Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century

by Combs, Cynthia C.

• ISBN13: 9780205779710
• ISBN10: 0205779719
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2010-01-28
• Publisher: PEARSON

Summary

Updated in a new 6th edition,Terrorism in the Twenty-First Centuryhelps readers understand terrorism, responses to it, and current trends that affect the future of this phenomenon. Putting terrorism into historical perspective and analyzing it as a form of political violence, this book presents the most essential concepts, the latest data, and numerous case studies to promote effective analysis of terrorist acts. It objectively breaks down the who-what-why-how of terrorism, giving readers a way both to understand patterns of behavior and to more critically evaluate forthcoming patterns.

Author Biography

Cindy Combs is Bonnie E. Cone Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of North Carolina, Charlotte.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xii
Terrorism in Perspective
An Idea Whose Time Has Come?	p. 1
Key Concepts	p. 1
Modern Definitions of an Old Concept	p. 2
Crucial Components of Terrorism	p. 5
Violence, Audience, and a Mood of Fear	p. 7
Victims: The Right Place-But The Wrong Time	p. 9
Redefining "Terrorism"	p. 11
Political Quicksand	p. 12
Typologies of Terrorism: Useful Tools	p. 14
Using Tactics As Labels	p. 15
Conclusions
Not a Modern Phenomenon	p. 18
Key Concepts	p. 18
Historic Roots	p. 18
State Terrorism	p. 20
Tyrannicide: "To Go Too Fast"	p. 22
Guerrilla Warfare: Selective Violence	p. 23
Cyclical Nature of Terror	p. 26
Cycle of. Violence: From Germany to Israel to Palestine	p. 28
Conclusions	p. 29
Political Assassinations	p. 29
Drugs, Religion, and Political Murders	p. 29
Piracy	p. 30
State-Sponsored Terrorism	p. 30
Technological Changes	p. 30
Weapons	p. 31
Ideology and Terrorism: Rights From Wrongs?	p. 34
Key Concepts	p. 34
The Rationalization of Violence	p. 35
Tupamaros (Uruguay Faction)	p. 37
Rebellion and The Right of Self-Determination	p. 38
The Palestinians	p. 41
Terrorism In The Name of God	p. 42
Causes of The Left, Right, and Center	p. 45
Religious Fanaticism	p. 46
Anarchism	p. 46
Neo-Nazism/Neofascism	p. 46
Separatism	p. 47
Nationalism	p. 47
Issue-Oriented Terror	p. 47
Ideological Mercenaries	p. 48
Pathological Terrorists	p. 49
Counterterror Terrorists	p. 49
Conclusions	p. 49
Who are The Terrorists?
Criminals or Crusaders?	p. 52
Key Concepts	p. 52
Profile of a Terrorist	p. 53
Terrorist Beliefs and Images	p. 56
Can We Generalize About A "Typical" Terrorist?	p. 59
Individual-Level Analysis: Why Does Someone Become A Terrorist Today?	p. 65
Simplicity	p. 65
Identification	p. 65
Revenge	p. 67
Terrorism Is Different Today	p. 68
Aims or Goals	p. 68
Group Dynamics	p. 69
Religious Fanaticism	p. 70
Demographic Trends in Group Membership	p. 71
Age	p. 71
Education	p. 73
Economic Status	p. 73
Gender	p. 74
the Black Widows	p. 75
Disturbing Patterns of Socialization	p. 75
Socialization toward Violence	p. 75
Alienation toward Western Systems	p. 76
Osama Bin Laden	p. 76
Conclusions	p. 78
Terrorism by The State	p. 82
Key Concepts	p. 82
Internal Terrorism: The Beast That Lurks Within	p. 83
Genocide In Nazi Germany	p. 84
Other Examples of Genocide	p. 85
Coerced Conversion and Genocide In Stalin's USSR	p. 86
Genocide in Darfur	p. 87
Argentina's "Dirty War": Overt State-Supported Terrorism	p. 88
The Continuing Reality of State Terror	p. 89
U.S. Prisoners in the "War on Terror"	p. 91
External Terrorism: Waging War by Proxy	p. 93
Reluctant Bedfellows: The Arms Bazaar	p. 96
Weapons of Mass Destruction on The Arms Bazaar	p. 98
Silent Partners: offering Arms and Safe Haven	p. 98
Syria	p. 98
Iran	p. 100
Libya	p. 102
Terrorist-Supported States	p. 103
Afghanistan under The Taliban Leadership	p. 103
Palestinian Liberation Authority	p. 104
Conclusions	p. 105
Terrorism, Inc.	p. 108
Key Concepts	p. 108
Networking	p. 108
Shared Strategic Planning	p. 110
Terrorism Is Big Business	p. 111
Libyan Protector	p. 113
Iran's Support Network	p. 114
Al-Qaeda's Funding	p. 116
The Internationalization of Terrorism	p. 118
Al-Qaeda's Network	p. 120
The "Lieutenants"	p. 120
The Network and Netwar	p. 121
Narco-Terrorism	p. 123
Conclusions	p. 124
How Do They Operate?
Terrorist Training	p. 129
Key Concepts	p. 129
The "How" Questions	p. 130
Training Sites	p. 130
Terrorist Camps in the United Kingdom and the United States	p. 133
Traveling Training Camps	p. 134
Training Topics: What Do They Learn At Camp?	p. 135
Arson and Bombs	p. 136
Assassination and Ambush Techniques	p. 136
Extortion And Kidnapping for Ransom	p. 137
Disguise Techniques, Clandestine Travel, Recruitment, And Communications	p. 137
Intelligence Collection and Counterintelligence Methods	p. 138
Weapons	p. 138
September 11, 2001, Attacks on the United States	p. 140
Sequence of Events	p. 140
Insights into Those Responsible	p. 142
Potential for Destruction: A Terrorist's Arsenal	p. 143
Explosives	p. 143
Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs)	p. 144
Assassinations and Ambushes	p. 146
Small Arms	p. 146
Automatic Weapons	p. 147
Portable Rockets	p. 147
Aerial Hijacking	p. 148
Sabotage	p. 149
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs)	p. 149
Chemical Or Biological Attacks	p. 149
Al-Qaeda's Quest for A Biological Toxin	p. 151
Radiological and Nuclear Attacks	p. 152
Suicide Bombing: A "New" Weapon	p. 155
Ideology, Not Psychology, of Suicide Bombing	p. 155
Suicide Bombings in Iraq	p. 155
Suicide Bomber Training Camp	p. 156
Phases of A Terrorist Incident: Putting The Lessons Learned At Camp into Practice	p. 157
Conclusions	p. 159
The Media: A Weapon for Both Sides?	p. 163
Key Concepts	p. 163
Mass-Mediated Terrorism	p. 163
Terrorist Goals Regarding The Media	p. 164
Publicity	p. 164
Favorable Understanding of Their Cause	p. 165
Legitimacy and Identity	p. 165
Destabilizing The Enemy	p. 166
Government Goals Regarding Media	p. 166
Publicity	p. 166
Criminality of Act	p. 167
Deny The Terrorist A Platform	p. 167
Information and Cooperation	p. 167
Media Goals In Terrorist Events	p. 168
Getting A Scoop	p. 168
Dramatic Presentation of News	p. 168
Protection of Rights	p. 169
Personal Security	p. 169
Propaganda by The Deed	p. 169
Media As A "Showcase" for Terrorism	p. 171
Legal Issue of The Right of Access	p. 173
Censorship: The Ugly Word	p. 175
Complicity: A Very Serious Charge	p. 178
Bin Laden's Tapes	p. 182
Conclusions	p. 183
Domestic Terrorism in The United States	p. 188
Key Concepts	p. 188
Historical Roots in The United States	p. 188
Conceptualizing Domestic Terrorism in The United States	p. 191
Left-Wing Terrorism	p. 192
Left-Wing Extremism	p. 192
Nationalist Groups	p. 193
Single-Issue Groups	p. 194
Earth Liberation Front	p. 194
Conclusion: Left-Wing Terrorism In The United States Today	p. 195
Right-Wing Extremism: From Militia Groups to Religious Fanatics;	p. 196
Militia Movements	p. 196
Aryan Nations	p. 198
Christian Identity Movement	p. 199
Montana Freemen and The Christian Patriots	p. 200
Field Manual of The Free Militia	p. 201
Theological Training	p. 202
Equipment for A "Prepared" Militia Member	p. 203
Transnational Terrorism	p. 204
The "Lone Wolf" Terrorists	p. 207
Oklahoma City Bombing	p. 208
Conclusions	p. 209
Responses to Terrorism
Legal Perspectives on Terrorism	p. 214
Key Concepts	p. 214
Terrorism Is A Crime	p. 214
Laws of War	p. 217
Enemy Combatants	p. 220
Iraq: Differentiating Between Combatants and Noncombatants	p. 222
Piracy of Air and Sea	p. 223
Protection of Diplomatic Personnel and Heads of State	p. 226
Regional Legal Efforts to Prevent or Punish Terrorism	p. 228
International Efforts to Restrict Internal State Terrorism	p. 230
Arresting Sudan's President	p. 233
Is Terrorism A Political Crime?	p. 234
The United Nations and The War on Terrorism	p. 235
Conclusions	p. 239
The Use of Force to Combat Terrorism	p. 244
Key Concepts	p. 244
Nations Without Defenses	p. 245
Strike Forces: A First Line of Defense?	p. 246
Israel's Sayaret Mat'kal	p. 246
The British Special Air Services	p. 249
Germany's GSG-9	p. 252
Too Many U.S. Options?	p. 254
Special Forces, U.S. Army	p. 255
1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (Delta Force), U.S. Army	p. 256
Ranger, U.S. Army	p. 256
Air Force Special Operations Command	p. 256
Naval Special Warfare Command	p. 257
New Units-and New Technologies	p. 258
Operation Chavin De Huantar	p. 259
Mogadishu	p. 260
Conclusions	p. 262
The Use of Legislation and Intelligence Resources to Combat Terrorism	p. 265
Key Concepts	p. 265
Legal Initiatives to Counter Terrorism	p. 266
Canada's Legal War With The FLQ	p. 267
The "Temporary" British Problem In Northern Ireland	p. 268
Italy and The "Penititi"	p. 270
The PATRIOT Act	p. 271
Investigation: The Intelligence Initiative	p. 277
Germany's Intelligence Gathering: Target Search Teams	p. 278
U.S. Intelligence-Gathering: Multiple Tools	p. 280
Department of Homeland Security	p. 282
Computers As Tools of Investigation	p. 283
Dark Web Project Tracking Terrorism	p. 284
Government Use of Investigation and Intelligence	p. 284
Conclusions	p. 287
Terrorism in Mumbai	p. 287
Security Measures: A Frail Defense	p. 292
Key Concepts	p. 292
Three Facets of Security	p. 293
NSA's Operation Eligible Receiver	p. 295
Critical Infrastructure Protection	p. 297
Airport Security in The United States	p. 297
Weaknesses in The Security System	p. 297
Ease of Access to The Cockpit	p. 298
Inadequate Screening Processes	p. 299
Impact of September 11 Attacks on Airport Security	p. 299
"Fake Bomb" Smuggling	p. 301
Protecting Other Forms of Public Transportation	p. 303
London Transportation Attacks 2005	p. 303
Port Security	p. 305
Preventive Security	p. 306
The Costs of Security	p. 307
Threat and Risk Assessment	p. 309
Threat Assessment	p. 309
Risk of Terrorist Attacks	p. 310
Allocating Resources Based on Threat and Risk Assessment	p. 312
Conclusions	p. 312
Cyber Security and Cyberterror	p. 313
Current Trends and Future Prospects
The New Terrorist Threat: Weapons of Mass Destruction	p. 318
Key Concepts	p. 318
Context of The Threat	p. 318
Historical Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction	p. 320
A Brief History of Biological Weapons	p. 320
A Brief History of Chemical Weapons	p. 321
A Brief History of Nuclear Weapons	p. 322
Types of Weapons of Mass Destruction Available	p. 323
Biological Agents	p. 323
Anthrax	p. 325
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers	p. 327
Bioterrorism Defense	p. 328
Chemical Weapons	p. 331
Ricin	p. 332
Radiological Weapons
Nuclear Weapons	p. 333
Access to and Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction	p. 334
Chemical Agents	p. 335
Aum Attack on the Tokyo Subway	p. 336
Biological Agents	p. 337
Agroterrorism	p. 339
Nuclear Devices	p. 339
Radiological Devices	p. 341
Risk Assessment: Comparative Effectiveness of WMD	p. 341
Conclusions	p. 342
Future Trends	p. 347
Key Concepts	p. 347
Identifying Trends in Terrorism	p. 347
A War on Terror	p. 349
The Counterterrorism Learning Curve	p. 350
Globalization, and Understanding the "Why" of Terror Attacks	p. 350
Using The Internet	p. 351
Armed Efforts to Eliminate Terror: War in Iraq	p. 352
Dealing With Weapons of Mass Destruction	p. 353
Trends in Terrorist Incidents	p. 355
Volume and Lethality of Incidents	p. 355
Radicalization of Religion and Terrorism Today	p. 358
Deterrence as a Tool against Suicide Bombing	p. 361
Impact of The Generational Differences within Terrorist Groups	p. 362
IED: Weapon of Choice	p. 363
The Threat and Reality of Cyberterror	p. 363
Nature of Groups as Limiting Factor	p. 365
Goals of Groups as Limiting Factors	p. 366
Conclusions	p. 367
Index	p. 371
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.