Supervision in Social Work

by Kadushin, Alfred

• ISBN13: 9780231120944
• ISBN10: 023112094X
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-10-01
• Publisher: Columbia Univ Pr

Summary

The book provides an overview of the art of social work supervision. It is designed to help the reader understand the place of supervision in the social agency, the functions that it performs, the process of supervision, and the problems with which it is currently concerned. It is intended to provide the knowledge base that is a necessary prerequisite to learning how to supervise. Now fully updated, this new edition inlcudes a wealth of new information on working with minorities and dealing with cultural diversity.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Acknowledgments	xix
History, Definition, and Significance	1	(44)
Historical Development	1	(17)
Development of Education for Social Work	7	(4)
Developing a Literature on Social Work Supervision	11	(4)
Supervision in Group Work and Community Organization	15	(3)
Toward a Definition	18	(5)
The Functions of Supervision	19	(1)
The Objectives of Supervision	20	(1)
The Hierarchical Position of Supervisors	21	(1)
Supervision as an Indirect Service	22	(1)
Supervision as an Interactional Process	22	(1)
Supervision as the Means to an End	22	(1)
Definition of Supervision	23	(1)
Empirical Validation of Definition	23	(3)
Ecology of Social Work Supervision	26	(4)
Community: General and Professional	26	(3)
The Social Work Profession	29	(1)
The Social Work Agency	30	(1)
The Unit Within the Agency	30	(1)
Supervisor-Supervisee Dyad (Supervisee Group)	30	(1)
The Demography of Social Work Supervision	30	(2)
The Significance of Supervision in Social Work	32	(11)
Summary	43	(2)
Administrative Supervision	45	(34)
Introduction: Organizational Bureaucracy	45	(2)
Tasks	47	(30)
Staff Recruitment and Selection	47	(1)
Inducting and Placing the Worker	48	(3)
Work Planning	51	(1)
Work Assignment	52	(1)
Criteria for Assignment	53	(1)
Work Assignment Procedures	54	(1)
Problems in Work Assignment	55	(1)
Work Delegation	56	(4)
Monitoring, Reviewing, and Evaluating Work	60	(2)
Coordinating Work	62	(1)
The Communication Function	63	(1)
Process in Organizational Communication	64	(2)
Problems in Organizational Communication	66	(2)
Lateral Communication	68	(1)
Informal Communication	69	(1)
The Supervisor as Advocate	69	(2)
The Supervisor as Administrative Buffer	71	(3)
The Supervisor as Change Agent and Community Liaison	74	(3)
Summary	77	(2)
Administrative Supervision: Problems in Implementation	79	(50)
The Problem of Vicarious Liability	79	(3)
The Problem of Authority and Power	82	(2)
Rationale for Authority and Power	82	(2)
Supervisory Authority and Sources of Power	84	(14)
Reward Power	86	(1)
Coercive Power	87	(1)
Legitimate or Positional Power	87	(1)
Referent Power	88	(1)
Expert Power	89	(1)
Interrelations Between Types of Supervisory Power	89	(5)
Legitimation of Authority	94	(1)
Nonauthoritarian Authority	95	(3)
Problems in the Implementation of Supervisory Authority	98	(13)
Avoidance and Abrogation of Authority and Power by Supervisors	98	(5)
Organizational Factors Attenuating Supervisory Power and Authority	103	(3)
Supervisee Countervailing Power	106	(5)
The Problem of Rules, Noncompliance, and Disciplinary Action	111	(16)
The Functional Value of Rules	111	(5)
Understanding Noncompliance	116	(6)
Monitoring Noncompliance: Supervisor Responsibility	122	(2)
Taking Disciplinary Action	124	(3)
Summary	127	(2)
Educational Supervision: Definition, Differentiation, Content, and Process	129	(46)
Educational Supervision Distinguished from In-Service Training and Staff Development	130	(1)
Significance of Educational Supervision	131	(1)
Relation of Educational Supervision to Administrative Supervision	132	(3)
Content in Educational Supervision	135	(8)
The Individual Conference	143	(20)
Beginning the Conference	143	(1)
Structuring and Scheduling	143	(3)
Preparing	146	(2)
The Middle Phase	148	(1)
Teaching and Learning	148	(8)
Orientations to Teaching and Learning	156	(2)
Providing Helpful Feedback	158	(4)
Ending the Conference	162	(1)
Process Studies	163	(3)
Case Illustration	166	(8)
Summary	174	(1)
Principles and Problems in Implementing Educational Supervision	175	(42)
Conditions for Effective Teaching and Learning: Introduction	175	(18)
Principle 1: We Learn Best if We Are Highly Motivated to Learn	176	(3)
Principle 2: We Learn Best When We Can Devote Most of Our Energies to Learning	179	(4)
Principle 3: We Learn Best When Learning Is Successful and Rewarding	183	(3)
Principle 4: We Learn Best if We Are Actively Involved in the Learning Process	186	(1)
Principle 5: We Learn Best if the Content Is Meaningfully Presented	187	(1)
Principle 6: We Learn Best if the Supervisor Takes Into Consideration the Supervisee's Uniqueness	188	(5)
Establishing a Framework for Educational Supervision	193	(1)
The Significance of the Supervisor-Supervisee Relationship for Educational Supervision	193	(2)
The Supervisor's Problems in Implementing Educational Supervision	195	(4)
Differentiating Educational Supervision from Therapy	199	(5)
Differences Between Supervision and Therapy	200	(1)
Purpose and Focus	200	(2)
Difference in Role Relationships	202	(2)
Problems in Implementation of Therapy-Educational Supervision Distinction	204	(2)
Acceptance of Distinction Between Supervision and Therapy: Empirical Data	206	(2)
The Parallel Process Component in Educational Supervision	208	(4)
Developmental Supervision	212	(4)
Summary	216	(1)
Supportive Supervision	217	(62)
Introduction and Overview	217	(7)
Burnout: Definition and Symptoms	224	(3)
Sources of Job-Related Stress for the Supervisee	227	(17)
Administrative Supervision as a Source of Stress	227	(1)
Educational Supervision as a Source of Stress	228	(1)
The Supervisor-Supervisee Relationship as a Source of Stress	229	(2)
The Client as a Source of Stress	231	(5)
The Nature and Context of the Task as a Source of Stress	236	(4)
The Organization as a Source of Tension and Stress	240	(2)
Community Attitudes Toward Social Work as a Source of Stress	242	(2)
Worker Personality as a Factor in Burnout	244	(2)
Implementing Supportive Supervision	246	(12)
Prevention of Stress	248	(1)
Reducing and Ameliorating Stress	248	(10)
Recapitulation and Some Caveats	258	(2)
The Value of Supportive Supervision: Research Findings	260	(4)
Additional Sources of Support for Supervisees	264	(2)
The Client	264	(1)
The Peer Group	264	(1)
Social Support Network	265	(1)
Supervisees' Adaptations	265	(1)
Supervisees' Games	266	(8)
Manipulating Demand Levels	266	(1)
Redefining the Relationship	267	(2)
Reducing Power Disparity	269	(2)
Controlling the Situation	271	(3)
Countering Games	274	(2)
Humor in Supervision	276	(1)
Summary	277	(2)
Problems and Stresses in Becoming and Being a Supervisor	279	(50)
Transition: Worker to Supervisor	280	(11)
Motives for Change	280	(1)
Preparation for Change	281	(2)
Changes in Self-Perception and Identity	283	(4)
From Clinician to Manager	287	(2)
Changes in Peer Relationships	289	(2)
Summary: Stress Associated with Becoming a Supervisor	291	(1)
Ongoing Supervisor Stress: Problems in Being a Supervisor	291	(5)
Ongoing Supervisor Stress: The Challenge of Human Diversity	296	(16)
Race and Ethnicity as Factors in Supervision	297	(1)
White Supervisor--African American Supervisee	297	(2)
African American Supervisor--White Supervisee	299	(2)
African American Supervisor--African American Supervisee	301	(2)
Gender as a Factor in Transition to Supervision	303	(2)
Gender as a Factor in Ongoing Supervision	305	(4)
Sexual Harassment: A Problem for Supervision	309	(3)
Problems Related to Hierarchical Position	312	(3)
Working with Administrators	313	(1)
Understanding and Working with Administrators	314	(1)
Summary of Stresses Encountered by Supervisors	315	(2)
Coping with Stress: Supervisors' Adaptations	317	(3)
Supervisors' Games	320	(3)
The ``Good'' Supervisor	323	(4)
Summary	327	(2)
Evaluation	329	(60)
Definition	329	(2)
Values of Evaluation	331	(4)
Value to the Worker	331	(2)
Value to the Agency	333	(1)
Value to the Client	334	(1)
Value to the Supervisor	334	(1)
Objectives of Evaluation	335	(1)
Dislike of Evaluations	336	(4)
Desirable Evaluation Procedures	340	(6)
Evaluation Conference: Process	346	(4)
Scheduling the Conference	346	(1)
Supervisor's Conference Preparation	346	(1)
Worker's Conference Preparation	347	(1)
Evaluation Conference Interaction	347	(3)
Communication and Use of Evaluations	350	(2)
Errors in Evaluation	352	(3)
Evaluation Outlines and Rating Forms	355	(3)
Evaluation Content Areas	358	(14)
Sources of Information for Evaluation	372	(3)
Evaluation of Supervisors	375	(5)
Controversial Questions	380	(7)
Summary	387	(2)
The Group Conference in Supervision	389	(38)
Definition	390	(1)
Advantages of Group Supervision	391	(8)
Disadvantages of Group Supervision	399	(3)
Individual and Group Supervision: Appropriate Use	402	(1)
Research on Group Supervision	403	(2)
Group Supervision: Process	405	(14)
Group Setting	406	(1)
Purpose	406	(1)
Leadership and Planning	407	(3)
Content and Method	410	(3)
Supervisor's Responsibility in the Group Conference	413	(6)
Humor in Group Supervision	419	(1)
Illustration of Group Supervision	420	(5)
Summary	425	(2)
Problems and Innovations	427	(56)
Observation of Performance: The Nature of the Problem	427	(6)
Direct Observation of Performance	433	(2)
Sitting In	433	(1)
One-Way Mirrors	433	(1)
Co-therapy Supervision	434	(1)
Observation Via Tapes: Indirect Observation of Performance	435	(7)
Live Supervision During the Interview	442	(5)
Bug-in-the-Ear and Bug-in-the-Eye Supervision	443	(4)
Observing Worker Performance: A Recapitulation	447	(1)
The Problem of Interminable Supervision	448	(6)
Interminable Supervision and Worker Autonomy	449	(2)
Attitudes Toward Interminable Supervision	451	(3)
Innovations for Increasing Worker Autonomy	454	(2)
Peer Group Supervision	454	(1)
Peer Consultation	455	(1)
Interminable Supervision and Debureaucratization	456	(3)
Supervision in the Managed Care Context	459	(5)
Administrative Supervision and Managed Care	461	(1)
Clinical-Educational Supervision and Managed Care	462	(1)
Supportive Supervision and Managed Care	463	(1)
Agency Debureaucratization Experiences	464	(1)
Problem: The Professional and the Bureaucracy	465	(4)
Ethical Dilemmas in Supervision	469	(4)
Sexism and Social Work Administration	473	(2)
The Problem of Education for Supervision	475	(1)
A Perspective: The Positive Values of Professional Supervision	476	(4)
Summary	480	(3)
Bibliography	483	(64)
Index	547