The Streamkeeper's Field Guide: Watershed Inventory and Stream Monitoring Methods

by Murdoch, Thomas; Cheo, Martha

• ISBN13: 9780965210904
• ISBN10: 0965210901
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1991-06-01
• Publisher: Adopt-A-Stream Fndtn

Table of Contents

FOREWORD	x
What is a Streamkeeper
Anyone Can Become a Streamkeeper
Why Become a Streamkeeper
Streamkeeper Parts
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK	xii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	xiv
PART ONE WATERSHEDS	1-42	(42)
Chapter 1 UNDERSTANDING WATERSHEDS	2	(16)
INTRODUCTION TO WATERSHEDS	2	(2)
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE	4	(1)
Water Above the Surface	4	(1)
Water on the surface	4	(1)
Water Under the Surface	5	(1)
A CLOSER LOOK AT SURFACE WATERS	5	(2)
Lakes, Ponds, and Wetlands	6	(1)
Streams and Rivers	7	(1)
THE RIVER CONTINUUM - AN IMAGINARY STREAM TOUR	7	(2)
HUMAN USE OF WATERSHEDS	9	(9)
Changes in the Hydrologic Cycle	9	(2)
Water Pollution	11	(2)
Table 1: Nonpoint Pollutants	13	(2)
Cumulative Effects	15	(1)
Pollution Regulation	15	(3)
Chapter 2 WATERSHED INVESTIGATIONS	18	(25)
WATERSHED MAPS	19	(5)
Topographic Maps	19	(3)
Other Useful Maps	22	(2)
CREATING YOUR OWN WATERSHED MAP	24	(1)
COLLECTING WATERSHED INFORMATION	25	(5)
Physical and Biological Information	26	(1)
Historical Information	27	(1)
Political and Regulatory Information	27	(2)
Land Ownership Information	29	(1)
CONDUCTING A FIELD INVENTORY	30	(14)
Table 2: Watershed Inventory	31	(1)
Field Procedure: Watershed Inventory	32	(2)
Miss Mayfly's Guide to Watershed Etiquette, Safety and Liability	34	(4)
Data Sheet 1: Watershed Inventory Checklist	38	(5)
PART TWO YOUR STREAM'S HEALTH	43-185	(143)
Chapter 3 MONITORING PROGRAM DESIGN	44	(12)
THE "WHY" QUESTION	44	(3)
THE "WHAT" QUESTION	47	(1)
THE "HOW" QUESTION	48	(2)
Table 3: Land Uses and Potential Problems in streams	49	(1)
THE "WHERE" QUESTION	50	(2)
THE "WHEN" QUESTION	52	(4)
Table 4: A Summary of "When," What," and "Where"	53	(3)
Chapter 4 THE STREAM REACH SURVEY	56	(40)
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR THE STREAM REACH SURVEYOR	58	(10)
Fish	58	(1)
Wildlife	59	(1)
Vegetation	60	(2)
Stream Channel Gradient, Cross Section, and Sinuosity	62	(2)
Stream Banks 64 In-stream Habitat	64	(2)
Human Alterations to the Stream Channel	66	(2)
FIELD PROCEDURE: STREAM REACH MAP	68	(5)
FIELD PROCEDURE: STREAM REACH SURVEY	73	(1)
DOCUMENTING LOCATIONS	74	(4)
Table 5: Worksheet for Calculating Latitude and Longitude	76	(2)
FIELD PROCEDURE: FISH	78	(2)
Visual Methods	78	(1)
"Fish in Hand" Methods	79	(1)
FIELD PROCEDURE: WILDLIFE	80	(3)
Recording What You Find	81	(1)
Other Techniques	82	(1)
FIELD PROCEDURE: VEGETATION	83	(2)
Mapping Techniques	84	(1)
Riparian Zone Width	84	(1)
FIELD PROCEDURE: OVERHEAD CANOPY	85	(1)
FIELD PROCEDURE: GRADIENT	86	(2)
FIELD PROCEDURE: SINUOSITY, CROSS SECTION AND STREAM BANKS	88	(1)
FIELD PROCEDURE: HABITAT	89	(1)
FIELD PROCEDURE: HUMAN ALTERATIONS TO THE STREAM CHANNEL	90	(1)
FIELD PROCEDURE: LAND USE	91	(5)
Data Sheet 2: Stream Reach Survey	93	(3)
Chapter 5 MONITORING YOUR STREAM'S PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS	96	(22)
CROSS SECTIONAL PROHLE	96	(1)
FIELD PROCEDURE: CROSS SECTION PROFILE	97	(3)
Data Sheet 3: Cross Section Survey	99	(1)
THE STREAM BOTTOM	100	(1)
FIELD PROCEDURE: STREAM BOTTOM SURVEY	101	(4)
Data Sheet 4: Stream Bottom Survey	103	(2)
STREAM FLOW	105	(3)
How Flow Affects a Stream	105	(1)
Factors Affecting Volume of Flow	106	(1)
Factors Affecting Velocity of Flow	107	(1)
How Human Activities Affect Flow	107	(1)
FIELD PROCEDURE: FLOW	108	(10)
Cross Sectional Area	111	(2)
Calculating Flow	113	(1)
Table 6: Swimming Performance of Adult Fish	114	(1)
Monitoring Storm Events	114	(1)
Data Sheet 5: Flow - Method I - For streams greater than 3' wide	115	(4)
Flow - Method II - For streams up to 3' wide	116	(2)
Chapter 6 THE SPINELESS ONES	118	(46)
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES or BMIs (underwater insects, clams, mussels, crustaceans, worms and other spineless creatures)	118	(1)
BMIs as Indicators of Stream Health	119	(6)
Classifying Benthic Macroinvertebrates	120	(2)
Chart: Benthic Macroinvertebrates Classification	121	(1)
Basic BMI Morphology	122	(1)
Aquatic Insect Life Cycle	123	(2)
BMI Habitats	125	(1)
BMIs in the Stream Food Chain	125	(4)
Functional Feeding Groups	125	(1)
The River Continuum Revisited	126	(1)
Breathing Adaptations	127	(2)
FIELD PROCEDURE: MACROINVERTEBRATE SURVEY	129	(11)
Table 7: Analyzing BMI Data	136	(1)
Table 8: BMI Collecting Equipment	137	(2)
Data sheet 6A: Macroinvertebrate Survey (Field Method)	139	(1)
LAB PROCEDURE: MACROINVERTEBRATE SURVEY	140	(24)
Data Sheet 6B: Macroinvertebrate Survey (Lab Method)	145	(3)
Dichotomous Key to Macroinvertebrates	148	(6)
A Picture Key to Mayfly, Stonefly and Caddisfly Families	154	(8)
Pollution Tolerance Values for Families of Stream Macroinvertebrates	162	(2)
Chapter 7 WATER QUALITY	164	(22)
pH (Parts Hydrogen)	165	(3)
Table 9: pH and Lethal pH Limits of Common Substances	167	(1)
FIELD PROCEDURE: pH	168	(2)
DISSOLVED OXYGEN	170	(2)
Natural Factors	170	(1)
Human Activities	170	(1)
Effects on Aquatic Life	171	(1)
FIELD PROCEDURE: DISSOLVED OXYGEN	172	(5)
Table 10: Calculating Percent Saturation	175	(1)
Table 11: Percent Saturation---The "Quick and Easy" Method	176	(1)
Table 12: Biologic Effects of Decreasing Dissolved Oxygen	176	(1)
TEMPERATURE	177	(1)
Table 13: Optimal Temperature Ranges for Aquatic Life	177	(1)
FIELD PROCEDURE: TEMPERATURE	178	(1)
TESTING FOR OTHER PARAMETERS	179	(7)
Alkalinity	179	(1)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand	179	(1)
Nutrients	179	(1)
Phosphorus	180	(1)
Bacteria	180	(1)
Conductivity	181	(1)
Turbidity	182	(1)
Total solids	182	(1)
Data Sheet 7: Water Quality	183	(3)
PART 3 EFFECTIVE INFORMATION	186-225	(41)
Chapter 8 CREDIBLE DATA	186	(18)
DESIGNING A QUALITY ASSURANCE PLAN	188	(1)
PROJECT MANAGEMENT	188	(9)
DATA ACQUISITION	197	(4)
Table 14: Sample Data Quality Objectives	196	(5)
ASSESSMENT/OVERSIGHT	201	(1)
DATA VALIDATION AND USABILITY	202	(2)
Chapter 9 PRESENTING YOUR DATA	204	(23)
TABLES, CHARTS AND GRAPHS	205	(2)
Table 15: Summarizing One Year of Stream Data	205	(2)
FLOW DATA	207	(3)
GRADIENT DATA	210	(1)
WATER QUALITY DATA	210	(2)
MACROINVERTEBRATE DATA	212	(3)
FISH AND WILDLIFE DATA	215	(1)
TYING THE PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TOGETHER	216	(2)
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DATA	218	(4)
OTHER DATA PRESENTATION TOOLS	222	(6)
Maps	222	(1)
Photographs	223	(1)
High Tech Tools	223	(1)
"Wordsmithing" Your Data	224	(3)
PART 4 INFORMATION INTO ACTION	227-247	(21)
Chapter 10 STREAMKEEPER TALES	228	(25)
PUTTING YOUR DATA TO USE
The Backyard-Educating Landowners	229	(1)
The Garbage Problem	230	(2)
Stream Clean-up Tips	232	(2)
The Farm Animal Effluent Problem	234	(1)
The Fish Migration Barrier	235	(1)
The Dirt Problem	236	(1)
Threatened Urban Headwaters	237	(1)
Land Use in the Riparian Corridor	238	(1)
The Lost Salmon Run That Came Back	239	(1)
The Stream That Almost Got Buried Alive	240	(1)
The Buried Stream That Will See Daylight	241	(1)
The Oil and Water Problem	242	(1)
The Sixth Grade Approach to Sharing Data with a Town Council	243	(2)
West Coast	243	(1)
East Coast	244	(1)
The Stream with No Name	245	(1)
The Funeral Dirge--Or, When All Else Fails	245	(3)
CLOSING THOUGHTS	248-252	(5)
APPENDICES	253-284	(32)
A: HAND SEINING FOR FISH	254	(1)
B: BUILDING YOUR OWN NETS	255	(5)
C: DATA SHEETS	260	(18)
D: EQUIPMENT SOURCES	278	(4)
E: PROTOCOL FOR NON-LABORATORY CALIBRATION OF THERMOMETERS	282	(1)
F: CONVERSIONS AND EQUIVALENTS	283	(2)
REFERENCES	285-291	(7)
INDEX	292-296
0415311160
Preface	ix
Introduction	1	(6)
PART I Choosing the school rules	7	(76)
1 What can I do for my children?	9	(12)
Parental partiality v equality of opportunity	10	(4)
An unbiased test for how biased we can be	14	(2)
Does a good parent have to pass the test?	16	(3)
Conclusion	19	(2)
2 What am I buying?	21	(13)
Education as a positional good	23	(2)
Education as an intrinsic good	25	(5)
Competition for intrinsically valuable goods	30	(1)
Conclusion	31	(3)
3 What's wrong with selection?	34	(14)
Selection against community	36	(2)
The effect of selection on educational standards	38	(3)
Selection good for everybody?	41	(2)
Objections to selection as further objections to private schools	43	(3)
Conclusion	46	(2)
4 The real world	48	(17)
Where values conflict	49	(4)
Unpacking real world constraints	53	(2)
Realism about resources	55	(2)
Is reform futile?	57	(3)
Is reform inefficient?	60	(3)
Conclusion	63	(2)
5 Respecting parents' rights	65	(15)
Rights and duties	67	(2)
Do parents have a right to go private or selective?	69	(3)
Legitimate partiality and the act of voting	72	(4)
Voting to avoid inadequate schools	76	(2)
Conclusion	78	(2)
Conclusion to Part I	80	(3)
PART II Choosing schools given the rules	83	(92)
6 Hypocrisy, sincerity and justified choices	85	(11)
Hypocrisy	85	(3)
Sincerity	88	(3)
Making society a bit fairer - education v money	91	(3)
Conclusion	94	(2)
7 Legitimate partiality and school choice	96	(18)
Justification 1: Opting out is a basic human right	97	(1)
Justification 2: I have a legal right to opt out	97	(1)
Justification 3 : My fellow citizens have democratically decided that I should be allowed to opt out	97	(2)
Justification 4: A parent has a duty to get the best possible education for her children	99	(4)
Justification 5: It's wrong for a parent to impose her values on her children	103	(3)
Justification 6: It's wrong for a parent to sacrifice her children to her political principles	106	(3)
Justification 7: It's wrong for a parent to sacrifice her children to her career	109	(2)
Justification 8: It's wrong for a parent to sacrifice her children to a political cause	111	(2)
Conclusion	113	(1)
8 How good is good enough?	114	(22)
Justification 9: Opting out is the only way to get proper attention for his special needs	114	(1)
Justification 10: Opting out is the only way to prevent his being bullied	114	(1)
Justification 11: Opting out is the only way to prevent his suffering emotional or psychological harm	115	(4)
Justification 12: Opting out is the only way to ensure he avoids a life o f poverty	119	(6)
Justification 13: Opting out is the only way for us to sustain our close familial relationship	125	(1)
Justification 14: Opting out is the only way for him to get an intrinsically valuable education	125	(5)
Justification 15: Opting out is the only way to give him a fair chance in life	130	(4)
Conclusion	134	(2)
9 The futility of individual choice?	136	(17)
Justification 16: Sending him to the local comprehensive won't achieve anything	136	(12)
Justification 17: Opting out will do more - in the long run - to bring about educational justice	148	(3)
Conclusion	151	(2)
10 Home affairs	153	(13)
Justification 18: My child's other parent thinks we're justified in opting out	154	(3)
Justification 19: My child thinks we're justified in opting out	157	(1)
Justification 20: Opting out of the state system to avoid the local comprehensive is no worse than moving into the catchment area o f a better one	158	(6)
Conclusion	164	(2)
Conclusion	166	(9)
Questionnaire on private schools	175	(5)
Questionnaire on selective schools	180	(4)
Further Reading	184	(2)
Index	186