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9780470392225

Statistics, 9th Edition

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780470392225

  • ISBN10:

    0470392223

  • Edition: 9th
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2009-09-01
  • Publisher: Wiley

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Summary

Drawing upon over 40 years of experience, the authors of this highly accessible book provide business professionals with a clear and methodical approach to essential statistical procedures. The ninth edition clearly explains the basic concepts and procedures of descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. It features a new emphasis on expressions involving sums of squares and degrees of freedom as well as a stronger stress on the importance of variability. This accessible approach will help business professionals tackle such perennially mystifying topics as the standard deviation, variance interpretation of the correlation coefficient, hypothesis tests, degrees of freedom, p-values, and estimates of effect size.

Table of Contents

Introduction
Why Study Statistics?
What Is Statistics?
More About Inferential Statistics
Three Types of Data
Levels of Measurement
Types of Variables
How to Use This Book
Summary
Important Terms
Review Questions
Descriptive Statistics
Describing Data with Tables and Graphs
Tables Frequency Distributions
Frequency Distributions for Quantitative Data
Guidelines
Outliers
Relative Frequency Distributions
Cumulative Frequency Distributions
Frequency Distributions for Qualitative (Nominal) Data
Interpreting Distributions Constructed by Others
Graphs
Graphs for Quantitative Data
Typical Shapes
A Graph for Qualitative (Nominal) Data
Misleading Graphs
Doing It Yourself
Summary
Important Terms
Review Questions
Describing Data with Averages
Mode
Median
Mean
Which Average?
Averages for Qualitative and Ranked Data
Summary. Important Terms
Key Equation
Review Questions
Describing Variability
Intuitive Approach
Range
Variance
Standard Deviation
DETAILS: Standard Deviation
Degrees of Freedom (df
Interquartile Range (IQR
Measures of Variability for Qualitative and Ranked Data
Summary
Important Terms
Key Equations
Review Questions
Normal Distributions and Standard Scores (z)
The Normal Curve
z Scores
Standard Normal Curve
Solving Normal Curve Problems
Finding Proportions
Finding Scores
More about z Scores
Summary
Important Terms
Key Equations
Review Questions
Describing Relationships: Correlation
An Intuitive Approach
Scatterplots
A Correlation Coefficient for Quantitative Data: r
DETAILS: z Score Formula for r
DETAILS: Computation Formula for r
Outliers Again
Other Types of Correlation Coefficients
Computer Output
Summary
Important Terms
Key Equations
Review Questions
Regression
Two Rough Predictions
A Regression Line
Least Squares Regression Line
Standard Error of Estimate, Sy¦x
Assumptions
Multiple Regression Equations
Regression Toward The Mean
Summary
Important Terms
Key Equations
Review Questions
Inferential Statistics
Populations, Samples, and Probability
Populations and Samples
Populations
Samples
Random Sampling
Tables of Random Numbers
Random Assignment of Subjects
Surveys or Experiments?
Probability
Definition
Addition Rule
Multiplication Rule
Probability and Statistics
Summary
Important Terms
Key Equations
Review Questions
Sampling Distribution of the Mean
What is a Sampling Distribution?
Creating a Sampling Distribution from Scratch
Some Important Symbols
Mean of All Sample Means
Standard Error of the Means
Shape of the Sampling Distribution
Other Sampling Distributions
Summary
Important Terms
Key Equations
Review Questions
Introduction to Hypothesis Testing: the z Test
Testing a Hypothesis about SAT Scores
z Test for a Population Mean
Step-by-Step Procedure
Statement of the Research Problem
Null Hypothesis (H0
Alternative Hypothesis (H1
Decision Rule
Calculations
Decision
Interpretation
Summary
Important Terms
Key Equations
Review Questions
More about Hypothesis Testing
Why Hypothesis Tests?
Strong or Weak Decisions
One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests
Choosing a Level of Significance (a)
Testing a Hypothesis about Vitamin C
Four Possible Outcomes
If H0 Really Is True
If H0 Really Is False Because of a Large Effect
If H0 Really Is False Because of a Small Effect
Influence of Sample Size
Power and Sample Size
Summary
Important Terms
Review Questions
Estimation Confidence Intervals
Point Estimate for m
Confidence Interval (CI) for m
Interpretation of a Confidence Interval
Level of Confidence
Effect of Sample Size
Hypothesis Tests or Confidence Intervals?
Confidence Interval for Population Percent
Summary
Important Terms
Key Equation
Review Questions
tTest for One Sample
Gas Mileage Investigation
Sampling Distribution of t
t Test
Common Theme of Hypothesis Tests
Reminder about Degrees of Freedom
Details: Estimating the Standard Error
Details: Calculations for t Test
Confidence Intervals for m Based on t
Assumptions
Summary
Important Terms
Key Equations
Review Questions
t Test for Two Independent Samples
EPO Experiment
Statistical Hypotheses
Sampling Distribution
t Test
DETAILS: Calculations for t Test
p-Values
Statistically Significant Results
Estimating Effect Size: Point Estimates and Confidence Intervals
Estimating Effect Size: Cohen's d
Reports in the Literature
Assumptions
Computer Output
Summary
Important Terms
Key Equations
Review Questions
t Test for Two Related Samples Repeated Measures
EPO Experiment with Repeated Measures
Statistical Hypotheses
Sampling Distribution
t Test
DETAILS: Calculations for t Test
Estimating Effect Size
Assumptions
Overview: Three t Tests for Population Means
t Test for the Population Correlation Coefficient,
Summary
Important Terms
Key Equations
Review Questions
Analysis of Variance One Factor
Testing a Hypothesis about Aggression and Sleep Deprivation
Two Sources of Variability
F Test
Details: Variance Estimates
Details: Mean Squares (MS) and the F Ratio
Table for F Distribution
ANOVA Summary Tables
F Test Is Nondirectional
Estimating Effect Size
Multiple Comparisons
Overview: Flow Chart for ANOVA
Reports in the Literature
Assumptions
Computer Output
Summary
Important Terms
Key Equations
Review Questions
Analysis of Variance Repeated Measures
Sleep Deprivation Experiment with Repeated Measures
F Test
Two Complications
Details: Variance Estimates
Details: Mean Square (MS) and the F Ratio
Table for F Distribution
ANOVA Summary Tables
Estimating Effect Size
Multiple Comparisons
Reports in the Literature
Assumptions
Summary
Important Terms
Key Equations
Review Questions
Analysis of Variance Two Factors
A Two-Factor Experiment: Responsibility in Crowds
Three F Tests
Interaction
DETAILS: Variance Estimates
DETAILS: Mean Squares (MS) and F Ratios
Table for F Distribution
Estimating Effect Size
Multiple Comparisons
Simple Effects
Overview: Flow Chart for Two-Factor ANOVA
Reports in the Literature
Assumptions
Other Types of ANOVA
Summary
Important Terms
Key Equations
Review Questions
Chi-Square (c²) Test for Qualitative (Nominal) Data
One-variable c² Test
Survey of Blood Types
Statistical Hypotheses
DETAILS: Calculation of c²
Table for c² Distribution
c² Test
Two-variable c² Test
Lost Letter Study
Statistical Hypotheses
Details: Calculation ofc²
Table for c² Distribution
c² Test
Estimating Effect Size
Odds Ratios
Reports in the Literature
Some Precautions
Computer Output
Summary
Important Terms
Key Equations
Review Questions
Tests for Ranked (Ordinal) Data
Use Only When Appropriate
A Note on Terminology
Mann-Whitney U Test
Wilcoxon T Test Two Related Samples
Kruskal-Wallis H Test Three or More Independent Samples
General Comment: Ties
Summary
Important Terms
Review Questions
Postscript: Which Test?
Descriptive or Inferential Statistics?
Hypothesis Tests or Confidence Intervals?
Quantitative or Qualitative Data?
Distinguishing between the Two Types of Data
One, Two, or More Groups?
Concluding Comments
Review Questions
Appendices
Math Review
Answers to Selected Questions
Tables
Glossary
Index
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

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