Special Education In Contemporary Society With Infotrac: An Introduction To Exceptionality

by Gargiulo, Richard M.

• ISBN13: 9780534626419
• ISBN10: 0534626416
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-03-07
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Part 1: FOUNDATIONS OF SPECIAL EDUCATION. 1. Special Education in Context: People, Concepts, and Perspectives. 2. Policies, Practices, and Programs. 3. Cultural and Linguistic Diversity and Exceptionality. 4. Parents, Families, and Exceptionality. Part 2: A STUDY OF PERSONS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS. 5. Persons with Mental Retardation. 6. Persons with Learning Disabilities. 7. Persons with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. 8. Persons with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders. 9. Persons Who Are Gifted and Talented. 10. Persons with Speech and Language Disorders. 11. Persons with Hearing Impairments. 12. Persons with Visual Impairments. 13. Persons with Autism Spectrum Disorder. 14. Persons with Physical Disabilities, Health Disabilities, and Traumatic Brain Injury. Appendix A: Federal Definitions of Disabilities. Appendix B: Sample Individualized Education Program. Appendix C: Sample Individualized Family Services Plan. Glossary. Name Index. Subject Index.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxi
Part 1 Foundations of Special Education	1	(138)
Special Education in Context: People, Concepts, and Perspectives	2	(42)
Definitions and Terminology	4	(6)
Exceptional Children	5	(1)
Disability versus Handicap	6	(1)
Developmentally Delayed and At-Risk	7	(2)
Special Education	9	(1)
Categories and Labels	10	(3)
Prevalence of Children and Young Adults with Disabilities	13	(3)
Definitions and Difficulties	13	(1)
Number of Children and Young Adults Served	14	(2)
A Brief History of the Development of Special Education	16	(4)
Pioneers of Special Education	16	(1)
The Establishment of Institutions	17	(2)
Special Education in the Public Schools	19	(1)
Understanding Exceptionality: An Ecological Perspective	20	(3)
Professionals Who Work with Individuals with Exceptionalities	23	(10)
Consultative Services	24	(1)
Cooperative Teaching	25	(4)
Service Delivery Teams	29	(4)
Universal Design for Learning	33	(2)
Exceptionality across the Life Span	35	(6)
Infants/Toddlers and Preschoolers with Special Needs	35	(1)
Adolescents and Young Adults with Disabilities	36	(5)
Chapter in Review	41	(1)
Study Questions	41	(1)
Key Terms	42	(1)
Learning Activities	42	(1)
Technology Resources	42	(1)
Spotlight on Standards	43	(1)
Policies, Practices, and Programs	44	(36)
Litigation and Legislation Affecting Special Education	45	(13)
Key Judicial Decisions	46	(1)
Key Federal Legislation	46	(12)
Identification and Assessment of Individual Differences	58	(1)
Referral and Assessment for Special Education	59	(6)
Prereferral	60	(1)
Referral	61	(1)
Assessment	62	(2)
Instructional Programming and Appropriate Placement	64	(1)
Designing Individualized Instructional Programs	65	(5)
Individualized Education Program	66	(2)
Individualized Family Service Plan	68	(2)
Service Delivery Options: Where a Special Education Is Provided	70	(7)
Educational Placements	70	(1)
A Cascade of Service Delivery Options	71	(1)
A Contemporary Challenge	71	(6)
Chapter in Review	77	(1)
Study Questions	78	(1)
Key Terms	78	(1)
Learning Activities	78	(1)
Technology Resources	79	(1)
Spotlight on Standards	79	(1)
Cultural and Linguistic Diversity and Exceptionality	80	(30)
Cultural Diversity: The Changing Face of a Nation	81	(6)
Cultural Diversity in the Teaching Profession	83	(1)
From Assimilation to Cultural Pluralism	84	(1)
Terminology of Cultural Differences	84	(2)
Describing Diversity	86	(1)
Multicultural Education, Bilingual Education, and Student Diversity	87	(7)
Multicultural Education: Concepts and Characteristics	87	(1)
Bilingual Education: Concepts and Characteristics	88	(2)
Bilingual Special Education: Concepts and Characteristics	90	(4)
Disproportional Representation of Minority Students in Special Education Programs	94	(5)
Office for Civil Rights Survey Data	95	(2)
Factors Contributing to Over- and Underrepresentation	97	(2)
Consequences of Disproportional Representation	99	(1)
Issues in Assessing Students from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Groups	99	(5)
Assessment Challenges	101	(1)
Assessment Safeguards	101	(1)
Assessment Innovations	102	(1)
Contemporary Assessment Strategies	103	(1)
Assessment Recommendations	103	(1)
Educational Programming for Students with Exceptionalities Who Are Culturally and Linguistically Diverse	104	(3)
Chapter in Review	107	(1)
Study Questions	107	(1)
Key Terms	108	(1)
Learning Activities	108	(1)
Technology Resources	108	(1)
Spotlight on Standards	109	(1)
Parents, Families, and Exceptionality	110	(29)
Parent-Professional Relationships: Changing Roles	112	(3)
Antagonistic and Adversarial Relationships	112	(1)
Building Working Relationships	113	(2)
Parent Empowerment and Family-Centered Relationships	115	(1)
A Family Systems Approach	115	(3)
The Effects of a Child's Disability on Parents and the Family	118	(1)
Stages of Parental Reaction to Disability	119	(5)
Disability and the Family	124	(7)
Marital Relationships	124	(1)
Fathers of Children with Disabilities	125	(1)
Siblings of Children with Disabilities	125	(4)
Grandparents of Children with Disabilities	129	(2)
Working with Families Who Are Culturally and Linguistically Diverse	131	(1)
Cultural Reactions to Disability	132	(1)
Suggestions for Facilitating Family and Professional Partnerships	133	(3)
Chapter in Review	136	(1)
Study Questions	136	(1)
Key Terms	137	(1)
Learning Activities	137	(1)
Technology Resources	137	(1)
Spotlight on Standards	138	(1)
Part 2 A Study of Persons with Special Needs	139	(477)
Persons with Mental Retardation	140	(60)
Defining Mental Retardation: An Evolving Process	146	(4)
Assessing Intellectual Ability and Adaptive Behavior	150	(3)
Intellectual Ability	150	(2)
Adaptive Behavior	152	(1)
Classification of Individuals with Mental Retardation	153	(4)
An Etiological Perspective	153	(2)
Intellectual Deficits	155	(1)
An Educational Perspective	156	(1)
Levels of Support	156	(1)
A Brief History of the Field	157	(5)
Early Civilizations	158	(1)
The Middle Ages	158	(1)
Early Optimism	159	(1)
Protection and Pessimism	160	(1)
The Emergence of Public Education for Students with Mental Retardation	161	(1)
Prevalence of Mental Retardation	162	(1)
Etiology of Mental Retardation	163	(7)
Prenatal Contributions	164	(4)
Perinatal Conditions	168	(1)
Postnatal Factors	169	(1)
Prevention of Mental Retardation	170	(2)
Characteristics of Persons with Mental Retardation	172	(3)
Learning Characteristics	172	(2)
Social and Behavioral Characteristics	174	(1)
Educational Considerations	175	(9)
Where Are Students with Mental Retardation Educated?	175	(1)
Educational Programming Options	176	(3)
Instructional Methodology	179	(5)
Services for Young Children with Mental Retardation	184	(3)
Transition into Adulthood	187	(2)
Adults with Mental Retardation	189	(1)
Family Issues	190	(1)
Issues of Diversity	191	(1)
Technology and Persons with Mental Retardation	192	(1)
Trends, Issues, and Controversies	193	(3)
Chapter in Review	196	(1)
Study Questions	196	(1)
Key Terms	197	(1)
Learning Activities	197	(1)
Organizations Concerned with Mental Retardation	198	(1)
Technology Resources	198	(1)
Spotlight on Standards	199	(1)
Persons with Learning Disabilities	200	(56)
Defining Learning Disabilities	205	(5)
National Advisory Committee on Handicapped Children	206	(1)
Federal Definition of Learning Disabilities	207	(1)
National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities	208	(1)
Association for Children with Learning Disabilities	209	(1)
National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities: Revised Definition	209	(1)
The Continuing Debate	210	(1)
A Brief History of the Field	210	(3)
Foundation Phase	210	(2)
Transition Phase	212	(1)
Integration Phase	212	(1)
The Current Phase	213	(1)
Prevalence of Learning Disabilities	213	(1)
Etiology of Learning Disabilities	214	(3)
Acquired Trauma	214	(2)
Genetic/Hereditary Influences	216	(1)
Biochemical Abnormalities	216	(1)
Environmental Possibilities	216	(1)
Characteristics of Persons with Learning Disabilities	217	(10)
Learning Characteristics	221	(5)
Social and Emotional Problems	226	(1)
Attention Problems and Hyperactivity	227	(1)
Assessment of Learning Disabilities	227	(3)
Assessment Decisions	228	(1)
Assessment Strategies	228	(2)
Educational Considerations	230	(9)
Where Are Students with Learning Disabilities Educated?	230	(1)
Instructional Approaches	231	(8)
Services for Young Children with Learning Disabilities	239	(2)
Transition into Adulthood	241	(3)
Adults with Learning Disabilities	244	(2)
Family Issues	246	(1)
Issues of Diversity	246	(2)
Technology and Persons with Learning Disabilities	248	(1)
Trends, Issues, and Controversies	249	(3)
Challenges in Service Delivery: The Full Inclusion Movement	250	(1)
Educational Reform Movement	251	(1)
Chapter in Review	252	(1)
Study Questions	253	(1)
Key Terms	253	(1)
Learning Activities	254	(1)
Organizations Concerned with Learning Disabilities	254	(1)
Technology Resources	254	(1)
Spotlight on Standards	255	(1)
Persons with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	256	(32)
Defining Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	261	(1)
A Brief History of the Field	261	(2)
Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	263	(1)
Etiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	264	(2)
Neurological Dysfunction	264	(1)
Hereditary Factors	265	(1)
Environmental Factors	265	(1)
Characteristics of Persons with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	266	(4)
Behavioral Inhibition and Executive Functioning	267	(1)
Social and Emotional Issues	267	(2)
Comorbidity	269	(1)
Assessment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	270	(1)
Medical Evaluation	270	(1)
Behavioral/Educational Evaluation	271	(1)
Educational Considerations	271	(11)
Where Are Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Educated?	272	(3)
Functional Behavioral Assessment	275	(1)
Self-Regulation/Monitoring	276	(1)
Home--School Collaboration	277	(1)
Instructional Modification	277	(1)
Medication	278	(4)
Adolescents and Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	282	(2)
Educational/Vocational Outcomes	283	(1)
Marital Relations	284	(1)
Issues of Diversity	284	(1)
Chapter in Review	285	(1)
Study Questions	285	(1)
Key Terms	285	(1)
Learning Activities	286	(1)
Organizations Concerned with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	286	(1)
Technology Resources	286	(1)
Spotlight on Standards	287	(1)
Persons with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	288	(52)
Defining Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	291	(4)
Four Dimensions of Behavior	292	(1)
Disturbed and Disturbing Behavior	292	(1)
Transient Nature of Problematic Behavior	292	(1)
Typical and Atypical Behavior	293	(1)
Variability in Cultural and Social Standards of Behavior	293	(1)
Federal Definition	293	(1)
Contemporary Terminology and Definitions	294	(1)
Classification of Individuals with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	295	(2)
Clinically Derived Classification Systems	296	(1)
Statistically Derived Classification Systems	296	(1)
A Brief History of the Field	297	(4)
The Mental Hygiene Movement	298	(1)
Early Research on Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	298	(1)
The Birth of a Specialized Field of Study	299	(1)
The Emergence of Conceptual Models	299	(2)
Prevalence of Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	301	(1)
Etiology of Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	302	(2)
Biological Risk Factors	302	(1)
Psychosocial Risk Factors	302	(2)
Prevention of Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	304	(2)
Research on Resiliency	304	(1)
Research on Positive Behavioral Support	305	(1)
Characteristics of Children and Youth with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	306	(2)
Learning Characteristics	307	(1)
Social Characteristics	307	(1)
Language/Communication Characteristics	308	(1)
Assessing Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	308	(4)
Assessment Strategies	308	(1)
Recent Trends in Assessment of Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	309	(3)
Educational Considerations	312	(12)
Where Are Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders Educated?	312	(1)
Physical Environment Interventions	313	(3)
Academic and Instructional Interventions	316	(2)
Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions	318	(1)
Special Programmatic Concerns	319	(5)
Services for Young Children with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	324	(1)
Transition into Adulthood	324	(3)
Adults with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	327	(1)
Family Issues	328	(4)
Issues of Diversity	332
Technology and Persons with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	327
Trends, Issues, and Controversies	324	(11)
Teacher Shortages	324	(10)
Public Policy and Societal Attitudes	334	(1)
Lack of Interagency Collaboration	334	(1)
Creating Systems of Care	335	(1)
Chapter in Review	335	(1)
Study Questions	336	(1)
Key Terms	336	(1)
Learning Activities	337	(1)
Organizations Concerned with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	337	(1)
Technology Resources	338	(1)
Spotlight on Standards	338	(2)
Persons Who Are Gifted and Talented	340	(54)
Defining Giftedness: Refining the Meaning	343	(6)
Assessing Giftedness and Talent	349	(3)
Differences among Children Who Are Gifted and Talented	352	(1)
A Brief History of the Field of Gifted and Talented Education	353	(4)
The First Half of the Twentieth Century: Pioneering the Field	353	(1)
The 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s: Establishing Foundations for the Field	354	(1)
The 1980s and 1990s: The Field Matures and Provides Focus for School Reform	355	(2)
The Twenty-First Century: Challenges and Promise Present	357	(1)
Prevalence of Giftedness and Talent	357	(1)
Etiology of Giftedness and Talent	358	(1)
Characteristics of Persons Who Are Gifted and Talented	358	(2)
Educational Considerations	360	(15)
Differentiation	360	(2)
Instructional Strategies	362	(7)
Service Delivery Options	369	(6)
Services for Young Children Who Are Gifted and Talented	375	(1)
Adolescents and Adults Who Are Gifted and Talented	376	(1)
Family Issues	377	(2)
Issues of Diversity	379	(8)
Students with Gifts and Talents and Disabilities	379	(3)
Girls Who Are Gifted	382	(2)
Identifying and Serving Children from Diverse Backgrounds	384	(3)
Technology and Persons Who Are Gifted and Talented	387	(1)
Trends, Issues, and Controversies	388	(2)
Striving for World-Class Standards	388	(1)
Equity and Excellence	388	(1)
Full Inclusion	389	(1)
Services for Gifted Students Instead of the Gifted Program	389	(1)
Chapter in Review	390	(1)
Study Questions	390	(1)
Key Terms	391	(1)
Learning Activities	391	(1)
Organizations Concerned with Giftedness	391	(1)
Technology Resources	392	(1)
Spotlight of Standards	392	(2)
Persons with Speech and Language Disorders	394	(36)
The Nature of Speech, Language, and Communication	397	(3)
Defining Speech and Language Disorders	400	(1)
Classifying Speech and Language Disorders	401	(7)
Speech Disorders	401	(5)
Language Disorders	406	(2)
Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD)	408	(1)
Historical Perspectives	408	(1)
Prevalence of Speech and Language Disorders	409	(1)
Etiology of Speech and Language Disorders	410	(1)
Prevention of Speech and Language Disorders	411	(2)
Characteristics of Speech and Language Disorders	413	(1)
Assessing Speech and Language Disorders	414	(4)
Educational Considerations	418	(2)
Where Are Students with Speech and Language Disorders Served?	418	(2)
Responsibilities of the Speech-Language Pathologist	420	(1)
Services for Young Children with Speech and Language Disorders	420	(2)
Adolescents and Adults with Speech and Language Disorders	422	(1)
Family Issues	422	(1)
Issues of Diversity	423	(1)
Technology and Persons with Speech and Language Disorders	424	(1)
Trends, Issues, and Controversies	425	(1)
Chapter in Review	426	(1)
Study Questions	426	(1)
Key Terms	427	(1)
Learning Activities	427	(1)
Organizations Concerned with Speech and Language Disorders	428	(1)
Technology Resources	428	(1)
Spotlight on Standards	429	(1)
Persons with Hearing Impairments	430	(50)
Definitions and Concepts in the Field of Hearing Impairment	433	(8)
The Anatomy of the Auditory System	434	(1)
Classifications of Hearing Loss	435	(1)
Degree of Hearing Loss	436	(1)
Measurement of Hearing Impairment	436	(3)
Other Types of Hearing Assessment	439	(2)
Age of Onset	441	(1)
A Brief History of the Field	441	(2)
Prevalence of Hearing Impairment	443	(1)
Etiology of Hearing Impairment	444	(3)
Genetic/Hereditary Factors	444	(2)
Infections	446	(1)
Developmental Abnormalities	446	(1)
Environmental/Traumatic Factors	446	(1)
Characteristics of Persons with Hearing Impairments	447	(3)
Intelligence	447	(1)
Speech and Language	447	(1)
Social Development	448	(1)
Educational Achievement	449	(1)
Assessment of Individuals with Hearing Impairments	450	(1)
Cognitive Assessment	450	(1)
Communication Assessment	450	(1)
Personal/Social/Behavioral Assessment	451	(1)
Educational Considerations	451	(11)
Where Are Students with Hearing Impairments Served?	454	(2)
Instructional Interventions	456	(6)
Services for Young Children with Hearing Impairments	462	(1)
Transition and Individuals with Hearing Impairments	462	(1)
Services for Adults with Hearing Impairments	463	(1)
Family Issues	464	(2)
Family Reaction	464	(1)
Siblings and Grandparents	465	(1)
Issues of Diversity	466	(1)
Technology and Persons with Hearing Impairments	466	(7)
Hearing Aids and Auditory Training Devices	467	(3)
Computers	470	(1)
Alerting Devices	470	(1)
Real Time Captioning/Interpreting Technology	471	(1)
Captioning	471	(1)
Telecommunication Devices	471	(1)
Cochlear Implants	471	(2)
Trends, Issues, and Controversies	473	(2)
Chapter in Review	475	(1)
Study Questions	476	(1)
Key Terms	476	(1)
Learning Activities	477	(1)
Organizations Concerned with Hearing Impairments	477	(1)
Technology Resources	478	(1)
Spotlight on Standards	478	(2)
Persons with Visual Impairments	480	(40)
Defining Visual Impairments	483	(2)
The Eye and How It Works	485	(1)
Classification of Visual Impairments	486	(1)
A Brief History of Visual Impairments	487	(1)
Prevalence of Visual Impairments	488	(1)
The Vision Process and Etiology of Visual Impairments	489	(2)
Prevention of Visual Impairments	491	(1)
Early Detection	491	(1)
Eye Safety	491	(1)
Characteristics of Persons with Visual Impairments	492	(3)
Social and Emotional Development	492	(2)
Vocational Skills	494	(1)
Assessment of Students with Visual Impairments	495	(5)
Functional Vision Evaluation	497	(1)
Learning Media	497	(2)
Educational Assessment and Program Planning	499	(1)
Eligibility Determination	499	(1)
Educational Considerations	500	(5)
Where Are Students with Visual Impairments Educated?	501	(1)
Instructional Considerations	501	(4)
Young Children with Visual Impairments	505	(1)
Transition into Adulthood	506	(1)
Adults with Visual Impairments	507	(1)
Family Issues	508	(1)
Issues of Diversity	509	(1)
Technology and Persons with Visual Impairments	509	(4)
Legal Aspects	510	(1)
Technology and Literacy	511	(2)
Trends, Issues, and Controversies	513	(2)
Chapter in Review	515	(1)
Study Questions	516	(1)
Key Terms	516	(1)
Learning Activities	516	(1)
Organizations Concerned with Visual Impairments	517	(1)
Technology Resources	518	(1)
Spotlight on Standards	518	(2)
Persons with Autism Spectrum Disorder	520	(42)
Defining Autism: An Evolving Process	524	(1)
Classification of Individuals with Autism	525	(4)
American Psychiatric Association and the Multiaxial System	526	(1)
Pervasive Developmental Disorders	526	(1)
Asperger's Disorder	526	(2)
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act	528	(1)
Other Considerations for Classification	528	(1)
Associated Medical Conditions	529	(1)
A Brief History of the Field	529	(2)
Psychogenic Theories	530	(1)
Organic Theories	531	(1)
Behavioral Theories	531	(1)
Prevalence of Autism	531	(1)
Etiology of Autism	532	(1)
Chromosomal and Genetic Factors	532	(1)
Insults during Pregnancy	533	(1)
Structural Abnormalities of the Brain	533	(1)
Autoimmune and Environmental Factors	533	(1)
Characteristics of Persons with Autism	533	(7)
Theory of Mind	533	(1)
Social Interaction Symptoms	534	(2)
Communication Symptoms	536	(1)
Repetitive and Restrictive Behaviors	536	(1)
Other Characteristics	537	(3)
Assessment of Autism	540	(2)
Intellectual Assessment	540	(1)
Rating Scales and Behavioral Assessments	541	(1)
Functional Assessments	541	(1)
Diagnostic Instruments	542	(1)
Educational Considerations	542	(1)
Where Are Persons with Autism Educated?	543	(1)
Instructional Approaches	543	(1)
Services for Young Children with Autism	543	(3)
Early Intervention Services	544	(1)
Communication Deficits and Safety Issues	545	(1)
Curriculum Issues	545	(1)
Preschool Programs	545	(1)
Transition into Adulthood	546	(2)
Adults with Autism	548	(3)
Supervised Group and Apartment Living	550	(1)
Adult Foster Care	550	(1)
Residential Services	551	(1)
Employment Options	551	(1)
Family Issues	551	(2)
Issues of Diversity	553	(1)
Technology and Persons with Autism	553	(2)
High-Tech Devices	554	(1)
Low-Tech Devices	554	(1)
Trends, Issues, and Controversies	555	(3)
Chapter in Review	558	(1)
Study Questions	559	(1)
Key Terms	559	(1)
Learning Activities	559	(1)
Organizations Concerned with Autism Spectrum Disorder	560	(1)
Technology Resources	560	(1)
Spotlight on Standards	560	(2)
Persons with Physical Disabilities, Health Disabilities, or Traumatic Brain Injury	562	(54)
Defining Physical Disabilities, Health Disabilities, or Traumatic Brain Injury	567	(2)
A Brief History of the Field	569	(1)
Early History	569	(1)
Emergence of Public Education	570	(1)
Prevalence of Physical Disabilities, Health Disabilities or Traumatic Brain Injury	570	(1)
Etiology of Physical Disabilities, Health Disabilities, or Traumatic Brain Injury	571	(2)
Chromosomal and Genetic Defects	572	(1)
Teratogenic Causes	572	(1)
Prematurity and Complications of Pregnancy	572	(1)
Acquired Causes	573	(1)
Characteristics of Persons with Physical Disabilities, Health Disabilities, or Traumatic Brain Injury	573	(13)
Characteristics of Students with Orthopedic Impairments	573	(7)
Characteristics of Students with Multiple Disabilities	580	(1)
Characteristics of Students with Traumatic Brain Injury	581	(1)
Characteristics of Students with Other Health Impairments	582	(4)
Assessment of Physical Disabilities, Health Disabilities, or Traumatic Brain Injury	586	(1)
Educational Considerations	587	(12)
Where Are Students with Physical or Health Disabilities Educated?	587	(2)
Impact on School Performance	589	(5)
Meeting Educational Needs	594	(5)
Services for Young Children with Physical Disabilities, Health Disabilities, or Traumatic Brain Injury	599	(2)
Transition into Adulthood	601	(1)
Adults with Physical Disabilities, Health Disabilities, or Traumatic Brain Injury	602	(1)
Family Issues	603	(1)
Issues of Diversity	603	(1)
Technology and Persons with Physical Disabilities, Health Disabilities, or Traumatic Brain Injury	604	(6)
Computer Assistive Technology	606	(1)
Augmentative Communication	607	(1)
Positioning and Seating Devices	608	(1)
Mobility Devices	608	(1)
Environmental Control and Assistive Technology for Daily Living	609	(1)
Assistive Technology for Play and Recreation	609	(1)
Trends, Issues, and Controversies	610	(1)
Chapter in Review	611	(1)
Study Questions	612	(1)
Key Terms	612	(1)
Learning Activities	613	(1)
Organizations Concerned with Physical Disabilities, Health Disabilities, or Traumatic Brain Injury	613	(1)
Technology Resources	614	(1)
Spotlight on Standards	614	(2)
Postscript	616	(1)
Appendix: Federal Definitions of Disabilities	617	(2)
Glossary	619	(11)
References	630	(33)
About the Contributors	663	(3)
Name Index	666	(7)
Subject Index	673	(20)
Photo Credits	693