Studies In American Tort Law

by Johnson, Vincent R.; Gunn, Alan

• ISBN13: 9781594600340
• ISBN10: 1594600341
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-12-30
• Publisher: Carolina Academic Pr

Summary

"This book is devoted to the field of basin analysis, and in particular to the one- and two-dimensional modeling of the burial, thermal and maturation histories of sedimentary basins, in the context of evaluating their hydrocarbon potential. New contributions to basin modeling are elaborated in this work and applied to continental basins worldwide, including East European basins (Dnieper-Donets, Volga-Ural, South Barents), West Siberian basin, North African basins, basins of passive continental margins in South America, Australian Antarctica and back-arc basins in the Philippine and Bering seas."--BOOK JACKET.

Author Biography

Yurii Galushkin is currently working in the geodynamic section of the Museum of Earth Sciences of Moscow State University.

Table of Contents

Summary of Contents	vii
Table of Cases	xxi
Books and Articles Cited	liii
Third Edition Preface and Acknowledgments	lxi
First Edition Preface and Acknowledgments	lxiii
About the Editing	lxvii
An Overview of Modern Tort Liability: Intentional Injury, Failure to Exercise Care, and Strict Liability	3	(38)
Intentionally Inflicted Injury	11	(4)
Vosburg v. Putney	11	(1)
Garratt v. Dailey	12	(3)
Actions Based on Lack of Care	15	(8)
Doe v. Roe	15	(5)
Cohen v. Petty	20	(3)
Strict Liability Conduct	23	(8)
Hossenlopp v. Cannon	23	(8)
An Introduction to Insurance	31	(10)
Liability Insurance	32	(1)
Crisci v. Security Insurance Co. of New Haven	33	(6)
First-Party Insurance	39	(2)
Basic Intentional Torts	41	(94)
The Concept of Intent	41	(15)
Intent to Injure	41	(1)
Lambertson v. United States	41	(3)
Intent and Mistake	44	(1)
Ranson v. Kitner	44	(1)
Intent and Insanity	45	(1)
McGuire v. Almy	45	(4)
Transferred Intent	49	(1)
Keel v. Hainline	49	(6)
Brudney v. Ematrudo	55	(1)
Battery and Assault	56	(14)
Noble v. Louisville Transfer Co.	58	(3)
Picard v. Barry Pontiac-Buick, Inc.	61	(1)
Moore v. El Paso Chamber of Commerce	62	(2)
Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Hill	64	(6)
Intentional or Reckless Infliction of Severe Emotional Distress	70	(29)
In General	70	(2)
Harris v. Jones	72	(9)
Abusive Language	81	(1)
Slocum v. Food Fair Stores of Florida, Inc.	81	(3)
Domestic Violence and Harassment	84	(1)
Feltmeier v. Feltmeier	85	(11)
Bystanders and Third Persons	96	(1)
Taylor v. Vallelunga	96	(3)
False Imprisonment	99	(16)
Unconsented Intentional Confinement within Boundaries	100	(1)
Bird v. Jones	100	(4)
Unlawful Force, Threat of Force, or Assertion of Legal Authority	104	(1)
Morales v. Lee	104	(2)
Enright v. Groves	106	(4)
Defenses	110	(1)
Peterson v. Sorlien	110	(5)
Trespass to Land	115	(1)
Trespass to Chattels and Conversion	115	(20)
CompuServe Inc. v. Cyber Promotions, Inc.	117	(3)
Zaslow v. Kroenert	120	(3)
Russell-Vaughn Ford, Inc. v. Rouse	123	(4)
Kremen v. Cohen	127	(8)
Defenses and Privileges	135	(46)
Consent	135	(15)
Consent in Fact	135	(1)
Davies v. Butler	135	(3)
Apparent Consent	138	(1)
O'Brien v. Cunard S.S. Co.	138	(1)
Implied Consent	139	(1)
Miller v. HCA, Inc.	140	(5)
Consent Given Because of a Mistake	145	(1)
DeMay v. Roberts	145	(5)
Defense of Self and Others	150	(6)
Silas v. Bowen	150	(3)
Drabek v. Sabley	153	(3)
Privileges Relating to Property	156	(8)
Defense of Property	156	(1)
Katko v. Briney	156	(3)
Recapture of Chattels	159	(1)
Detention for Investigation	160	(1)
Bonkowski v. Arlan's Department Store	160	(4)
Public Necessity and Private Necessity	164	(8)
Surocco v. Geary	164	(2)
Wegner v. Milwaukee Mutual Insurance Co.	166	(2)
Vincent v. Lake Erie Transp. Co.	168	(2)
Ploof v. Putnam	170	(2)
Unlawful Conduct	172	(9)
Barker v. Kallash	172	(9)
Damages	181	(56)
In General	181	(14)
Introduction	181	(1)
Anderson v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.	181	(8)
The Collateral-Source Rule	189	(1)
Helfend v. Southern California Rapid Transit District	189	(3)
The Avoidable-Consequences Rule	192	(1)
Zimmerman v. Ausland	192	(2)
Pre-Judgment Interest	194	(1)
Survival and Wrongful-Death Actions	195	(11)
New York Estates, Powers & Trusts Law §§11-3.1-11-3.3	196	(1)
New York Estates, Powers & Trusts Law §§5-4.1-5-4.5	197	(2)
Gonzalez v. New York City Housing Authority	199	(5)
Damages, Deterrence, and Compensation	204	(2)
Damages for Loss of Earning Capacity	206	(9)
Inflation	207	(1)
O'Shea v. Riverway Towing Co.	207	(5)
Taxation of Awards	212	(1)
In re Air Crash Disaster Near Chicago on May 25, 1979	212	(3)
Punitive Damages	215	(17)
State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Campbell	219	(13)
Statutory Limits on Damage Recoveries and Related ``Reform'' Legislation	232	(5)
Negligence: Basic Principles	237	(94)
The Concept of Duty	237	(7)
Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co.	238	(6)
The Negligence Balancing Test	244	(11)
Nussbaum v. Lacopo	244	(2)
Gulf Refining Co. v. Williams	246	(1)
United States v. Carroll Towing Co.	247	(3)
Negligence as an Economic Concept	250	(2)
Chicago, B & Q. R.R. Co. v. Krayenbuhl	252	(3)
The Reasonable-Person Standard	255	(72)
Considerations the Jury May Take into Account	257	(1)
Emergencies	257	(1)
Young v. Clark	257	(4)
Physical Disabilities	261	(1)
Religious Beliefs	262	(1)
Williams v. Bright	262	(4)
Age	266	(1)
Goss v. Allen	266	(4)
Mental Deficiencies	270	(1)
Breunig v. American Family Ins. Co.	270	(4)
Superior Skills or Knowledge	274	(2)
Legal Malpractice and Medical Malpractice	276	(1)
Hodges v. Carter	276	(6)
Russo v. Griffin	282	(5)
Boyce v. Brown	287	(6)
Scott v. Bradford	293	(5)
Gender	298	(2)
Judge-Made Standards	300	(2)
Helling v. Carey	302	(2)
Standards Created by Statute	304	(1)
Standards Adopted by Courts Based on Legislation	305	(1)
In General	306	(1)
Pelkey v. Brennan	306	(1)
Stachniewicz v. Mar-Cam Corp.	307	(4)
Brown v. Shyne	311	(2)
Unexcused Violations of Statute	313	(1)
Martin v. Herzog	313	(2)
Excused Violations of Statute	315	(1)
Ranard v. O'Neil	315	(2)
Zeni v. Anderson	317	(3)
Compliance with Statute	320	(1)
Montgomery v. Royal Motel	320	(4)
Defenses to Liability Based on Statute	324	(1)
Seim v. Garavalia	324	(3)
Special Standards of Care	327	(4)
Proving Negligence	331	(32)
Evidence of Custom	331	(4)
The T.J. Hooper	331	(2)
Low v. Park Price Co.	333	(2)
Circumstantial Evidence	335	(7)
Constructive Notice	336	(1)
Goddard v. Boston & M.R. Co.	336	(1)
Anjou v. Boston Elevated Ry. Co.	337	(2)
Mode of Operation	339	(1)
Corbin v. Safeway Stores, Inc.	339	(3)
Res Ipsa Loquitur	342	(14)
In General	342	(2)
Control	344	(1)
Mobil Chemical Co. v. Bell	344	(5)
Greater Access to Information	349	(1)
Mahowald v. Minnesota Gas Co.	349	(2)
Res Ipsa and Plaintiff's Conduct	351	(1)
Multiple Defendants	352	(1)
Ybarra v. Spangard	352	(4)
Disposing of Unfavorable Evidence	356	(7)
Trevio v. Ortega	356	(7)
Factual Causation	363	(56)
An Overview of Causation	363	(2)
Williams v. Steves Industries, Inc.	363	(2)
The Traditional Rules of Factual Causation	365	(21)
Sine Qua Non: The ``But For'' Test	365	(1)
Reynolds v. Texas and Pacific Railway Co.	365	(2)
Kramer Service, Inc. v. Wilkins	367	(2)
Saelzler v. Advanced Group 400	369	(4)
Independently Sufficient Causes and Related Problems	373	(1)
Anderson v. Minneapolis, St. P. & S.S.M. Ry. Co.	374	(4)
The ``Loss of a Chance'' Rule	378	(1)
Alberts v. Schultz	378	(8)
Modifications of the Traditional Approach	386	(20)
Multiple Fault and Alternative Liability	386	(1)
Summers v. Tice	386	(3)
Market-Share Liability and Enterprise Liability	389	(1)
Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories	389	(9)
Hymowitz v. Eli Lilly and Co.	398	(8)
Liability Based on Concerted Action	406	(8)
Herman v. Wesgate	406	(1)
Halberstam v. Welch	406	(8)
Incitement	414	(5)
Proximate Causation	419	(52)
Introduction	419	(7)
(``Wagon Mound No. 1'') Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v. Morts Dock & Engineering Co., Ltd.	421	(4)
(``Wagon Mound No. 2'') Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v. Miller Steamship Co.	425	(1)
Result Within the Risk	426	(17)
In General	426	(1)
Di Ponzio v. Riordan	427	(5)
Policy and Proximate Cause	432	(3)
The ``Eggshell Skull'' Doctrine	435	(1)
McCahill v. New York Transp. Co.	435	(2)
Manner of Occurrence and Kind and Extent of Harm	437	(1)
Merhi v. Becker	437	(2)
(``Kinsman No. 1'') Petition of Kinsman Transit Co.	439	(3)
(``Kinsman No. 2'') Petition of Kinsman Transit Co.	442	(1)
Intervening and Superseding Causes	443	(20)
End Results within the Risk	444	(1)
Derdiarian v. Felix Contracting Corp.	444	(2)
Foreseeable Intervening Acts	446	(1)
Huddleston v. City of Charleston	446	(5)
Special Applications of the Rules on Intervening and Superseding Causes	451	(1)
Rescuers	451	(1)
Altamuro v. Milner Hotel, Inc.	452	(6)
Victim Suicide	458	(1)
Relationship to Comparative Principles	459	(1)
Control Techniques, Inc. v. Johnson	460	(3)
Shifting Responsibility	463	(8)
Goar v. Village of Stephen	464	(2)
Balido v. Improved Machinery, Inc.	466	(5)
Limited Duty: Failure to Act	471	(62)
The Traditional Rule of No Liability for Nonfeasance	471	(4)
Johnson v. Minnesota	472	(3)
Qualifications and Exceptions	475	(39)
Duties Based on the Defendant's Relationship to the Victim or the Injurer	475	(1)
De Vera v. Long Beach Public Transportation Co.	475	(5)
Kline v. 1500 Massachusetts Ave. Apartment Corp.	480	(5)
Remsburg v. Docusearch, Inc.	485	(3)
Peck v. Counseling Service of Addison County, Inc.	488	(5)
Liability Based on Defendant's Involvement in an Accident	493	(1)
La Raia v. Superior Court	493	(3)
Rocha v. Faltys	496	(1)
Voluntarily Assumed Duties	497	(1)
Coffee v. McDonnell-Douglas Corp.	497	(6)
Johnson v. Souza	503	(2)
Negligent Entrustment	505	(1)
McKenna v. Straughan	505	(2)
Hamilton v. Beretta U.S.A. Corp.	507	(4)
Statutes Relating to Rescue	511	(1)
Minn. Stat. Ann. §604A.01	511	(3)
Abrogation of the General Rule	514	(5)
Soldano v. O'Daniels	514	(5)
The Public-Duty Rule	519	(14)
Riss v. City of New York	519	(6)
Sorichetti v. City of New York	525	(8)
Limited Duty: Premises Liability	533	(44)
The Traditional Categories: Trespassers, Licensees, and Invitees	533	(14)
Trespassers	533	(1)
Bonney v. Canadian National Railway Co.	533	(3)
Humphrey v. Twin State Gas & Electric Co.	536	(2)
Banker v. McLaughlin	538	(3)
Licensees and Invitees	541	(1)
Carter v. Kinney	542	(3)
Campbell v. Weathers	545	(2)
Rejection and Reinstatement of the Traditional Approach	547	(6)
Abrogation	547	(1)
Rowland v. Christian	547	(5)
Recreational Use Statutes	552	(1)
California Civil Code §846	552	(1)
Lessors and Lessees	553	(6)
Matthews v. Amberwood Associates Ltd. Partnership, Inc.	554	(5)
The Demands of Reasonable Care for Possessors	559	(18)
Ill and Injured Invitees	560	(1)
Known or Obvious Dangers	561	(2)
Protection against Crime	563	(1)
Boyd v. Racine Currency Exchange, Inc.	563	(3)
Duties to Persons Outside the Premises	566	(1)
Persons ``Invited'' onto the Land of Another	566	(1)
Orthmann v. Apple River Campground, Inc.	566	(3)
Hazards after Leaving	569	(1)
Mostert v. CBL & Associates	569	(8)
Limited Duty: Negligent Infliction of Severe Emotional Distress	577	(38)
Serious and Genuine Harm	577	(6)
Lewis v. Westinghouse Electric Corporation	577	(6)
Some Special Cases	583	(5)
Johnson v. New York	584	(4)
Distress Occasioned by Harm to Another	588	(7)
James v. Lieb	588	(7)
Relationship to Other Actions	595	(12)
Loss of Consortium	595	(1)
Lozoya v. Sanchez	595	(5)
Breach of Fiduciary Duty	600	(1)
F.G. v. MacDonell	600	(7)
Abrogation of Independent Actions Based on Negligence	607	(8)
Boyles v. Kerr	607	(8)
Limited Duty: Alcohol-Related Injuries	615	(16)
Liability Under Dram Shop Acts	615	(1)
New York General Obligations Law	615	(1)
Liability of ``Social Hosts''	615	(9)
Kelly v. Gwinnell	619	(5)
Other Theories of Liability	624	(7)
Otis Engineering Corporation v. Clark	627	(4)
Torts Involving Conception, Pregnancy, Birth, and Adoption	631	(26)
Unwanted Pregnancy	631	(5)
McKernan v. Aasheim	631	(5)
Wrongful Birth and Wrongful Life	636	(10)
Smith v. Cote	636	(10)
Prenatal Injuries	646	(6)
Farley v. Sartin	646	(6)
Wrongful Adoption	652	(5)
Burr v. Board of County Commissioners of Stark City	652	(5)
Strict Liability	657	(42)
Employer and Employee	658	(26)
Workers' Compensation	658	(1)
New York Workers' Compensation Law	659	(2)
Respondeat Superior	661	(1)
Smith v. Lannert	661	(10)
John R. v. Oakland Unified School District	671	(7)
Ostensible or Apparent Agency	678	(1)
Baptist Memorial Hospital System v. Sampson	678	(5)
The Fellow-Servant Rule	683	(1)
Harm Inflicted by Animals	684	(2)
Abnormally Dangerous Activities	686	(13)
Yommer v. McKenzie	686	(7)
Kent v. Gulf States Utilities Co.	693	(6)
Products Liability	699	(64)
Historical Background	699	(12)
From ``No Liability'' to Negligence	699	(1)
From Negligence to Strict Liability	700	(3)
Escola v. Coca Cola Bottling Co. of Fresno	703	(4)
Restatement (Second) of Torts §402A	707	(4)
Manufacturing and Design Defects	711	(18)
Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc.	711	(3)
Larsen v. General Motors Corp.	714	(4)
Barker v. Lull Engineering Co.	718	(6)
Wilson v. Piper Aircraft Corp.	724	(5)
Failure to Warn	729	(8)
Goins v. The Clorox Co.	729	(8)
Damage to Property	737	(2)
Defenses	739	(16)
State-of-the-Art	739	(1)
Beshada v. Johns-Manville Products Corp.	739	(6)
Government Contractors	745	(1)
``Misuse'' and Other Plaintiff Misconduct	745	(4)
Pre-emption by Federal Law	749	(1)
Geier v. American Honda Motor Co.	749	(6)
Policy Issues	755	(8)
Liability and Safety	755	(1)
Product-Category Liability	756	(1)
O'Brien v. Muskin Corp.	757	(3)
New Jersey Statutes Annotated §2A:58 C-1, C-3	760	(3)
Defenses Based on Plaintiff's Conduct	763	(44)
Traditional Contributory Negligence	763	(4)
In General	763	(2)
Imputed Contributory Negligence	765	(1)
Western Union Tel. Co. v. Hoffman	765	(1)
Last Clear Chance	766	(1)
Comparative Negligence	767	(4)
Hilen v. Hays	767	(4)
Assumption of the Risk	771	(27)
Introduction	771	(1)
Coleman v. Ramada Hotel Operating Co.	771	(4)
Express Assumption of the Risk	775	(1)
Gross v. Sweet	775	(8)
Primary Implied Assumption of the Risk	783	(1)
Turcotte v. Fell	783	(6)
Minnich v. Med-Waste, Inc.	789	(4)
Implied Secondary Assumption of Risk	793	(1)
Marshall v. Ranne	793	(5)
Comparative Fault	798	(6)
Kaneko v. Hilo Coast Processing	798	(6)
The ``Seatbelt Defense''	804	(3)
Joint Tortfeasors	807	(30)
Joint and Several Liability	807	(18)
Definitions	807	(2)
Divisibility and Apportionment of Harm	809	(1)
Michie v. Great Lakes Steel Division, National Steel Corp.	809	(2)
Bruckman v. Pena	811	(2)
Effect of Comparative Negligence and Comparative Fault	813	(1)
American Motorcycle Association v. Superior Court	813	(8)
Releases from Liability	821	(1)
McMillen v. Klingensmith	821	(4)
Contribution and Indemnity	825	(12)
Brochner v. Western Insurance Company	825	(5)
Elbaor v. Smith	830	(7)
Immunities	837	(24)
Family Immunities	837	(7)
Rousey v. Rousey	839	(5)
Sovereign Immunity	844	(5)
Holytz v. City of Milwaukee	844	(5)
Official Immunity	849	(4)
Federal Officials and Employees	849	(1)
State Officials and Employees	850	(3)
Charitable Immunity	853	(8)
Albritton v. Neighborhood Centers Association for Child Development	853	(8)
Statutes of Limitations	861	(18)
Introduction	861	(1)
New York C.P.L.R. §214	862	(1)
Tolling the Statute of Limitations	862	(11)
Tyson v. Tyson	863	(10)
Statutes of Repose	873	(6)
Thompson v. Franciscan Sisters Health Care Corp.	874	(5)
Interference with Possession or Use of Land: Trespass and Nuisance	879	(44)
Trespass to Land	880	(4)
Gavcus v. Potts	880	(4)
Trespass and Private Nuisance	884	(22)
Trespass and Nuisance Distinguished	884	(1)
The Traditional Distinction	884	(1)
Merger of Trespass and Private Nuisance	885	(1)
Bradley v. American Smelting and Refining Co.	885	(4)
Significant Harm	889	(2)
Assessing Unreasonableness	891	(2)
Prah v. Maretti	893	(4)
Winget v. Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc.	897	(2)
Hughes v. Emerald Mines Corporation	899	(3)
The Coase Theorem and the Law of Nuisance	902	(4)
Public Nuisance	906	(12)
In General	906	(1)
Armory Park Neighborhood Ass'n v. Episcopal Community Services in Arizona	906	(5)
Public Nuisance and Products Liability	911	(1)
NAACP v. Acusport, Inc.	912	(6)
Remedies in Nuisance Cases	918	(5)
Spur Industries, Inc. v. Del E. Webb Development Co.	919	(4)
Misrepresentation	923	(42)
Deceit	923	(25)
Intentional or Reckless Misrepresentation	923	(1)
O'Hara v. Western Seven Trees Corp. Intercoast Management	924	(3)
Sovereign Pocohontas v. Bond	927	(1)
Silence and the Duty to Speak	928	(1)
Weintraub v. Krobatsch	928	(7)
Statements of Opinion, Prediction, Intention, and Law	935	(1)
Oltmer v. Zamora	935	(4)
Adams v. Gillig	939	(2)
National Conversion Corp. v. Cedar Building Corp.	941	(2)
``Justifiable Reliance''	943	(1)
Williams v. Rank & Son Buick, Inc.	944	(4)
Negligence and Strict Liability	948	(5)
Negligence Causing Purely Economic Harm	948	(2)
Negligence Causing Physical Harm	950	(1)
Strict Liability	950	(1)
Richard v. A. Waldman and Sons, Inc.	951	(2)
Liability to Third Parties	953	(9)
Jaillet v. Cashman	954	(1)
Credit Alliance Corporation v. Arthur Andersen & Co.	955	(7)
Special Considerations	962	(3)
Kathleen K. v. Robert B.	962	(3)
Defamation	965	(68)
What Statements Are Defamatory?	965	(19)
Harm to Reputation	965	(1)
Grant v. Reader's Digest Ass'n, Inc.	966	(4)
Assertion of Fact	970	(1)
Truth	971	(2)
Guccione v. Hustler Magazine, Inc.	973	(1)
Of and Concerning the Plaintiff	974	(3)
Rose v. Daily Mirror, Inc.	977	(1)
Publication	978	(1)
Economopoulos v. A. G. Pollard Co.	978	(6)
Libel and Slander	984	(1)
Constitutional Considerations	985	(36)
Public Officials and Public Figures	986	(1)
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan	986	(9)
Plaintiffs Who Are Not Public Figures	995	(1)
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.	995	(8)
Time, Inc. v. Firestone	1003	(4)
Retraction Statutes	1007	(1)
``Fact'' vs. ``Opinion''	1008	(1)
Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.	1008	(8)
Moldea v. New York Times Co.	1016	(5)
Privileges and Defenses	1021	(9)
Absolute Privileges	1021	(1)
Judicial-Proceedings Privilege	1021	(2)
Other Absolute Privileges	1023	(1)
Qualified Privileges	1023	(1)
Employers	1024	(1)
Others	1024	(1)
Loss of a Qualified Privilege	1024	(1)
Statutes Relating to Former Employees	1025	(1)
The Validity of Releases	1026	(1)
Other Privileges	1026	(2)
Slapp Suits	1028	(2)
The Media and the Law of Libel: A Summary	1030	(3)
David A. Anderson, Is Libel Law Worth Reforming?	1030	(3)
Invasion of Privacy	1033	(44)
Disclosure of Private Facts	1035	(11)
Sidis v. F-R Publishing Corp.	1035	(4)
McNamara v. Freedom Newspapers, Inc.	1039	(2)
Vassiliades v. Garfinckel's, Brooks Brothers	1041	(5)
Intrusion upon Seclusion	1046	(7)
Harkey v. Abate	1048	(5)
False Light	1053	(7)
West v. Media General Convergence, Inc.	1053	(7)
Unauthorized Use of the Plaintiff's Name or Picture	1060	(17)
The ``Right of Publicity''	1060	(1)
Cohen v. Herbal Concepts, Inc.	1060	(5)
Deceased Celebrities	1065	(1)
State Ex Rel. Elvis Presley International Memorial Foundation v. Crowell	1065	(4)
Special Constitutional Considerations	1069	(1)
Comedy III Productions, Inc. v. Gary Saderup, Inc.	1069	(8)
Index	1077