Changing Role of Information Warfare The Changing Role of Information in Warfare

by Khalilzad, Zalmay; White, John; Marshall, Andrew W.

• ISBN13: 9780833026637
• ISBN10: 0833026631
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 5/4/1999
• Publisher: RAND Corporation

Summary

Advanced information technologies will have a profound effect on our national security. Driven by the need to understand this revolution and to take steps towards defending against information attack, the editors provided this thorough examination of information warfare, with implications for the U.S. and other countries.

Table of Contents

Preface	iii
Figures	xiii
Tables	xv
Acknowledgments	xvii
Abbreviations	xix
Foreword	1	(6)
Andrew W. Marshall
Introduction	7	(10)
Zalmay Khalilzad
John White
Structure of the Book	11	(3)
Information Technology and Society	11	(1)
U.S. Opportunities and Vulnerabilities	12	(1)
Issues and Lessons for Decisionmakers	13	(1)
References	14	(3)
PART I: SOCIETY AND THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM	17	(138)
The American Military Enterprise in the Information Age	19	(26)
Carl H. Builder
Introduction: The Social and Military Perspectives	19	(1)
The Roots of Revolution	20	(4)
Historical Patterns	24	(2)
Cultural Factors	26	(2)
What Is the Enterprise?	28	(4)
Adapting to the Information Revolution	32	(3)
Applying New Technologies to Old Enterprises	35	(2)
The Future Enterprise of the Military	37	(5)
Bibliography	42	(3)
Right Makes Might: Freedom and Power in the Information Age	45	(30)
David C. Gompert
Introduction	45	(5)
Information Technology and World Politics	45	(3)
Implications	48	(2)
Information Technology Needs Freedom	50	(9)
Knowledge and Economic Freedom	50	(5)
Knowledge and Political Freedom	55	(1)
Economic Freedom and Political Freedom	56	(3)
National Power Needs Information Technology	59	(7)
Information Technology and Military Capabilities	59	(3)
Freedom as Vulnerability	62	(3)
The Changing Profile of Power	65	(1)
Power as Partners	66	(7)
Power, Integration, and Common Success	66	(3)
Integrating Rising Powers	69	(1)
The Future of the Core	70	(3)
Bibliography	73	(2)
Networks, Netwar, and Information-Age Terrorism	75	(38)
John Arquilla
David Ronfeldt
Michele Zanini
A New Terrorism (with Old Roots)	75	(3)
Recent Views About Terrorism	78	(2)
The Advent of Netwar---Analytical Background	80	(10)
Definition of Netwar	82	(1)
More About Organizational Design	83	(4)
Caveats About the Role of Technology	87	(1)
Swarming, and the Blurring of Offense and Defense	88	(1)
Networks Versus Hierarchies: Challenges for Counternetwar	89	(1)
Middle Eastern Terrorism and Netwar	90	(11)
Middle Eastern Terrorist Groups: Structure and Actions	92	(5)
Middle Eastern Terrorist Groups and the Use of Information Technology	97	(3)
Summary Comment	100	(1)
Terrorist Doctrines---The Rise of a ``War Paradigm''	101	(4)
The Coercive-Diplomacy Paradigm	101	(1)
The War Paradigm	102	(1)
The New World Paradigm	103	(1)
The Paradigms and Netwar	104	(1)
References	105	(8)
Information and War: is It a Revolution?	113	(42)
Jeremy Shapiro
Introduction: Al-Khafji	113	(1)
The Meaning of Revolution	114	(3)
Possible Revolutions	117	(25)
Social Revolution	118	(5)
Political Revolution	123	(6)
Military Revolution	129	(13)
Evolutionary and Revolutionary Proposals	142	(4)
Conclusion: Implications of a False Revolution	146	(2)
References	148	(7)
PART II: U.S. OPPORTUNITIES AND VULNERABILITIES	155	(170)
Information and Warfare: New Opportunities for U.S. Military Forces	157	(22)
Edward Harshberger
David Ochmanek
Information in Warfare: A Simple Taxonomy	158	(4)
Knowing the Enemy	158	(1)
Knowing Yourself	159	(1)
Knowing the Ground, Knowing the Weather	160	(1)
Controlling Forces	160	(1)
Speed and Decisiveness	161	(1)
A Two-Sided Game	162	(1)
Future Victory: New Opportunities	162	(14)
Military Advances in Information Technology	163	(7)
How New Information Capabilities Might Affect U.S. Military Operations	170	(6)
Conclusions	176	(2)
References	178	(1)
U.S. Military Opportunities: Information-Warfare Concepts of Operation	179	(38)
Brian Nichiporuk
Introduction	179	(4)
What Do We Mean By ``Information Warfare''?	180	(1)
The Importance of Offensive Information Warfare	181	(2)
Emerging Asymmetric Strategies	183	(8)
Increasing Niche Capabilities	184	(4)
Enemy Strategies That Target Key U.S. Vulnerabilities	188	(2)
Political Constraints on U.S. Force Deployments	190	(1)
Developing Operational Concepts for Future Offensive Information Warfare	191	(20)
Information-Based Deterrence	193	(5)
Preserving Strategic Reach	198	(4)
Counterstrike	202	(5)
Counter-C41SR	207	(4)
Comparing the Four CONOPs	211	(2)
References	213	(4)
The Information Revolution and Psychological Effects	217	(36)
Stephen T. Hosmer
Objectives and Instruments of Psychological Effects	217	(2)
U.S. and Enemy Experience with Psychological Effects	219	(12)
U.S. -Caused Psychological Effects at the Strategic Level: Air Attacks on Enemy Strategic Targets	219	(2)
U.S. -Caused Psychological Effects at the Operational and Tactical Levels	221	(3)
Enemy-Caused Psychological Effects at the Strategic Level	224	(6)
Enemy-Caused Psychological Effects at the Operational and Tactical Levels	230	(1)
Advanced Technological Systems and Psychological Effects	231	(11)
Impact of Advanced Systems on Future War-Fighting Capabilities	231	(1)
Implications for Future U.S. -Caused Psychological Effects	232	(4)
Implications for Future Enemy-Caused Psychological Effects	236	(6)
The Need to Manage Future Psychological Effects	242	(5)
Managing Psychological Effects in a Changing Information Environment	242	(3)
Managing the Psychological Effects of Future Military Operations	245	(2)
Conclusion	247	(1)
References	248	(5)
U.S. Strategic Vulnerabilities: Threats Against Society	253	(30)
Roger C. Molander
Peter A. Wilson
Robert H. Anderson
What is SIW?	253	(3)
U.S. Strategic Infrastructure Vulnerabilities and Threats	256	(7)
Information and Communications	259	(1)
Physical Distribution	260	(1)
Energy	261	(1)
Banking and Finance	262	(1)
Vital Human Services	263	(1)
The Need for New Decisionmaking Frameworks	263	(1)
An Evolving Series of Frameworks	264	(1)
An Initial Formulation	264	(16)
Key Dimensions of the SIW Environment	266	(1)
Key Strategy and Policy Issues	267	(4)
Current State of First-Generation SIW	271	(4)
Alternative First-Generation SIW End States	275	(2)
Alternative Action Plans	277	(3)
Conclusions	280	(1)
References	280	(3)
Implications of Information Vulnerabilities for Military Operations	283	(42)
Glenn C. Buchan
An Overview of Air Force Operations and Their Dependence on Information: Present and Future	284	(3)
Disrupting Air Force Operations	287	(9)
Potential Threats	287	(3)
Potential Vulnerabilities	290	(6)
Direct Impacts of Information Disruption	296	(2)
Operational Implications	298	(15)
Major Conflicts	298	(9)
Lesser Operations	307	(6)
Reducing Vulnerabilities and Coping with Their Effects	313	(8)
Why Intelligence Assessments and Warning Concepts Are Largely Irrelevant	313	(4)
How to Defend and Recover	317	(4)
Conclusions	321	(1)
References	322	(3)
PART III: ISSUES, STRATEGIES, AND LESSONS FOR DECISIONMAKERS	325	(127)
Military Organization in the Information Age: Lessons from the World of Business	327	(34)
Francis Fukuyama
Abram N. Shulsky
The Importance of Organization in a Time of Revolutionary Change	327	(3)
The Effects of the ``Information Revolution'' on Corporate Organization	330	(10)
Flattening: Creating Shorter Data Paths	331	(4)
``Informating''	335	(3)
Concentrating on ``Core Competencies''	338	(2)
Implications for the U.S. Armed Forces	340	(17)
Organizational Structures	342	(2)
Creating a Learning Institution	344	(5)
Personnel Policy: ``Freedom to Fail''	349	(3)
Personnel Policy: Distribution of Skills in the Organization	352	(1)
``Revolution in Business Affairs'': Procurement	353	(4)
Organizational Structure Must Reflect Objectives	357	(1)
Exogenous Political Constraints	358	(1)
References	359	(2)
Arms Control, Export Regimes, and Multilateral Cooperation	361	(18)
Lynn E. Davis
Past Accomplishments	362	(5)
Arms Control	362	(2)
Export Control Regimes	364	(2)
Multilateral Cooperation	366	(1)
Information Systems and Technologies	367	(8)
Arms Control	367	(4)
Export Controls	371	(3)
Multilateral Cooperation	374	(1)
A Strategy During This Time of Uncertainty	375	(2)
References	377	(2)
Ethics and Information Warfare	379	(24)
John Arquilla
Concepts and Definitions	380	(6)
The Concepts of Just War Theory	381	(3)
Defining Information Warfare	384	(2)
Just War Theory and Information Warfare	386	(5)
Jus ad Bellum	387	(1)
Jus in Bello	388	(3)
Some Guidelines for Policy	391	(7)
Policy Toward Going to War	392	(2)
On Just Warfighting	394	(4)
Closing Thoughts	398	(1)
References	398	(5)
Defense in a Wired World: Protection, Deterrence, and Prevention	403	(34)
Zalmay Khalilzad
The Threat	406	(4)
The Attacks	410	(2)
Strategies of Defense: Protection, Deterrence, and Prevention	412	(21)
Protection	413	(5)
Deterrence	418	(8)
Prevention	426	(7)
Toward a National Strategy for Information-Warfare Defense	433	(1)
References	434	(3)
Conclusion: the changing Role of Information in Warfare	437	(15)
Martin Libicki
Jeremy Shapiro
Trend or Fad?	438	(2)
Perfect Security?	440	(2)
National Policy Issues	442	(5)
Air Force Policy Issues	447	(4)
A Timeless Lesson of Information Warfare	451	(1)
References	452