Spatial Epidemiological Approaches in Disease Mapping and Analysis

by Lai; Poh-Chin

• ISBN13: 9781420045468
• ISBN10: 1420045466
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-08-18
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Captures the Complexity of GIS for the Non-Specialist in a Ready-To-Implement WayUse of GIS applications in the medical community is not a new concept by any means. But, the ability to apply GIS technology on a wide scale is often hampered by the sophistication and complexity of the methodology and the limited access to affordable software. Spatial Epidemiological Approaches in Disease Mapping and Analysis illustrates the utilities of freeware using real-world data and leads users down the logical decision-making path toward developing spatial-statistical relationships.Wide-Ranging Overview of GIS Applications to Contemporary Health ProblemsThis internationally reputable guide brings instructional clarity to its treatment of spatial-statistical techniques, subjecting epidemiological data to statistical rigor and advanced methodological testing. With the help of a vivid color insert, this book illustrates the applications of GIS inexamining non-contagious (asthma and dengue) and contagious (SARS) diseases, making it applicable to any public health condition on any scale.  This landmark work follows a truly interdisciplinary model, capturing the complexity of GIS for the non-specialist in a ready-to-implement way and spotlighting the global challenge of analyzing public health concerns in a geographical context.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. ix
Foreword	p. xi
Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xv
Authors	p. xvii
List of Acronyms	p. xix
GIS Concepts and Operations	p. 1
What Is a GIS?	p. 1
What a GIS Is Not	p. 2
GIS Components and Functionalities	p. 3
Data	p. 5
Equipment	p. 6
Methods	p. 7
People	p. 7
Organization	p. 8
Basic GIS Operations	p. 9
Summary	p. 11
References	p. 12
GIS and Geographic Data	p. 15
Characteristics of Geographic Data	p. 15
Topological Relations	p. 17
GIS Models: Raster versus Vector	p. 19
Raster	p. 21
Vector	p. 22
Attribute	p. 22
Data for Spatial Epidemiological Studies	p. 23
Georeferencing Locational Information	p. 25
Geocoding Problems	p. 27
Choosing the Right Address	p. 29
Aggregating Geographic Data	p. 29
Units of Aggregation	p. 30
Data Aggregation Concerns	p. 30
Summary	p. 33
References	p. 33
Spatial Analysis Software and Methods	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
Software	p. 35
CrimeStat	p. 36
GeoDa	p. 36
HealthMapper	p. 37
Summary	p. 38
Data Sets	p. 40
Spatial Analysis	p. 41
Age-Sex Standardization	p. 43
Disease Mapping	p. 44
Spatial Autocorrelation	p. 47
Geostatistical Analysis	p. 48
Summary	p. 49
References	p. 49
Point Pattern Methods of Disease Analysis	p. 51
Examining Point Patterns	p. 51
Elementary Analysis of Disease Data by Visualization	p. 53
Examining the SARS Data File	p. 53
Reading Point Data into GeoDa	p. 53
Adding a Base Map in GeoDa	p. 54
Linking Interactively the Map and Its Disease Attribute Table	p. 56
Displaying Disease Locations as Proportional Point Symbols	p. 56
Cluster Analysis: Nearest Neighbor Distance	p. 58
Setting Up a Workspace in CrimeStat	p. 58
Specifying Input Data	p. 58
Specifying Measurement Parameters and Computing NNI	p. 59
Examining Local Patterns	p. 61
Contextual Analysis	p. 63
Setting Up a Workspace in CrimeStat	p. 63
Specifying Input Data	p. 63
Specifying Measurement Parameters and Computing SDE	p. 64
Displaying SDE Using the HealthMapper	p. 64
Constraints and Limitations	p. 66
Summary	p. 69
References	p. 69
Areal Methods of Disease Analysis	p. 71
Areal Pattern Analysis	p. 71
Areal Mapping	p. 72
Disease Rates	p. 72
Rate Smoothing Techniques	p. 74
The Empirical Bayes Smoothing Method	p. 74
The Spatial Empirical Bayes Smoothing Method	p. 74
Constraints and Limitations of Choropleth Mapping	p. 79
Data Classification in Choropleth Maps	p. 79
Modifiable Areal Unit and Area Dependence Problems	p. 83
Spatial Dependence	p. 84
Measures of Spatial Autocorrelation	p. 85
Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis with GeoDa	p. 86
Examining the Dengue Data File	p. 86
Constructing Spatial Weights	p. 88
Examining Characteristics of Spatial Weights	p. 89
Constructing Spatially Lagged Variables	p. 89
Visualizing the Moran Scatterplot	p. 90
Assessing Statistical Significance of Moran's I	p. 91
Compiling Univariate LISA	p. 91
Summary	p. 92
References	p. 93
Interpolation and Associative Analysis	p. 95
Spatial Sampling and Interpolation	p. 95
Kernel Density Estimation	p. 96
Kernel Density Estimation of Asthma Occurrences in Hong Kong	p. 98
Setting Up a Workspace in CrimeStat	p. 98
Specifying Input Data	p. 98
Specifying Grid Reference	p. 98
Kernel Density Estimation	p. 100
Displaying Results of Kernel Density Estimation	p. 100
Constraints and Limitations of the Kernel Density Method	p. 102
Spatial Interpolation Methods	p. 103
IDW and Its Constraints	p. 104
Spline and Its Constraints	p. 104
Kriging (Ordinary or Universal) and Its Constraints	p. 105
Spatial Interpolation of Air Pollution Index (API) of Hong Kong	p. 106
Associate Analysis	p. 108
Application of Interpolated Surface in Associate Analysis: The Risk of Asthma Relative to API of Hong Kong	p. 109
Application of Socioeconomic Data in Associate Analysis: Risk of Asthma Relative to Monthly Household Income of the Population of Hong Kong	p. 112
Summary	p. 116
References	p. 117
Initiating a GIS Project in Spatial Epidemiology	p. 121
Introduction	p. 121
Setting Up a GIS Infrastructure	p. 122
Conceptualizing a GIS Project	p. 124
Determining the Focus of a GIS Development	p. 125
Conceptualizing a GIS Application	p. 125
Signs of an Unfeasible Project	p. 133
Summary	p. 136
References	p. 136
Current GIS Research in Health Care and Disease Analyses	p. 139
Geography of Health	p. 139
Health Outcomes and Epidemiological Studies	p. 140
Health Care Delivery Applications	p. 141
Health Care Commissioning and Needs Assessment	p. 142
Contagious versus Noncontagious Disease Analyses	p. 143
Short-Term versus Long-Term Surveillance and Disease Tracking	p. 145
Summary	p. 147
References	p. 148
List of GIS Software	p. 153
Data Description	p. 155
Data Preparation in Microsoft Excel	p. 163
Useful Web References	p. 167
Overviews and Guides to GIS	p. 167
Web-Based Tools for Public Health and Data Analysis	p. 167
Index	p. 169
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