Speech Science

by Ferrand, Carole T.

• ISBN13: 9780205285082
• ISBN10: 0205285082
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

Speech Science provides an integration of scientific material on the acoustics and physiology of speech production and perception with state-of-the art instrumental techniques used in clinical practice. This book enables the user to easily make the connections between scientific theory and clinical management of communication disorders. This explicit linkage means that students find the theoretical information meaningful, less intimidating, and more easily accessible. Each chapter demonstrates this connection by first presenting the theoretical information and then applying the principles to assessment and management issues. This comprehensive text, which incorporates principles of speech sound production and perception, relevant anatomy and physiology, and current technology, is both student- and instructor- friendly. The material is broken into small units that are easy for students to grasp, with subsequent integration of units into larger domains. The Instructor's Manual provides made-to-order exercises that can be used in a laboratory or classroom setting, essay and multiple-choice examination questions, outlines for lectures that can be made into overheads, additional readings, and individual and group projects.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xiii
Acknowledgments	xv
Introduction	1	(6)
Overview of Chapters	3	(4)
The Nature of Sound	7	(42)
Air Pressure	8	(22)
Measurement of Air Pressure	8	(2)
Movement of Air	10	(1)
Air Pressure, Volume, and Density	11	(1)
Sound: Changes in Air Pressure	12	(2)
Elasticity and Inertia	14	(1)
Wave Motion of Sound	15	(2)
Characteristics of Sound Waves	17	(1)
Frequency and Period	17	(3)
Velocity and Wavelength	20	(1)
Sound Absorption and Reflection	21	(1)
Constructive and Destructive Interference	22	(2)
Pure Tones and Complex Waves	24	(2)
Speech as a Stream of Complex Periodic and Aperiodic Waves	26	(1)
Visually Depicting Sound Waves: Waveforms and Spectra	26	(4)
Attributes of Sounds	30	(10)
Frequency and Pitch	32	(2)
Human Range of Hearing	34	(1)
Amplitude and Intensity	34	(1)
Amplitude	34	(1)
Intensity	34	(2)
Decibel Scale	36	(3)
Advantages of the Decibel Scale	39	(1)
Auditory Area	39	(1)
Resonance	40	(7)
Free and Forced Vibration	40	(2)
Types of Resonators	42	(1)
Acoustic Resonators	42	(1)
Acoustic Resonators as Filters	43	(1)
Bandwidth	43	(2)
Cutoff Frequencies	45	(1)
Resonance Curves	45	(1)
Parameters of a Filter	46	(1)
Types of Filters	47	(1)
Summary	47	(1)
Review Exercises	48	(1)
Clinical Application of Frequency and Intensity Variables	49	(17)
Vocal Frequency and Amplitude	50	(10)
Frequency Variables	51	(1)
Average Fundamental Frequency	51	(3)
Frequency Variability	54	(2)
Maximum Phonational Frequency Range	56	(1)
Amplitude and Intensity Variables	56	(1)
Average Amplitude Level	56	(1)
Amplitude Variability	57	(1)
Dynamic Range	58	(1)
Voice Range Profile	58	(2)
Breakdowns in Control of Vocal Frequency and Amplitude	60	(4)
Voice Disorders	60	(3)
Neurological Disorders	63	(1)
Summary	64	(1)
Review Exercises	65	(1)
The Respiratory System	66	(33)
The Stucture and Mechanics of the Respiratory System	67	(31)
Structures of the Lower Respiratory System	67	(1)
Bronchial Tree	67	(5)
Muscles of Respiration	72	(3)
Accessory Muscles of Respiration	75	(1)
Muscles of the Abdomen	75	(1)
Pleural Linkage	76	(1)
Moving Air Into and Out of the Lungs	77	(1)
Inhalation	78	(1)
Exhalation	78	(1)
Rate of Breathing	78	(1)
Lung Volumes and Capacities	79	(1)
Resting Expiratory Level	80	(1)
Lung Volumes	81	(1)
Tidal Volume	81	(1)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume	82	(1)
Expiratory Reserve Volume	83	(1)
Residual Volume	83	(1)
Dead Air	84	(1)
Lung Capacities	84	(1)
Vital Capacity	84	(1)
Functional Residual Capacity	84	(1)
Total Lung Capacity	84	(1)
Development of Lung Volumes and Capacities	85	(1)
Differences Between Breathing for Life and Breathing for Speech	85	(2)
Location of Air Intake	87	(1)
Ratio of Time for Inhalation versus Exhalation	87	(1)
Volume of Air Inhaled per Cycle	88	(1)
Muscle Activity for Exhalation	88	(3)
Air Pressures and Flows in Respiration	91	(1)
Air Pressures	91	(2)
Airflow	93	(1)
Lung Volume and Chest Wall Shape	94	(1)
Breathing Patterns for Speech	95	(1)
Changes in Speech Breathing over the Life-span	96	(2)
Summary	98	(1)
Review Exercises	98	(1)
Clinical Application: Respiratory Breakdowns That Affect Speech Production	99	(12)
Conditions That Affect Speech Breathing	101	(8)
Parkinson's Disease	101	(1)
Cerebellar Disease	102	(1)
Cervical Spinal Cord Injury	103	(1)
Cerebral Palsy	104	(2)
Mechanical Ventilation	106	(1)
Voice Disorders	107	(1)
Hearing Impairment	108	(1)
Summary	109	(1)
Review Exercises	109	(2)
The Phonatory System	111	(41)
The Vocal Mechanism	112	(23)
Laryngeal Skeleton	112	(1)
Bones and Cartilages	112	(4)
Joints of the Larynx	116	(2)
Valves within the Larynx	118	(1)
Aryepiglottic Folds	118	(1)
False Vocal Folds	118	(1)
Trude Vocal Folds	118	(2)
Cover-body Model	120	(1)
Glottis	121	(1)
Muscles of the Larynx	121	(1)
Extrinsic Muscles	121	(1)
Intrinsic Muscles	121	(4)
Myoelastic--Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation	125	(2)
Vertical and Longitudinal Phase Differences during Vibration	127	(1)
Voice Fundamental Frequency	128	(1)
Voice Intensity	128	(1)
Pressures Involved in Phonation	129	(1)
The Complex Sound Wave of the Human Voice	129	(1)
Glottal Spectrum	130	(1)
Harmonic Spacing	131	(1)
Nearly Periodic Nature of the Human Voice	131	(2)
Sources of Jitter and Shimmer	133	(1)
Measurement of Jitter and Shimmer	133	(2)
Vocal Registers and Vocal Quality	135	(3)
Vocal Registers	135	(1)
Physiologic and Acoustic Bases of Pulse and Falsetto Registers	136	(1)
Pulse	136	(1)
Falsetto	137	(1)
Spectral Characteristics of Pulse and Falsetto	137	(1)
Use of Different Registers in Singing and Speaking	138	(1)
Voice Quality	138	(12)
Normal Voice Quality	140	(2)
Abnormal Voice Qualities	142	(1)
Acoustic Characteristics of Breathy and Rough or Hoarse Voice	142	(1)
Breathy Voice	143	(1)
Rough or Hoarse Voice	143	(1)
Ways of Measuring Registers and Quality	144	(1)
Electroglottography	144	(3)
EGG and Register	147	(2)
EGG Slope Quotients	149	(1)
Summary	150	(1)
Review Exercises	151	(1)
Clinical Application: Measures of Jitter, Shimmer, and Quality	152	(10)
Jitter and Shimmer Measures	152	(8)
Jitter and Shimmer Measures in Communication Disorders	153	(1)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis	154	(1)
Parkinson's Disease	154	(1)
Endotracheal Intubation	155	(1)
Laryngeal Cancer	155	(1)
Functional Voice Problems	156	(1)
Stuttering	156	(1)
Measures of Voice Quality	157	(1)
Need for Objective Measures of Voice Quality	157	(1)
Aging	158	(1)
EGG and Vocal Disorders	159	(1)
EGG and Spasmodic Dysphonia	159	(1)
EGG and Parkinson's Disease	160	(1)
Summary	160	(1)
Review Exercises	161	(1)
The Articulatory System	162	(63)
Articulators of the Vocal Tract	163	(20)
Oral Cavity	163	(1)
Lips	164	(2)
Teeth	166	(1)
Dental Occlusion	167	(1)
Hard Palate	168	(1)
Soft Palate	169	(2)
Muscles of the Velum	171	(2)
Velopharyngeal Closure	173	(1)
Tongue	173	(2)
Muscles of the Tongue	175	(1)
Tongue Movements for Speech	176	(2)
Pharynx	178	(1)
Muscles of the Pharynx	179	(1)
Nasal Cavities	179	(1)
Valves of the Vocal Tract	180	(3)
Traditional Classification System of Consonants and Vowels	183	(7)
Place of Articulation of English Consonants	183	(1)
Manner of Articulation of English Consonants	183	(1)
Stops	183	(1)
Fricatives	184	(2)
Affricates	186	(1)
Nasals	186	(1)
Glides	186	(1)
Liquids	187	(1)
Voicing	187	(1)
Vowel Classification	188	(2)
Vocal Tract Resonance	190	(29)
Characteristics of the Vocal Tract Resonator	191	(1)
Vocal Tract Filtering of the Glottal Sound Wave	192	(1)
Source-filter Theory of Vowel Production	193	(2)
Formant Frequencies Related to Oral and Pharyngeal Volumes	195	(2)
Vowel Formant Frequencies	197	(2)
F1/F2 Plots	199	(1)
Spectrographic Analysis of Sounds	200	(1)
Vowels	200	(2)
Diphthongs	202	(1)
Glides	202	(3)
Liquids	205	(1)
Stops	206	(7)
Fricatives	213	(1)
Affricates	214	(3)
Nasals	217	(2)
The Production of Speech Sounds in Context	219	(5)
Coarticulation	219	(2)
Suprasegmentals	221	(1)
Intonation	221	(1)
Stress	222	(1)
Duration	223	(1)
Summary	224	(1)
Review Exercises	224	(1)
Clinical Application: Breakdowns in Production of Vowels and Consonants	225	(17)
Source-filter Theory and Problems in Speech Production	226	(15)
Dysarthria	227	(1)
Vowel Duration Measurements	227	(1)
Vowel Formant Measurements	228	(3)
Consonant Measures	231	(2)
Hearing Impairment	233	(1)
Segmental Problems	233	(1)
Suprasegmental Problems	234	(1)
Instrumentation in Treatment Programs for Deaf Speakers	235	(1)
Palatometry and Glossometry	236	(1)
Phonological Disorders	237	(2)
Tracheotomy	239	(1)
Cleft Palate	240	(1)
Summary	241	(1)
Review Exercises	241	(1)
The Auditory System	242	(34)
Parts of the Ear	243	(9)
Outer Ear	243	(1)
Tympanic Membrane	244	(1)
Middle Ear	245	(1)
Ossicles	245	(1)
Muscles	245	(1)
Auditory Tube	246	(1)
Functions of the Middle Ear	246	(1)
Inner Ear	247	(2)
Cochlea	249	(2)
Basilar Membrane	251	(1)
Cochlear Function	251	(1)
Perception of Speech	252	(13)
Segmentation Problem	253	(1)
Instrumental Analysis of Vowel and Consonant Perception	254	(1)
Perception of Vowels and Diphthongs	254	(1)
Vowels	254	(3)
Diphthongs	257	(1)
Perception of Consonants	257	(1)
Categorical Perception	257	(2)
Multiple Acoustic Cues in Consonant Perception	259	(1)
Influence of Coarticulation	259	(1)
Liquids	260	(1)
Glides	260	(1)
Nasals	260	(1)
Stops	261	(1)
Fricatives	262	(1)
Affricates	263	(1)
The Role of Context in Speech Perception	264	(1)
Immittance Audiometry, Otoacoustic Emissions, and Cochlear Implants	265	(10)
Immitance Audiometry	265	(1)
Tympanograms	266	(1)
Tympanometric Procedure	266	(1)
Tympanogram Shapes	267	(3)
Advantages of Tympanometry	270	(1)
Otoacoustic Emissions	271	(1)
Spontaneous and Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions	271	(1)
Cochlear Implants	272	(3)
Summary	275	(1)
Review Exercises	275	(1)
Clinical Application: Perceptual Problems in Hearing Impairment, Language and Reading Disability, and Articulation Deficits	276	(15)
Hearing Loss	277	(1)
Vowel Perception	278	(1)
Consonant Perception	279	(2)
Cochlear Implants	281	(1)
Otitis Media	282	(1)
Language and Reading Disability	283	(4)
Articulatory Problems	287	(2)
Summary	289	(1)
Review Exercises	289	(2)
Models and Theories of Speech Production and Perception	291	(22)
Theories	292	(1)
Models	293	(2)
Speech Production	295	(1)
The Serial-order Issue	295	(1)
Degrees of Freedom	295	(1)
Context-sensitivity Problem	296	(1)
Theories of Speech Production	296	(1)
Target Models	296	(2)
Feedback and Feedforward Models	298	(1)
Dynamic Systems Models	299	(1)
Connectionist Models	299	(1)
Speech Perception	300	(1)
Linearity and Segmentation	300	(1)
Speaker Normalization	301	(1)
Basic Unit of Perception	301	(1)
Specialization of Speech Perception	302	(1)
Categories of Speech Perception Theories	303	(1)
Active versus Passive	303	(1)
Bottom-up versus Top-down	303	(1)
Autonomous versus Interactive	304	(1)
Theories of Speech Perception	304	(1)
Motor Theory	304	(1)
Acoustic Invariance Theory	305	(2)
Direct Realism	307	(1)
TRACE Model	307	(1)
Logogen Theory	308	(1)
Cohort Theory	308	(1)
Fuzzy Logical Model of Perception	308	(1)
Native Language Magnet Theory	309	(1)
Summary	310	(1)
Review Exercises	310	(3)
Glossary	313	(16)
Appendix	329	(2)
IPA Symbols for Consonants and Vowels	329	(2)
References	331	(18)
Index	349