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General Editors' Preface | p. ix |
Acknowledgements | p. xi |
Publisher's Acknowledgements | p. xii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Key concepts | p. 5 |
The emergence of CALL | p. 7 |
A broad discipline | p. 7 |
Technology driving CALL | p. 12 |
The changing focus of research in CALL | p. 15 |
Summary | p. 17 |
A brief history of CALL | p. 18 |
CALL in the 1950s and 1960s | p. 18 |
Simulations | p. 21 |
CALL in the 1970s and 1980s | p. 25 |
CALL in the 1990s | p. 37 |
CALL in the twenty-first century | p. 39 |
Summary | p. 41 |
Hypertext, hypermedia and multimedia | p. 42 |
Hypertext | p. 42 |
Hypermedia | p. 43 |
Multimedia | p. 44 |
Antecedents of multimedia | p. 46 |
Science fiction and CALL | p. 48 |
The printed book and CALL | p. 51 |
Applications to general learning | p. 53 |
Application of multimedia to language learning | p. 54 |
Summary | p. 55 |
Eight Call application | p. 58 |
Word processing | p. 58 |
Games | p. 60 |
Literature | p. 63 |
Corpus linguistics | p. 67 |
Computer-mediated communication | p. 69 |
WWW resources | p. 76 |
Adapting other materials for CALL | p. 78 |
Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) and mobile telephones | p. 80 |
Summary | p. 82 |
The place of CALL in research and teaching | p. 83 |
Second-Language Acquisition and models of instruction | p. 85 |
Concepts is SLA, behaviourism and constructivism | p. 85 |
Comprehensible input and output | p. 89 |
Behaviorist models of instruction | p. 92 |
Constructivism | p. 99 |
Summary | p. 107 |
Collaboration and negotiation of meaning | p. 108 |
The place of collaboration in CALL | p. 108 |
Structuring Collaboration | p. 116 |
Differences between collaboration and other terms | p. 119 |
The range of collaboration and CALL | p. 120 |
Collaboration at the Computer | p. 121 |
Benefits of collaboration learning at the computer | p. 122 |
Collaboration, CALL and SLA | p. 124 |
Collaboration at the computer as evidenced by discourse | p. 125 |
Challenges to collaboration at the computer | p. 130 |
Challenges to collaboration in a CALL context | p. 132 |
Discourse that evidences challenges to collaboration | p. 135 |
Summary | p. 141 |
Defining a model of Call | p. 142 |
Defining a model | p. 142 |
The need for a CALL model | p. 144 |
A model of current non-CALL language learning | p. 144 |
Dunkin and BiddleÆs model in a CALL context | p. 146 |
Various views of CALL | p. 151 |
Teacher and pupil classroom behaviour: activities used in CALL | p. 153 |
The virtual classroom | p. 156 |
Aspsect of CALL model | p. 157 |
Summary | p. 158 |
Theoretical and pedagogical concems | p. 159 |
Concerns for software development | p. 159 |
Pedagogical concerns for classroom practice | p. 162 |
Evaluating software | p. 166 |
Learning and working styles | p. 167 |
Evolving technology | p. 168 |
Commercial software | p. 171 |
Making better use of existing materials | p. 173 |
Copyright and plagiarism | p. 176 |
Viruses | p. 179 |
Safety online | p. 180 |
Technological have-nots | p. 182 |
Summary | p. 183 |
Researching CALL | p. 185 |
Current research interest | p. 187 |
A new field: reporting CALL research | p. 187 |
Approaches to research in CALL | p. 189 |
The computer as a research tool | p. 190 |
The role of commercial publishers | p. 190 |
Reviwing current studies: a survey | p. 191 |
Conducting research | p. 202 |
Action Research | p. 202 |
Summary | p. 205 |
Research | p. 206 |
Research context 1: The literature review | p. 210 |
Research context 2: The pilot study | p. 213 |
Research context 3: Corpus linguistics | p. 216 |
Research context 4: Error analysis | p. 218 |
Research context 5: The experiment | p. 221 |
Research context 6: The case study | p. 224 |
Research context 7: The survey | p. 227 |
Research context 8: The ethnographic approach | p. 231 |
Conclusion | p. 233 |
Resources and Glossary | p. 235 |
Resources | p. 237 |
Glossary of key terms | p. 243 |
References | p. 252 |
Index | p. 276 |
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