Surveying: Principles and Applications

by Kavanagh, Barry F.

• ISBN13: 9780130995827
• ISBN10: 0130995827
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

This practical text presents a clear discussion of surveying principles and applications for mapping and engineering surveys. It has been extensively revised from the fifth edition and is now divided into three parts: Part 1 covers the basics of surveying principles; Part 2 introduces students to the latest in imaging techniques; and Part 3 covers practical approaches for applications in the engineering, hydrographic, and land surveying fields. The strength of this text is its real-world application, reflecting the author's many years of academic field experience. Some of the key features include: bull; bull;Numerous illustrations and examples to clarify and reinforce chapter topics bull;Updated isogonic charts bull;A new chapter on Geographic Information Systems bull;On-line and interactive techniques for computing grid/geographic coordinates, illustrated using NGS Tools bull;Introduction to the latest imaging techniques using multi-spectral scanning and LIDAR mapping bull;Expanded appendices with new glossary entries and a surveying and mapping website index

Table of Contents

PART I SURVEYING PRINCIPLES	1	(418)
Basics of Surveying	3	(22)
Surveying Defined	3	(1)
Types of Surveys	3	(1)
Classes of Surveys	4	(2)
Definitions	6	(1)
Surveying Instrumentation	6	(1)
Survey Geographic Reference	7	(1)
Survey Grid Reference	8	(1)
Survey Legal Reference	8	(2)
Survey Vertical Reference	10	(2)
Distance Measurement	12	(1)
Units of Measurement	12	(1)
Location Methods	13	(2)
Accuracy and Precision	15	(1)
Accuracy Ratio	16	(1)
Errors	16	(1)
Mistakes	17	(1)
Stationing	17	(1)
Field Notes	18	(1)
Field Management	19	(1)
Evolution of Surveying	20	(5)
Distance Measurement (Taping)	25	(30)
Methods of Distance Determination	25	(1)
Distance Measurement: General Background	25	(2)
Tacheometry	27	(1)
Gunter's Chain	28	(1)
Taping	28	(3)
Taping Accessories	31	(3)
Taping Techniques	34	(3)
Standard Conditions for the Use of Steel Tapes	37	(1)
Taping Corrections: General Background	38	(1)
Systematic Slope Corrections	38	(3)
Erroneous Tape Length Corrections	41	(1)
Temperature Corrections	42	(1)
Invar Steel Tapes	43	(1)
Tension and Sag Corrections	43	(4)
Random Errors Associated with Systematic Taping Errors	47	(2)
Random Taping Errors	49	(1)
Techniques for Ordinary Taping Precision	49	(2)
Mistakes in Taping	51	(4)
Problems	52	(3)
Leveling	55	(45)
General Background	55	(4)
Theory of Differential Leveling	59	(1)
Curvature and Refraction	60	(2)
Types of Surveying Levels	62	(5)
Leveling Rods	67	(1)
Definitions for Differential Leveling	68	(3)
Techniques of Leveling	71	(3)
Benchmark Leveling (Vertical Control Surveys)	74	(2)
Profile and Cross-Section Leveling	76	(6)
Reciprocal Leveling	82	(1)
Peg Test	82	(3)
Three-Wire Leveling	85	(2)
Trigonometric Leveling	87	(2)
Level Loop Adjustments	89	(1)
Suggestions for Rod Work	90	(1)
Suggestions For Instrument Work	90	(1)
Mistakes in Leveling	91	(9)
Problems	92	(8)
Angles and Directions	100	(20)
General Background	100	(1)
Reference Directions for Vertical Angles	100	(1)
Meridians	100	(2)
Horizontal Angles	102	(1)
Azimuths	103	(1)
Bearings	103	(2)
Relationships Between Bearings and Azimuths	105	(1)
Reverse Directions	106	(1)
Azimuth Computations	107	(4)
Bearing Computations	111	(2)
Comments on Bearings and Azimuths	113	(1)
Magnetic Direction	113	(7)
Problems	119	(1)
Theodolites	120	(26)
General Background	120	(2)
Electronic Theodolites	122	(3)
Theodolite Setup	125	(2)
Repeating Optical Theodolites	127	(3)
Angle Measurement with an Optical Theodolite	130	(1)
Direction Optical Theodolites	131	(1)
Angles Measured with a Direction Theodolite	132	(2)
Geometry of the Theodolite	134	(1)
Adjustment of the Theodolite	134	(5)
Laying Off Angles	139	(1)
Prolonging a Straight Line	140	(1)
Bucking-In (Interlining)	141	(1)
Intersection of Two Straight Lines	141	(1)
Prolonging a Measured Line by Triangulation over an Obstacle	142	(1)
Prolonging a Line past an Obstacle	143	(3)
Traverse Surveys	146	(45)
General Background	146	(1)
Open Traverse	146	(1)
Closed Traverse	147	(1)
Balancing Angles	148	(2)
Latitudes and Departures	150	(1)
Computation of Latitudes and Departures	151	(7)
Traverse Precision and Accuracy	158	(1)
Traverse Adjustments	159	(1)
Compass Rule Adjustment	160	(2)
Effects of Traverse Adjustments on the Original Data	162	(1)
Omitted Measurements	163	(4)
Rectangular Coordinates of Traverse Stations	167	(8)
Summary of Traverse Computations	175	(2)
Area of a Closed Traverse by the Coordinate Method	177	(3)
Geometry of Rectangular Coordinates	180	(2)
Illustrative Problems in Rectangular Coordinates	182	(9)
Problems	188	(3)
Electronic Surveying Measurement	191	(52)
General Background	191	(1)
Principles of Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)	192	(4)
EDM Instrument Characteristics	196	(1)
Prisms	196	(1)
EDM Instrument Accuracies	197	(2)
EDM Instrument Operation	199	(2)
Geometry of EDM	201	(3)
EDM without Reflecting Prisms	204	(1)
Total Stations	205	(6)
Total Station Field Techniques	211	(6)
Field Procedures for Total Stations in Topographic Surveys	217	(8)
Field-Generated Graphics	225	(3)
Construction Layout Using Total Stations	228	(4)
Motorized Total Stations	232	(6)
Overview of Computerized Surveying Data Systems	238	(5)
Questions	241	(1)
Problems	241	(2)
Topographic Surveying and Mapping	243	(38)
General Background	243	(1)
Maps and Plans	244	(2)
Scales and Precision	246	(1)
Plan Plotting	247	(5)
Contours	252	(4)
Summary of Contour Characteristics	256	(3)
Topographic Surveys	259	(5)
Cross Sections and Profiles	264	(3)
Cross Sections, End Areas, and Volumes	267	(2)
Prismoidal Formula	269	(3)
Construction Volumes	272	(1)
Area Computations	273	(2)
Area by Graphical Analysis	275	(6)
Problems	278	(3)
Geographic Information Systems	281	(30)
General Background	281	(1)
The Evolution from Mapping to GISs	281	(6)
Components of a GIS	287	(1)
Data Capture	288	(1)
Sources for GIS Data	288	(1)
Georeferencing	289	(1)
Database Management	290	(1)
Metadata	291	(1)
Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS)	291	(2)
Data Analysis	293	(1)
Spatial Entities or Features	293	(1)
Typical Data Representation	293	(2)
Spatial Data Models	295	(2)
GIS Data Structures	297	(3)
Topology	300	(3)
Data Analysis Summary	303	(4)
GIS Glossary	307	(1)
Internet Websites	308	(1)
Publications	309	(2)
Questions	310	(1)
Control Surveys	311	(64)
General Background	311	(6)
Plane Coordinate Grids	317	(6)
Lambert Projection	323	(1)
Transverse Mercator Projection	324	(2)
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid System	326	(5)
Use of Grid Coordinates	331	(7)
Illustrative Examples	338	(7)
Horizontal Control Techniques	345	(3)
Project Control	348	(8)
Control Survey Markers	356	(3)
Direction of a Line by Observation on Polaris	359	(4)
Time	363	(2)
Polaris	365	(1)
Procedure for Observing Polaris	365	(4)
Computation Technique for Azimuth Determination	369	(3)
Direction of a Line by Gyro-Theodolite	372	(3)
Questions	373	(1)
Problems	373	(2)
Global Positioning Systems (GPSs)	375	(44)
General Background	375	(2)
Global Positioning	377	(1)
Receivers	378	(1)
Satellites	378	(2)
Satellite Signals	380	(2)
Position Measurements	382	(10)
Errors	392	(1)
Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS)	393	(2)
Canadian Active Control System (ACS)	395	(1)
Survey Planning	395	(6)
GPS Field Procedures	401	(5)
GPS Applications	406	(4)
Vertical Positioning	410	(4)
Conclusion	414	(1)
GPS Glossary	414	(3)
Recommended Readings and Related Websites	417	(2)
Questions	418	(1)
PART II REMOTE SENSING	419	(66)
Remote Sensing	421	(64)
Satellite Imagery	421	(1)
General Background	421	(2)
Techniques of Remote Sensing	423	(1)
Electromagnetic Spectrum	423	(3)
Selection of Radiation Sensors	426	(1)
An Introduction to Image Analysis	427	(5)
Classification	432	(2)
Feature Extraction	434	(1)
Ground- Truth or Accuracy Assessment	434	(2)
Remote-Sensing Satellites	436	(1)
Imaging Radar Satellites	437	(3)
Satellite Imagery Versus Airborne Imagery	440	(4)
Airborne Imagery	444	(1)
General Background	444	(1)
Aerial Camera Systems	444	(3)
Photographic Scale	447	(2)
Flying Heights and Altitude	449	(1)
Relief (Radial) Displacement	450	(1)
Flight Lines and Photograph Overlap	451	(3)
Ground Control for Mapping	454	(3)
Mosaics	457	(2)
Stereoscopic Viewing and Parallax	459	(5)
Photogrammetric Stereoscopic Plotting Techniques	464	(6)
Airborne Digital Imagery	470	(1)
Orthophotos	471	(3)
Lidar Mapping	474	(3)
Aerial Surveying and Photogrammetric Mapping	477	(2)
Aerial Photography Interpretation	479	(1)
Applications of Air Photo Interpretation for the Engineer and the Surveyor	480	(1)
Remote-Sensing Internet Websites	481	(1)
Additional Reading	482	(3)
Questions	482	(1)
Problems	483	(2)
PART III SURVEYING APPLICATIONS	485	(188)
Highway Curves	487	(61)
Route Surveys	487	(1)
Circular Curves: General Background	487	(1)
Circular Curve Geometry	488	(6)
Circular Curve Deflections	494	(2)
Chord Calculations	496	(1)
Metric Considerations	497	(1)
Field Procedure	497	(1)
Moving up on the Curve	498	(2)
Offset Curves	500	(7)
Compound Circular Curves	507	(1)
Reverse Curves	507	(2)
Vertical Curves: General Background	509	(2)
Geometric Properties of the Parabola	511	(1)
Computation of the High or Low Point on a Vertical Curve	512	(1)
Procedure for Computing a Vertical Curve	513	(3)
Design Considerations	516	(1)
Spiral Curves: General Background	517	(1)
Spiral Curve Computations	518	(9)
Spiral Layout Procedure Summary	527	(6)
Approximate Solution for Spiral Problems	533	(2)
Superelevation: General Background	535	(1)
Superelevation Design	535	(13)
Questions	545	(1)
Problems	545	(3)
Construction Surveys	548	(49)
General Background	548	(2)
Accuracy and Mistakes	550	(1)
Construction Control	550	(2)
Measurement for Interim and Final Payments	552	(1)
Final Measurements for As-Built Drawings	552	(1)
Municipal Roads Construction	552	(14)
Highway Construction	566	(10)
Sewer and Tunnel Construction	576	(14)
Culvert Construction	590	(1)
Building Construction	590	(1)
Other Construction Surveys	591	(3)
Construction Survey Specifications	594	(3)
Questions	595	(1)
Problems	595	(2)
Land Surveying	597	(45)
General Background	597	(3)
Public Land Surveys (North America)	600	(20)
Property Conveyance	620	(6)
Rural Land Surveys	626	(8)
Urban Land Surveys	634	(6)
Cadastral Surveying	640	(2)
Problems	640	(2)
Hydrographic Surveys	642	(31)
General Background	642	(1)
Objectives of Hydrographic Mapping and Electronic Charting	643	(1)
Planning	644	(1)
Survey Vessels	644	(1)
Vertical Control: Depth and Tidal Measurements	645	(4)
Position-Fixing Techniques	649	(16)
Sounding Plan	665	(2)
Horizontal Control	667	(2)
Processing and Presentation of Data	669	(1)
Airborne Laser Bathymetry	669	(4)
Problems	670	(3)
Appendix A Random Errors	673	(16)
Appendix B Trigonometric Definitions and Identities	689	(4)
Appendix C Glossary	693	(10)
Appendix D Answers to Selected Chapter Problems	703	(6)
Appendix E Internet Websites	709	(3)
Appendix F Examples of Current Geomatics Technology	712	(1)
Appendix G Typical Field Projects	713	(19)
Appendix H Four-Screw Surveying Instruments	732	(13)
Index	745

Excerpts

This text has been extensively revised since the fifth edition. The text is now divided into three parts: Part I:Surveying Principlesincludes chapters on Basics of Surveying, Distance Measurement (Taping), Leveling, Angles and Directions, Theodolites, Traverse Surveys, Electronic Surveying Measurement, Topographic Surveying and Mapping, Geographic Information Systems, Control Surveys, and Global Positioning Systems (GPSs). Part II:Remote Sensing(Chapter 12) includes 29 sections on the topics of satellite imagery and airborne imagery. Part III:Surveying Applicationsincludes chapters on Highway Curves, Construction Surveys, Land Surveying, and Hydrographic Surveys. Part I continues the approach of covering the basics in clear, understandable language. Many illustrations and examples clarify and reinforce the chapter topics. Updated isogonic charts, epoch 2000, are included for North America and the entire globe. Geographic information systems (GISs) are now included as a separate chapter, and in Chapter 10, Control Surveys, on-line and interactive techniques for computing grid and geographic coordinates are illustrated using NGS tools ( www.ngs.noaa.gov/TOOLS/ ). Part II includes the topics of satellite imagery and airborne imagery. The sections on satellite imagery, cover techniques of remote sensing, multispectral scanning, image analysis, and ground-truthing, and brief descriptions of many of the internationally sponsored satellites presently used for earth-study purposes. The sections on airborne imagery cover the fundamentals of aerial surveying and photogrammetry and also introduce students to the latest in imaging techniques using lidar mapping techniques. Part III covers practical approaches for applications in the engineering, hydrographic, and land surveying fields. As with the earlier parts of the text, material here is presented in a clear and logical fashion, a style that reflects the many years of field experience accumulated by the authors. S. J. Glenn Bird (1933-1989), academic, land surveyor, photogrammetric engineer, and hydrographer, wrote for the first two editions sections covering land surveying, hydrographic surveying, and photogrammetry; his impact on the text is still evident. The appendixes have been expanded. New entries are included in the glossary and in the surveying and mapping website index. Four-screw instruments (dumpy level and engineer's transit) are covered in a separate appendix. Also new to this edition is an appendix describing field projects that accompany classroom work. These projects have been developed and refined over 25 years of college experience.