Funeral Oration of Pericles	68	(3)
The Status of Women in Classical Greek Society	71	(5)
Euripides: Medea	71	(1)
Aristophanes: Lysistrata	72	(4)
Socrates: The Rational Individual	76	(4)
Plato: The Apology	76	(4)
Plato: The Philosopher-King	80	(6)
Plato: The Republic	80	(6)
Aristotle: Science, Politics, and Ethics	86	(4)
Aristotle: History of Animals, Politics, and Nicomachean Ethics	86	(4)
Hellenistic Culture: Universalism and Individualism	90	(5)
Plutarch: Cultural Fusion	91	(2)
Epicurus: Self Sufficiency	93	(2)
Greek Culture and the Jews in the Hellenistic Age	95	(4)
First Book of Maccabees: Jewish Resistance to Forced Hellenization	95	(1)
Philo of Alexandria: Appreciation of Greek Culture and Syntheses of Reason and Revelation	96	(3)
The Roman Republic	99	(27)
Rome's March to World Empire	100	(6)
Polybius: The Roman Army	101	(1)
Livy: The Second Punic War: The Threat from Hannibal	102	(2)
Appian of Alexandria: The Third Punic War: The Destruction of Carthage	104	(2)
The Spread of Greek Philosophy to Rome	106	(7)
Lucretius: Denunciation of Religion	107	(2)
Cicero: Advocate of Stoicism	109	(2)
Cato the Elder: Hostility to Greek Philosophy	111	(2)
Roman Slavery	113	(3)
Diodorus Siculus: Slaves: Torment and Revolt	113	(3)
Women in Republican Society	116	(4)
Livy: Cato Protests Against the Demands of Roman Women	116	(2)
Quintus Lucretius Vespillo: A Funeral Eulogy for a Roman Wife	118	(2)
The Decline of the Republic	120	(6)
Plutarch: Tiberius Gracchus	120	(2)
Cicero: Justifying Caesar's Assassination	122	(1)
Sallust: Moral Deterioration	123	(3)
The Roman Empire	126	(37)
The Imperial Office	128	(3)
Augustus: The Achievements of the Divine Augustus	129	(1)
Tacitus: The Imposition of One-Man Rule	130	(1)
Imperial Culture	131	(4)
Virgil: The Aeneid	132	(1)
Juvenal: The Satires	132	(3)
Roman Stoicism	135	(5)
Seneca: The Moral Epistles	135	(3)
Marcus Aurelius: Meditations	138	(2)
Roman Law	140	(3)
Justinian: Corpus Iuris Civilis	141	(2)
Provincial Administration	143	(3)
Correspondence Between Pliny the Younger and Emperor Trajan	143	(3)
The Roman Peace	146	(6)
Aelius Aristides: The Roman Oration: The Blessings of the Pax Romana	147	(1)
Josephus: The Jewish War: ``In Battle Nothing is Done without Plan''	148	(2)
Tacitus: The Other Side of the Pax Romana	150	(2)
Third-Century Crisis	152	(3)
Dio Cassius: Caracalla's Extortions	152	(2)
Petition to Emperor Philip	154	(1)
Herodian: Extortions of Maximinus	154	(1)
The Demise of Rome	155	(8)
Ammianus Marcellinus: The Battle of Adrianople	156	(3)
Salvian: Political and Social Injustice	159	(2)
Jerome: The Fate of Rome	161	(1)
Pope Gregory I: The End of Roman Glory	162	(1)
Early Christianity	163	(32)
The Teachings of Jesus	165	(3)
The Gospel According to Saint Mark	165	(1)
The Gospel According to Saint Matthew	166	(2)
Saint Paul's View of Jesus, His Mission, and His Teaching	168	(2)
The Letter of Paul to the Ephesians	168	(1)
The First Letter of Paul to the Corinthians	169	(1)
Christianity and Greco-Roman Learning	170	(3)
Tertullian: What Has Jerusalem to Do with Athens?	171	(1)
Clement of Alexandria: In Defense of Greek Learning	172	(1)
The Persecutions	173	(2)
Persecutions at Lyons and Vienne	173	(2)
Monastic Life	175	(6)
Saint Jerome: The Agony of Solitude in the Desert	176	(1)
Cassian of Marseilles: On the Dangers and Fruits of Solitude	177	(1)
Saint Benedict of Nursia: The Benedictine Rule	178	(3)
Christianity and Society	181	(6)
Clement of Alexandria: Christ the Educator	182	(2)
Saint Benedict of Nursia: The Christian Way of Life	184	(1)
Lactantius: Acquisitiveness As the Source of Evil	185	(2)
Christian Demonization of Jews	187	(3)
Saint John Chrysostom: Discourses Against Judaizing Christians	188	(2)
The Christian World-View	190	(5)
Saint Augustine: The City of God	191	(4)
PART TWO: The Middle Ages	195	(84)
The Early Middle Ages	195	(24)
The Byzantine Cultural Achievement	197	(4)
Theophylact Simocattes: The Value of Reason and History	197	(2)
Procopius: The Building of Saint Sophia	199	(2)
Islam	201	(3)
Muhammad: The Koran	201	(3)
Islam and Greek Learning	204	(3)
Avicenna: Love of Learning	205	(2)
Converting the Germanic Peoples to Christianity	207	(3)
Saint Boniface: Sacred Mission to Germany	207	(1)
Einhard: Forcible Conversion Under Charlemagne	208	(2)
The Transmission of Learning	210	(2)
Cassiodorus: The Monk as Scribe	210	(2)
The Carolingian Renaissance	212	(3)
Einhard: Charlemagne's Appreciation of Learning	212	(1)
Charlemagne: An Injunction to Monasteries to Cultivate Letters	213	(2)
The Feudal Lord: Vassal and Warrior	215	(4)
Galbert of Bruges: Commendation and the Oath of Fealty	215	(1)
Fulbert, Bishop of Chartres: Obligations of Lords and Vassals	216	(1)
Bertran de Born: In Praise of Combat	217	(2)
The High and Late Middle Ages	219	(60)
The Revival of Trade and the Growth of Towns	222	(4)
How to Succeed in Business	222	(2)
Ordinances of the Guild Merchant of Southampton	224	(2)
Theological Basis for Papal Power	226	(3)
Pope Gregory VII: The Second Letter to Bishop Herman of Metz and the Dictatus Papae	226	(3)
The First Crusade	229	(4)
Robert the Monk: Appeal of Urban II to the Franks	230	(1)
William of Tyre: The Capture of Jerusalem	231	(2)
Religious Dissent	233	(4)
Bernard Gui: The Waldensian Teachings	234	(2)
Emperor Frederick II: Heretics: Enemies of God and Humanity	236	(1)
Medieval Learning: Synthesis of Reason and Christian Faith	237	(5)
Peter Abelard: Inquiry into Divergent Views of Church Fathers	238	(1)
Saint Thomas Aquinas: Summa Theologica	239	(3)
Medieval Universities	242	(5)
John of Salisbury: On the Liberal Arts	242	(1)
Geoffrey Chaucer: An Oxford Cleric	243	(1)
Student Letters	244	(1)
A Wandering Scholar: ``In the Tavern Let Me Die''	245	(2)
The Jews in the Middle Ages	247	(5)
Albert of Aix-la-Chapelle: Massacre of the Jews of Mainz	247	(1)
A Decree by Pope Innocent III	248	(1)
The Libel of Ritual Murder	249	(1)
Maimonides: Jewish Learning	250	(2)
Troubadour Love Songs	252	(2)
Love as Joyous, Painful, and Humorous	252	(2)
The Status of Women in Medieval Society	254	(7)
Jacopone da Todi: Praise of the Virgin Mary ``O Thou Mother, Fount of Love''	255	(1)
Christine de Pisan: The City of Ladies	256	(3)
A Merchant of Paris: On Love and Marriage	259	(2)
Medieval Contributions to the Tradition of Liberty	261	(3)
John of Salisbury: Policraticus: A Defense of Tyrannicide	261	(1)
Magna Carta	262	(2)
The Fourteenth Century: An Age of Adversity	264	(7)
Jean de Venette: The Black Death	264	(3)
Sir John Froissart: The Peasant Revolt of 1381	267	(2)
Marsilius of Padua: Attack on the Worldly Power of the Church	269	(2)
The Medieval World-View	271	(8)
Lothario dei Segni (Pope Innocent III): On the Misery of the Human Condition	272	(1)
The Vanity of This World	273	(1)
Dante Alighieri: The Divine Comedy	274	(5)
PART THREE: Early Modern Europe	279	(159)
The Renaissance	279	(25)
The Humanists' Fascination with Antiquity	281	(7)
Petrarch: The Father of Humanism	282	(1)
Leonardo Bruni: Study of Greek Literature and A Humanist Educational Program	283	(2)
Petrus Paulus Vergerius: The Importance of Liberal Studies	285	(3)
Human Dignity	288	(3)
Pico della Mirandola: Oration on the Dignity of Man	289	(2)
Break with Medieval Political Theory	291	(3)
Niccolo Machiavelli: The Prince	291	(3)
Renaissance Art	294	(4)
Leonardo da Vinci: Art and Science	295	(3)
The Spread of the Renaissance	298	(6)
Francois Rabelais: Celebration of the Worldly Life	298	(3)
William Shakespeare: Human Nature and the Human Condition	301	(3)
The Reformation	304	(26)
A Catholic Critic of the Church	307	(3)
Desiderius Erasmus: In Praise of Folly	307	(3)
The Lutheran Reformation	310	(4)
Martin Luther: On Papal Power, Justification by Faith, the Interpretation of the Bible, and The Nature of the Clergy	310	(4)
The German Peasants' Revolt	314	(3)
The Twelve Articles	314	(2)
Martin Luther: Against the Peasants	316	(1)
Luther and the Jews	317	(2)
Martin Luther: On the Jews and Their Lies	317	(2)
The Calvinist Reformation	319	(4)
John Calvin: The Institutes, Ecclesiastical Ordinances, and The Obedience Owed Rulers	320	(3)
The Catholic Response to Protestantism	323	(7)
Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent	324	(3)
Saint Ignatius Loyola: The Spiritual Exercises	327	(3)
Early Modern Society and Politics	330	(44)
The Age of Exploration and Conquest	332	(5)
Bernal Diaz del Castillo: The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico	333	(4)
Toward the Modern Economy: The Example of Holland	337	(1)
William Carr: The Dutch East India Company	337	(1)
The Jews of Spain and Portugal: Expulsion, Forced Conversion, Inquisition	338	(5)
Proceedings of the Spanish Inquisition: The Torture of Elvira del Campo	339	(2)
Damiao de Gois: The Forced Conversion of Portuguese Jews	341	(2)
The Atlantic Slave Trade	343	(9)
Seventeenth-Century Slave Traders: Buying and Transporting Africans	344	(2)
John Newton: Thoughts upon the African Slave Trade	346	(2)
Malachy Postlethwayt: Slavery Defended	348	(1)
Olaudah Equiano: Memoirs of a Former Slave	349	(3)
The Witch Craze	352	(6)
Jakob Sprenger and Heinrich Kramer: The Hammer of Witches	353	(2)
Johannes Junius: A Confession of Witchcraft Explained	355	(1)
Nicholas Malebranche: Search after Truth	356	(2)
The Court of Louis XIV	358	(6)
Duc de Saint-Simon: An Assessment of Louis XIV	358	(3)
Liselotte von der Pfalz (Elizabeth Charlotte d'Orleans): A Sketch of Court Life	361	(3)
Justification of Absolute Monarchy by Divine Right	364	(4)
Bishop Jacques-Benigne Bossuet: Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture	365	(1)
James I: True Law of Free Monarchies and A Speech to Parliament	366	(2)
A Secular Defense of Absolutism	368	(3)
Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan	368	(3)
The Triumph of Constitutional Monarchy in England: The Glorious Revolution	371	(3)
The English Declaration of Rights	372	(2)
The Scientific Revolution	374	(23)
The Copernican Revolution	377	(4)
Nicolaus Copernicus: 0n the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres	377	(3)
Cardinal Bellarmine: Attack on the Copernican Theory	380	(1)
Expanding the New Astronomy	381	(2)
Galileo Galilei: The Starry Messenger	381	(2)
Critique of Authority	383	(4)
Galileo Galilei: Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina and Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems-Ptolemaic and Copernican	384	(3)
Prophet of Modern Science	387	(3)
Francis Bacon: Attack on Authority and Advocacy of Experimental Science	388	(2)
The Autonomy of the Mind	390	(3)
Rene Descartes: Discourse on Method	390	(3)
The Mechanical Universe	393	(4)
Isaac Newton: Principia Mathematica	394	(3)
The Enlightenment	397	(41)
The Enlightenment Outlook	399	(2)
Immanuel Kant: What Is Enlightenment?	399	(2)
Political Liberty	401	(3)
John Locke: Second Treatise on Government	401	(2)
Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence	403	(1)
Attack on the Old Regime	404	(4)
Voltaire: A Plea for Tolerance and Reason	405	(3)
Attack on Religion	408	(4)
Thomas Paine: The Age of Reason	409	(1)
Baron d'Holbach: Good Sense	410	(2)
Epistemology and Education	412	(8)
John Locke: Essay Concerning Human Understanding	412	(2)
John Locke: Some Thoughts Concerning Education	414	(2)
Claude Helvetius: Essays on the Mind and A Treatise on Man	416	(2)
Jean Jacques Rousseau: Emile	418	(2)
Compendium of Knowledge	420	(2)
Denis Diderot: Encyclopedia	420	(2)
Rousseau: Political Reform	422	(4)
Jean Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract	423	(3)
Judicial and Penal Reform	426	(4)
Caesare Beccaria: On Crimes and Punishments	426	(2)
John Howard: Prisons in England and Wales	428	(2)
Questioning European Values	430	(3)
Denis Diderot: Supplement to the Voyage of Bouganville	430	(3)
Slavery Condemned	433	(5)
Denis Diderot: Encyclopedia ``Men and Their Liberty are Not Objects of Commerce''	433	(1)
Marquis de Condorcet: The Evils of Slavery	434	(1)
John Wesley: Thoughts upon Slavery	435	(3)
On the Progress of Humanity	438	(1)
Marquis de Condorcet: Progress of the Human Mind	438