Study Guide for Essentials of Criminal Justice

by Roberg, Roy

• ISBN13: 9780534523657
• ISBN10: 053452365X
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-07-28
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Contains Learning Objectives, Detailed Chapter Outlines, Review of Key Terms, and Study Worksheets.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. XIX
The Nature of Crime, Law, and Criminal Justice
Crime and Criminal Justice	p. 2
Is Crime a Recent Development?	p. 6
Crime in the Old West	p. 6
Crime at the Turn of the Twentieth Century	p. 6
Developing the Criminal Justice System	p. 8
The Modern Era of Justice	p. 8
Federal Involvement in Criminal Justice	p. 9
The Criminal Justice System Today	p. 9
Agencies of the Criminal Justice System	p. 10
The Formal Criminal Justice Process	p. 11
The Criminal Justice Assembly Line	p. 15
The Informal Criminal Justice System	p. 18
The "Wedding Cake" Model of Justice	p. 19
Criminal Justice and the Media: Double Jeopardy	p. 21
Perspectives on Justice	p. 22
Crime Control Perspective	p. 23
Rehabilitation Perspective	p. 24
Due Process Perspective	p. 25
Nonintervention Perspective	p. 25
Justice Perspective	p. 26
Restorative Justice Perspective	p. 26
Perspectives in Action: Controlling the Drug Trade	p. 27
Crime Control Strategies	p. 28
Justice Model Strategies	p. 29
Rehabilitation Strategies	p. 30
Restorative Justice Strategies	p. 31
Nonintervention Strategies	p. 31
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Is There a Need for Drug Treatment?	p. 32
Perspectives in Perspective	p. 33
Summary	p. 35
Key Terms	p. 35
Info Trac College Edition Exercises	p. 35
Questions	p. 36
Notes	p. 36
The Nature of Crime and Victimization	p. 38
How Is Crime Defined?	p. 41
Sources of Crime Data	p. 42
Survey Data	p. 42
Record Data	p. 42
Other Sources	p. 43
Measuring Crime Trends	p. 43
Official Crime Data: The Uniform Crime Reports	p. 43
Victim Surveys	p. 45
Self-Report Surveys	p. 47
Are the Three Sources of Crime Statistics Compatible?	p. 50
Crime Trends	p. 50
Trends in Violent Crime	p. 51
Trends in Property Crime	p. 51
Trends in Self-Reports and Victimization	p. 53
What the Future Holds	p. 54
Crime Patterns	p. 55
Race, Culture, and Gender: International Crime Trends	p. 55
Ecological and Seasonal Differences	p. 56
Gender and Crime	p. 56
Race and Crime	p. 57
Social Class and Crime	p. 57
Age and Crime	p. 58
Crime Victims	p. 58
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: The Chronic Offender	p. 60
Causes of Crime and Victimization	p. 63
Choice Theory: Because They Want To	p. 64
Biological Theory: It's in Their Blood	p. 64
Psychological Theory: It's in Their Heads	p. 65
Social Structure Theory: Because They're Poor	p. 66
Social Process Theory: Socialized to Crime	p. 67
Criminal Justice and the Media: The Media and Violence	p. 68
Conflict Theory: It's a "Dog-Eat-Dog World"	p. 70
Developmental Theory: Things Change	p. 70
A Final Word	p. 71
Summary	p. 71
Key Terms	p. 73
Info Trac College Edition Exercises	p. 73
Questions	p. 73
Notes	p. 73
Criminal Law: Substance and Procedure	p. 76
The Historical Development of the Criminal Law	p. 80
The Common Law	p. 80
The Principle of Stare Decisis	p. 82
Criminal Law and Civil Law	p. 82
Sources of the Criminal Law	p. 83
Common Law, Statutes, and Case Decisions	p. 84
Administrative Rule Making	p. 84
Constitutional Law and Its Limits	p. 84
Crimes and Classifications	p. 85
Felonies and Misdemeanors	p. 85
Law in Review: Protecting Public Safety	p. 86
Other Statutory Classifications	p. 88
The Legal Definition of a Crime	p. 88
Actus Reus and Mens Rea	p. 89
The Relationship of Mens Rea and Actus Reus	p. 90
Strict Liability	p. 90
Criminal Responsibility	p. 90
The Legal Definition of Insanity	p. 91
Intoxication	p. 93
Age	p. 93
Criminal Defense: Justification or Excuse	p. 93
Consent	p. 94
Self-Defense	p. 94
Entrapment	p. 95
Mistake, Compulsion, and Necessity	p. 95
Substantive Criminal Law Reform	p. 97
The RICO Act	p. 97
Federal Crime Legislation, 1984-1999	p. 98
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Criminal Law Reform	p. 98
Constitutional Criminal Procedure	p. 100
The U.S. Constitution	p. 100
The Bill of Rights	p. 101
The State Criminal Justice System under the Constitution	p. 102
Procedural Due Process of Law	p. 103
Future Directions in Criminal Law	p. 104
Summary	p. 106
Key Terms	p. 106
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	p. 106
Questions	p. 106
Notes	p. 107
The Police and Law Enforcement
Police in Society: History and Organization	p. 108
The History of Police	p. 111
Eighteenth-Century Developments	p. 111
Law Enforcement in Colonial America	p. 112
Early Police Agencies	p. 113
Twentieth-Century Reform	p. 115
The Emergence of Professionalism	p. 115
The Modern Era of Policing: 1960-2000	p. 116
Policing in the 1960s	p. 116
Policing in the 1970s	p. 116
Policing in the 1980s	p. 117
Policing in the 1990s	p. 117
Law Enforcement Today	p. 118
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies	p. 118
State Law Enforcement Agencies	p. 121
County Law Enforcement Agencies	p. 122
Metropolitan Law Enforcement Agencies	p. 122
The Future of Law Enforcement	p. 124
Criminal Investigation	p. 124
Information Technology	p. 125
Criminal Identification	p. 125
Criminal Justice and Technology: Crime Mapping	p. 126
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems	p. 128
DNA Testing	p. 129
Communications	p. 130
Private Security	p. 131
Summary	p. 132
Key Terms	p. 132
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	p. 132
Questions	p. 132
Notes	p. 132
The Police: Role and Function	p. 134
The Police Organization	p. 136
The Police Role	p. 138
The Patrol Function	p. 139
Patrol Activities	p. 140
Does Patrol Deter Crime?	p. 140
Proactive Patrol	p. 141
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Zero Tolerance: Aggressive Policing in New York City	p. 142
Adding Patrol Officers	p. 144
The Investigation Function	p. 144
Sting Operations	p. 145
Undercover Work	p. 145
Evaluating Investigations	p. 146
Improving Investigations	p. 146
The Changing Concepts of Policing	p. 147
Community Policing	p. 147
Problem-Oriented Policing	p. 152
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: School Resource Officers	p. 154
Has Innovative Policing Met Its Goals?	p. 155
Support Functions	p. 156
Improving Police Productivity	p. 158
Consolidation and Informal Arrangements	p. 158
Sharing, Pooling, and Contracting	p. 159
Police Service Districts	p. 160
Civilian Employees	p. 160
Multiple Tasking	p. 160
Special-Assignment Programs	p. 160
Budget Supplements	p. 160
Differential Police Response	p. 161
Summary	p. 161
Key Terms	p. 161
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	p. 161
Questions	p. 161
Notes	p. 162
Issues in Policing	p. 164
The Police Profession	p. 167
The Police Culture	p. 167
Criminal Justice and the Media: NYPD Blue	p. 168
The Police Personality	p. 169
Policing Style	p. 170
Police Discretion	p. 172
Legal Factors	p. 172
Environmental Factors	p. 173
Departmental Factors	p. 173
Situational Factors	p. 174
Extralegal Factors	p. 175
Who Are the Police?	p. 176
Race, Culture, and Gender: Does Race Influence the Police Use of Discretion?	p. 176
Police Education	p. 177
Minorities in Policing	p. 178
Women in Policing	p. 179
Problems of Policing	p. 182
Job Stress	p. 182
Violence	p. 184
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Suing the Police	p. 188
Corruption	p. 193
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: In the Line of Fire: Shootings of Police	p. 193
Summary	p. 197
Key Terms	p. 198
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	p. 198
Questions	p. 198
Notes	p. 198
Police and the Rule of Law	p. 202
Court Review of Police Operations	p. 204
Search and Seizure	p. 205
Search Warrant Requirements	p. 206
Use of Informers	p. 206
Warrantless Searches	p. 206
Searches Incident to a Lawful Arrest	p. 206
Field Interrogation: Stop and Frisk	p. 208
Motor Vehicle Searches	p. 208
Consent Searches	p. 209
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Traffic Stops: Undercutting the Fourth Amendment	p. 210
The Bus Sweep	p. 211
The Doctrines of Plain View and Curtilage	p. 211
Electronic Surveillance	p. 213
Arrest	p. 214
Interrogation of a Suspect: The Miranda Case	p. 215
Law in Review: Miranda v. Arizona (1966)	p. 216
The Pretrial Identification Process	p. 218
The Exclusionary Rule	p. 219
Current Status and Controversy	p. 221
Law in Review: Mapp v. Ohio (1961)	p. 223
Summary	p. 224
Key Terms	p. 224
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	p. 224
Questions	p. 225
Notes	p. 225
Courts and Adjudication
Courts, Prosecution, and the Defense	p. 226
The Criminal Court Process	p. 229
State Courts	p. 230
Courts of Limited Jurisdiction	p. 230
Courts of General Jurisdiction	p. 231
Appellate Courts	p. 231
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Specialty Courts	p. 232
Federal Courts	p. 233
District Courts	p. 235
Federal Appeals Courts	p. 236
The U.S. Supreme Court	p. 236
Federal and State Court Caseloads	p. 238
Law in Review: The Role of the High Court and States' Rights	p. 239
The Judiciary	p. 240
Other Judicial Functions	p. 240
Judicial Qualifications	p. 241
The Prosecutor	p. 242
Duties of the Prosecutor	p. 243
Types of Prosecutors	p. 244
Prosecutorial Discretion	p. 245
The Role of the Prosecutorial Discretion	p. 246
Judicial Restraints	p. 247
The Defense Attorney	p. 248
The Role of the Criminal Defense Attorney	p. 249
Ethical Issues	p. 249
The Right to Counsel	p. 251
The Private Bar	p. 252
Legal Services for the Indigent	p. 252
The Competence of Defense Attorneys	p. 258
Court Administration	p. 259
Technology and Court Management	p. 260
Summary	p. 261
Key Terms	p. 262
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	p. 262
Questions	p. 262
Notes	p. 262
Pretrial Procedures	p. 264
Procedures Following Arrest	p. 267
Pretrial Services	p. 268
Bail	p. 269
The Legal Right to Bail	p. 270
Receiving Bail	p. 271
Bail Bonding Today	p. 272
The History of Bail Reform	p. 272
The Preventive Detention Controversy	p. 273
Pretrial Detention	p. 275
Law in Review: United States v. Salerno (1987)	p. 276
Charging the Defendant	p. 278
The Incident Process--The Grand Jury	p. 278
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: The Pretrial Release Debate	p. 278
The Indictment Process--The Preliminary Hearing	p. 279
Arraignment	p. 280
The Plea	p. 281
Plea Bargaining	p. 282
Legal Issues in Plea Bargaining	p. 283
Plea-Bargaining Decision Making	p. 284
The Role of the Prosecutor in Plea Bargaining	p. 284
The Role of the Defense Counsel in Plea Bargaining	p. 286
The Role of the Judge in Plea Bargaining	p. 287
The Victim and Plea Bargaining	p. 287
Plea-Bargaining Reform	p. 288
Pretrial Diversion	p. 289
Summary	p. 291
Key Terms	p. 291
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	p. 291
Questions	p. 292
Notes	p. 292
The Criminal Trial	p. 294
Legal Rights during Trial	p. 297
The Right to Confront Witnesses	p. 298
The Right to a Jury Trial	p. 298
The Right to Counsel at Trial	p. 300
The Right to Self-Representation	p. 302
Law in Review: Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)	p. 302
The Right to a Speedy Trial	p. 304
The Right to a Fair Trial	p. 305
The Right to a Public Trial	p. 306
The Trial Process	p. 307
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Guidelines to Televising Criminal Trials	p. 308
Jury Selection	p. 310
Opening Statements	p. 311
Presentation of the Prosecutor's Evidence	p. 312
Race, Culture, and Gender: Jury Selection and Peremptory Challenges	p. 313
Motion for a Directed Verdict	p. 314
Presentation of the Defense Attorney's Evidence	p. 315
Closing Arguments	p. 315
Instructions to the Jury	p. 315
The Verdict	p. 316
The Sentence	p. 316
The Appeal	p. 316
Evidentiary Standards	p. 318
Criminal Trial Practices in the Twenty-First Century	p. 319
Summary	p. 320
Key Terms	p. 321
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	p. 322
Questions	p. 322
Notes	p. 322
Punishment and Sentencing	p. 324
The History of Punishment	p. 327
From Exile to Fines, Torture to Forfeiture	p. 327
Public Work and Transportation to the Colonies	p. 328
The Rise of the Prison	p. 329
The Goals of Modern Sentencing	p. 330
General Deterrence	p. 330
Incapacitation	p. 330
Specific Deterrence	p. 331
Retribution/Just Desert	p. 331
Rehabilitation	p. 331
Equity/Restitution	p. 332
Imposing the Sentence	p. 332
Sentencing Models	p. 333
Indeterminate Sentences	p. 333
Determinate Sentences	p. 334
Structured Sentences	p. 335
Mandatory Sentences	p. 338
How People Are Sentenced	p. 338
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Let's Get Tough: Truth-in-Sentencing and Three-Strikes Laws	p. 340
What Factors Affect Sentencing?	p. 342
Capital Punishment	p. 344
Arguments for the Death Penalty	p. 345
Race, Culture, and Gender: Race and Sentencing	p. 346
Race, Culture, and Gender: The International Use of the Death Penalty	p. 348
Arguments against the Death Penalty	p. 350
Legal Issues	p. 353
Death-Qualified Juries	p. 354
Does the Death Penalty Deter Murder?	p. 355
Summary	p. 356
Key Terms	p. 356
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	p. 357
Questions	p. 357
Notes	p. 357
Corrections and Alternative Sanctions
Probation and Intermediate Sanctions	p. 360
Probation	p. 362
The History of Probation	p. 363
The Concept of Probation	p. 363
Awarding Probation	p. 364
The Extent of Probation	p. 364
Eligibility for Probation	p. 365
Conditions of Probation	p. 366
Administration of Probation Services	p. 366
How Successful Is Probation?	p. 370
Legal Rights of Probationers	p. 373
The Future of Probation	p. 374
Intermediate Sanctions	p. 375
Advantages of Intermediate Sanctions	p. 376
Race, Culture, and Gender: Community Sentencing Abroad	p. 376
Fines	p. 377
Forfeiture	p. 379
Restitution	p. 380
Shock Probation and Split Sentencing	p. 381
Intensive Probation Supervision	p. 381
House Arrest	p. 382
Electronic Monitoring	p. 383
Residential Community Corrections	p. 385
Can Intermediate Sanctions Work?	p. 387
Summary	p. 388
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Restorative Justice in the Community	p. 389
Key Terms	p. 390
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	p. 390
Questions	p. 390
Notes	p. 391
Corrections: History, Institutions, and Populations	p. 394
The History of Correctional Institutions	p. 398
American Developments	p. 400
Jails	p. 406
Jail Populations	p. 408
Jail Inmate Characteristics	p. 408
Jail Conditions	p. 409
Prisons	p. 410
Types of Prisons	p. 410
Criminal Justice and Technology: Super-Maximum-Security Prisons	p. 412
Prison Inmate Characteristics	p. 414
Alternative Correctional Institutions	p. 416
Prison Farms and Camps	p. 416
Shock Incarceration in Boot Camps	p. 416
Community Correctional Facilities	p. 419
Private Prisons	p. 419
Correctional Populations	p. 421
Why Is the Prison Population Rising?	p. 421
Prison Overcrowding	p. 421
Summary	p. 424
Criminal Justice and Technology: Using Technology to Increase Prison Security	p. 424
Key Terms	p. 425
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	p. 426
Questions	p. 426
Notes	p. 426
Prison Life	p. 428
Men Imprisoned	p. 432
Living in Prison	p. 432
The Inmate Social Code	p. 435
The New Inmate Culture	p. 436
Women Imprisoned	p. 436
Female Institutions	p. 436
Race, Culture, and Gender: Women in Prison: Vengeful Equity	p. 438
Correctional Treatment Methods	p. 441
Group Counseling	p. 441
Treating the Special-Needs Inmate	p. 442
Educational and Vocational Programs	p. 443
Inmate Self-Help	p. 446
Can Rehabilitation Work?	p. 447
Guarding the Institution	p. 448
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: The No-Frills Movement	p. 449
Female Correctional Officers	p. 450
Prison Violence	p. 450
Individual Violence	p. 451
Collective Violence	p. 451
Controlling Violence	p. 452
Prisoner's Rights	p. 452
Substantive Rights	p. 454
Leaving Prison	p. 456
Parole	p. 456
The Effectiveness of Parole	p. 460
Summary	p. 463
Key Terms	p. 463
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	p. 463
Questions	p. 464
Notes	p. 464
Juvenile Justice
Juvenile Justice	p. 466
The History of Juvenile Justice	p. 469
Care of Children in Early America	p. 470
The Child-Saving Movement	p. 470
The Development of Juvenile Justice	p. 472
Juvenile Justice Today	p. 475
Police Processing of the Juvenile Offender	p. 476
Legal Rights	p. 479
The Juvenile Court Process	p. 480
The Intake Process	p. 481
The Detention Process	p. 481
Bail	p. 482
Plea Bargaining	p. 483
Waiver of Jurisdiction	p. 484
The Trial	p. 486
Disposition and Treatment	p. 487
The Juvenile Correctional Process	p. 489
Probation	p. 489
Institutionalization	p. 490
Comprehensive Juvenile Justice Reform	p. 494
Early Prevention	p. 494
Intervention Programs	p. 494
Graduated Sanction Programs	p. 494
Reforming Institutionalization	p. 495
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Preventing Delinquency with Early Childhood Intervention	p. 496
Increasing Waiver	p. 498
Current and Future Issues in Juvenile Justice	p. 498
Summary	p. 499
Key Terms	p. 499
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	p. 499
Questions	p. 500
Notes	p. 500
Glossary	p. 502
Table of Cases	p. 517
Name Index	p. 520
Subject Index	p. 529
Photo Credits	p. 546
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