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Table of Contents
Preface
Part I
Light: The Medium
Chapter 1
The Nature of Light
What is Light?
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Visible Spectrum
Illuminance and Luminance[[emdash]]Five Metrics
Luminous Flux
Illuminance
Luminous Intensity
Luminance
Luminous Exitance
The Eye and Seeing
Physiology of the Eye
The Controllable Qualities of Light
Intensity
Distribution
Color
Movement
Sidebar 1.1 Designer Profile: Ken Billington
Functions of Lighting
Visibility
Establishing a Scene
Modeling
Mood
Focus
Composition
Style
Staging the Story
Ryhthm
For Further Reading
Chapter 2
Light and Perception
Visibility
Intensity or Brightness
Relative Intensity
Psychological Responses
Intensity Related Issues
Mood Alteration
Overstimulation
Glare
Color Perception
Adaptation
Defining Form and Shape
Front Light
Sidelight
Downlight and Backlight
Sidebar 2.1 Designer Profile Marilyn Lowey
Key and Fill
Silhouettes and Grazing
Shape
Composition
Movement and Light
Cues and Transitions
For Further Reading
Chapter 3
Color and Its Effects
What is Color?
The Visible Spectrum
Primary Colors
CIE Chromaticity Chart
Color Temperature
Color Rendering
Additive and Subtractive Mixing
Additive Mixing
Subtractive Mixing
Filtering Light
Color Media
Plastic Media
Sidebar 3.1 Spectral Analysis of Gel
Glass Media
Dichroic Filters
Diffusion
Creating Color Through Light
Color Prediction
Red Shift/Amber Drift
Complementary Tint System
Psychological Effects of Color
Color Contrast
Adaptation and Afterimages
Practical Use of Color in Lighting Design
Sidebar 3.2 Designer Considerations for Color and Light
Sidebar 3.3 Designer Profile Mark Stanley
For Further Reading
Part II
Light: The Tools
Chapter 4
The Practitioners
Theatrical and Live Performance Production
Design Professionals
Sidebar 4.1 Designer Profile John Martin
Theatrical Crews
Film and Video
Design Professionals
Production Crews
Architectural Lighting
Unions and Certifications
Professional Organizations and Societies
For Further Reading
Chapter 5
Electricity
Basics of Electricity
Atomic Theory
Electrical Potential
Grounding
Fundamental Circuits
Conductors and Insulators
Series Circuits
Parallel Circuits
Units of Measurement and the Essential Formulas
Units of Measure
Power Formula and Ohm’s Law
Sidebar 5.1 Determination of Lamp Load
Direct Current Verses Alternating Current
Direct Current
AC Power Generation
Transformers
Power Distribution
Electrical Services
Electrical Hardware
Wire
Cables
Circuit Protection
Switches
Dimmers
Company Switches and Distribution Panels
Commercial Distribution
Theatrical Distribution
Sidebar 5.2 Electrical Safety
For Further Reading
Chapter 6
Lamps and Other Light Sources
Lumens and Lamp Life
Lamps and Color
Incandescent Lamps
Filaments
Bulbs
Bases
Sidebar 6.1 Light Center Length (LCL)
Tungsten-Halogen or Quartz Lamps
Arc Light Sources
Limelight
Carbon-Arc
Short-Arc and High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
Short-Arc Lamps
High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
Gaseous Discharge Lamps
Fluorescent Lamps
Low -Voltage Lamps
ANSI Codes
LEDs
Lasers
For Further Reading
Chapter 7
Luminaire Fundamentals
Basic Principles of Optics
Reflection
Transmission
Refraction
An Essential Luminaire
Sidebar 7.1 Luminaire Maintenance
Photometics
Beam Angle and Field Angle
Photometric Data and Cut Sheets
Choosing Luminaires
Entertainment Luminaires
Spotlights
Followspots
Sidebar 7.2 Followspot Pickup Techniques
Floodlights
Optical Accessories
Hanging Accessories
Practicals
For Further Reading
Chapter 8
Control Fundamentals
Brightness Control and Dimming
Circuiting
Mastering
Mechanical Mastering
Elecrical Mastering
Electronic Mastering
Principles of Electronic Dimming
Gating
Sidebar 8.1: Dimmer Curves and Trimming
New Trends in Electronic Dimming (Sine Wave Dimming)
Control Protocols
Analog Control
Digital Control
Lighting Control Consoles
Preset Control
Sidebar 8.2: Common Control Functions of Preset Consoles
Sidebar 8.3: Rock and Roll Console Features
Memory Control
Sidebar 8.4: Additional Controls in Computer Consoles
Automated Control Consoles
Show Control
State of the Art Control
Dimmer-per-Circuit
Multiplexing (Dimmer DoublingTM)
Distributed Dimming
Wireless Dimming
For Further Reading
Chapter 9
Advanced Equipment and Personal Computers in Lighting
Primary Control of Advanced Gear
DMX Control
Sidebar 9.1: Binary Code and Addressing
Sidebar 9.2: Ten Practical Tips for Setting up DMX Networks
Sidebar 9.3: Several Programming Tips for Working with Automated Lighting
Sophisticated Control of Advanced Gear
Accessories for Conventional Luminaires
Scrollers
Moving Yokes
Moving Mirror Accessories
Gobo Rotators
Automated Lighting
Sidebar 9.4: Common Automated Lighting Effect Cues
Moving Heads (Moving Yokes)
Scanners (Moving Mirrors)
Non-traditional Sources
Ballasted Fixtures
Strobes
Fiber Optics
LEDs
Lasers
The Personal Computer
CAD and Drafting Applications
Design Paperwork
Control and Off-line Editing
Communication and Training
Design Analysis
Visualization
For Further Reading
Part III
Light: Design Fundamentals
Chapter 10
Essentials of Lighting Design
Special Considerations in Lighting Design
Directors and Collaboration
The Influences of Light
Controllable Quantities of Light
Functions of Lighting
Sidebar 10.1: Designer Profile: Brian MacDevitt
Analysis for Lighting
Script Analysis and Entertainment Designs
Sidebar 10.2: Scenic Breakdown of Arthur Miller’s The Crucible
Style in Lighting
Conceptualization
Additional Preparation
Design Research
Design and Production Meetings
Rehearsals
Developing Lighting Schemes and Concepts
Lighting Keys
Communicating Design Ideas
Storyboards
Lighting Scores
Light Labs
Computer Visualization
For Further Reading
Chapter 11
Basics of General Illumination
Lighting the Subject
Typical Theatrical Lighting Positions
Proscenium Theatre
Sidebar 11.1: Hanging Positions and Lighting Distribution
Black Box Theatre
Variations
Floorplans and Sections
Basics of General Illumination or Area Lighting
Primary Formula Approaches for Area Lighting
Single Source System
Wash System
The McCandless System
Double or Triple Hanging
Area versus Color Control
Alternative Systems for Area Lighting
Key and Fill
The Washed Stage
Zone Lighting
Jewel Lighting
Building on General Lighting
Sidebar 11.2: Focus Patterns for Common Wash Systems
Special Areas
Sculpting and Modeling Accents
Blending and Toning Accents
Motivational Accents
Additional Lighting Demands
Special Visibility
Lighting Costumes
Lighting for Scenery
Effects Lighting
Sidebar 11.3: Designer Profile Jeff Davis
For Further Reading
Chapter 12
Plotting the Design
Translating Concepts and Lighting Keys into Practical Design Choices
Working with Floorplans and Sections
Floorplans or Groundplans
Sections
An Approach to Plotting a Design
Preliminary Tasks/Preparation
Rehearsals
The Wish List
Making a Design Practical
The Tentative Hookup
The Rough Light Plot
Drafting and the Lighting Design
Drafting Light Plots
Sidebar 12.1: Common Numbering Practices
Drafting the Section
Lighting Schedules and Design Paperwork
Hookup
Instrument Schedule
Magic Sheets
Shop Orders
CAD Drafting and Lighting Design
For Further Reading
Chapter 13
Moving into the Venue
Final Preparations for the Load-in
The Cue Synopsis
The Load-in
Sidebar 13.1: A Typical Load-in Schedule
The Focus Call
The Level Setting or Cue Writing Session
Cueing Aids for Memory Consoles
Sidebar 13.2: Cueing Aids
Rehearsals in the Venue
Technical Rehearsals
Dress Rehearsals, Previews, and Openings
Running and Maintaining the Production
Sidebar 13.3: Designer Profile Beverly Emmons
For Further Reading
Chapter 14
Variations on Essential Theatrical Design
Thrust and Arena Productions
Thrust Productions
Arena Productions
Outdoor Dramas and Festival Productions
Transfer Productions
Touring Productions
Repertory Productions
Designing for Specific Genre
Sidebar 14.1 : Designer Profile F. Mitchell Dana
For Further Reading
Part IV
Light: Design Applications
Chapter 15
Traditional Areas of Theatrical Design (Drama, Dance, Opera, and Musical Theatre)
Lighting for Drama
Performance Considerations
Design Techniques
Dance Lighting
Performance Considerations
Design Techniques
Sidebar 15.1: Designer Profile Jennifer Tipton
Opera and Operetta Lighting
Performance Considerations
Design Techniques
Lighting Musical Theatre
Performance Considerations
Design Techniques
Sidebar 15.2: Common Musical Theatre Cueing Terminology
For Further Reading
Chapter 16
Non-Traditional Entertainment Design
The Music Scene (Revues, Clubs, and Concert Lighting)
Musical Revues
Nightclubs and Dance Club Lighting
Concert Lighting
Sidebar 16.1: Designer Profile James L. Moody
The Spectacle Performance
Headline Acts
Arena Productions and Stadium Productions
Sidebar 16.2: Designer Profile Jeff Ravitz
Dedicated Venues
Additional Areas of Spectacle
Trade Shows, Industrials, and Corporate Events
Corporate Mentality
Sidebar 16.3: Designer Profile Betsy Adams
Film and Video Basics
Light and the Camera
Key and Fill Light
Control Elements
Key Elelments in Film/Video Illumination
Three-Point Lighting
Sidebar 16.4: Designer Profile William L. Klages
For Further Reading
Chapter 17
Additional Lighting Applications
Retail and Exhibit Lighting
Lighting Layers
Essentials of Retail and Museum/Gallery Lighting
Sidebar 17.1: Designer Profile Cindy Limauro
Architectural Lighting
Unique Qualities and Demands of Architectural Lighting
Architectural Luminaire Classifications
Key Elements in Architectural General Illumination
The Architectural Lighting Design Process
Sidebar 17.2: Lighting Design Questions
Sidebar 17.3: Designer Profile Robert Shook
Daylighting
Lighting Green and Lighting Economics
Landscape Lighting
Lighting Landscapes
Essential Approaches to Lighting Landscapes
Principles of Landscape Lighting
Themed Design and Specialty Lighting
The Story
Development of a Themed Project
Considerations of Themed (Specialty) Lighting Design
Sidebar 17.4: Designer Profile Tom Ruzika
Virtual Lighting (Renderings, Virtual Reality, Gaming, etc.)
Virtual Design
Sidebar 17.5: Designer Profile Chris Wells
Virtual Light Sources
Lighting Techniques for Virtual Lighting
Sidebar 17.6: Designer Profile Christopher Higgins
For Further Reading
Chapter 18
Projections and Lighting
A Brief History of Projection
Projection Considerations
Sidebar 18.1: Considerations of Projection Design
Elements of Projection
Front or Rear Projection?
Traditional Projection Equipment
Lensless Projectors
Lens Projectors
The Ellipsoidal Reflector Spotlight (ERS)
The 35mm Projector
Sidebar 18.2: Calculations Regarding Projectors and Lenses
Scenic Projectors
Slides and Source Materials
Projection Screens
Front-Projection Screens
Rear-Projection Screens
Practical Issues of Projection
Two Critical Considerations (Path and Balance)
Spill and Ambient Light
Image Size
Distortion
Sidebar 18.3: Keystone Correction
Sidebar 18.4: Mathematical Grid for Keystone Correction
Digital Projectors and Lights, LCD/LED Screens, and Media Severs
Lasers and Effects Projection
Convergence
For Further Reading
Part V
Light: Online Application Chapters
Chapter 19
The Music Scene (Revues, Clubs, and Concert Lighting)
Musical Revues
Evolution of Club and Concert Lighting
Nightclubs and Dance Club Lighting
Unique Issues in Concert Lighting
Touring Successfully
Concert Gear
Plotting Principles for Concert Lighting
Cueing Principles for Musical Events and Concerts
For Further Reading
Chapter 20
The Spectacle Performance
Headline Acts
Arena Productions
Stadium Productions
Specialty Shows with Spectacle
Dedicated Venues
Additional Areas of Spectacle
For Further Reading
Chapter 21
Trade Shows, Industrials, and Corporate Events
Trade Shows
Fashion Shows
Corporate Meetings
Industrials
For Further Reading
Chapter 22
Film and Video Basics
Unique Qualities of Film and Video
Light and the Camera
Latitude and Contrast Ratios
Light Meters
Film and Video Luminaires
Lighting Accessories
Film and Video Control Elements
Filters, Color Correction, and Diffusion
Film/Video Studios and Sound Stages
Film/Video Production Practices
Key Elements in Film/Video Illumination
Three-Point Lighting
Following Source
Area Lighting for Film and Video
Special Cases of Lighting for Film and Video
For Further Reading
Chapter 23
Display/Retail and Exhibit/Museum Lighting
Essentials of Display and Exhibit Lighting
Lighting Layers
Principles of Retail Lighting
Display Cabinets
Window Displays
Essentials of Museum and Gallery Lighting
Exposure and Conservation
Daylighting in Museums and Galleries
Energy Efficiency, Economics, and Maintenance
For Further Reading
Chapter 24
Architectural Lighting
Unique Qualities/Demands of Architectural Lighting
Architectural Luminaire Classifications
Ballasts and Architectural Control Elements
Architectural Hanging/Mounting Positions
Architectural Lighting Techniques
Lighting Calculations
The Architectural Lighting Design Process
Lighting Layouts and Design Documentation
Daylighting
Lighting Green and Lighting Economics
Examples of Interior Lighting
Examples of Exterior Lighting
For Further Reading
Chapter 25
Landscape Lighting
Lighting Landscapes
Essential Approaches to Lighting Landscapes
Distribution Patterns in Landscape Lighting
Principles of Landscape Lighting
Line-Voltage versus 12-Volt Lighting Systems
Voltage Drop
Fighting the Elements
Landscape Luminaires and Accessories
Control of Landscape Lighting
The Design Process and Documentation
Lighting Exteriors and Buildings as Landscape Design
Landscape Lighting on a Grand Scale
For Further Reading
Chapter 26
Themed Design
Themed versus Amusement Entertainment
History of Themed Entertainment
The Story
Development of a Themed Project
Considerations of Themed (Specialty) Lighting Design
Lighting Equipment and Design Documentation
Construction/Installation Process
Examples of Themed (Specialty) Lighting Design
For Further Reading
Chapter 27
Virtual Lighting (Renderings, Virtual Reality, Gaming, etc.)
Virtual Design
Calibration
Virtual Light Sources
Lighting Techniques for Virtual Lighting
Contrast Ratios
Rendering Approaches
Unique Properties of Virtual Rendering
Examples of Virtual Lighting
For Further Reading
Appendices
A.Lighting Periodicals
B.Lighting Equipment Manufactures
C.USITT Lighting Graphics Standard (Online)
D.IESNA Graphics (Online)
GlossaryBibliography
Index
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