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1 The Prehistory of Rock & Roll 2
Section 1 What Were the First Influences of Rock & Roll? 4
Mongrel Genealogy: The Ancestors of Rock & Roll 4
A Sheet-Music Economy and a New Mass-Market 4
The “Golden Age” of Tin Pan Alley: 1920s and 1930s 5
Section 2 How Did New Technologies Influence Musical Styles? 6
Technological Breakthroughs Create a New Audience 6
Recording Takes Hold 6
Rock Places: Black Swan Records 6
Popular Music and the National Scene 7
Rock Technology: Electrical Recording 7
Section 3 What Musical Styles Prefigured Rock & Roll? 8
The Jazz Craze 8
The Swing Bands Get in the Mood 9
Major Swing Bands and Bandleaders 9
Flashpoints: Issues in Rock 9
Race Records and the Blues 10
Surprise Hits Find a Market 10
Country Blues 11
“Classic” Blues and the Smoother Sound 12
Section 4 How Did Crossover Hits Pave the Way for Rock & Roll? 13
Blues Goes Electric 13
Folk Begins with the Depression 13
Woody Guthrie 13
Top of the Charts: What’s Hot! August 11, 1945 13
Urban Folk: From Guthrie to Seeger 14
Classic Recordings: “Goodnight Irene,” The Weavers (written by Lead Belly) 14
The Beginning of Country 15
The Carter Family 15
Hybrid Styles: Western Swing and Country-Lite 16
Bluegrass and Instrumental Proficiency 17
Rhythm & Blues 18
Rock People: Louis Jordan 18
Women and Rhythm & Blues 19
Post-war Crossovers Become Rock & Roll 19
2 The “Birth” of Rock & Roll (1951—1955) 23
Section 1 Where Did Rock & Roll Come From? 24
The History of the Term 24
The Evolution of Rock & Roll 25
1950s America: A Changing Country 25
A Changing Music 26
Rock Technology: The 45 26
Section 2 How Did Rock & Roll First Emerge in the United States? 27
The First Rock & Roll Records 27
“I’ve Got a Woman”: Gospel Meets R&B 27
Classic Recordings: “I Got a Woman” 28
“Good Rockin’ Tonight”: R&B Meets the Party Animal 28
“Rocket ’88”: Rock & Roll Meets the Automobile 28
The First Rock & Roll Singers 29
The Fabulous Little Richard 29
Chuck Berry Plays, Sings, and Duck Walks 30
Rock Place: Sun Studio 31
Top of the Charts: What’s Hot! 1956 32
Elvis Aaron Presley 32
Flashpoints: Issues in Rock 34
Royalties and Rights 34
Jerry Lee Lewis 35
Carl Perkins 36
Classic Recordings: “That’s All Right”/”Blue Moon of Kentucky” 37
Section 3 How Was Rock & Roll Marketed? 37
Selling the Music 37
AM Radio 37
Alan Freed: Finding the Audience 37
DJ Dewey Phillips: Finding the Talent 38
Rock People: “Colonel” Tom Parker: Selling the Superstar 39
3 The Establishment Strikes Back (1954—1960) 43
Section 1 How Did Rock & Roll Divide the Generations? 44
Rock Gets Its First “Black Eye” 44
Blackboard Jungle 44
The Teenage National Anthem 45
Top of the Charts: Billboard Top 100, July 9, 1955 46
Section 2 What Effect Did Scandals Have on Rock? 46
Another “Black Eye” for Rock: ASCAP vs. BMI 46
The Payola Scandal 48
Alan Freed and Dick Clark 48
Flashpoint: Issues in Rock 48
The End of Payola 50
Section 3 In What Other Ways Was Rock Music Attacked in the 1950s? 51
Attack of the Musical Mainstream 51
The Plan of Attack 51
Classic Recordings: Let’s All Sing with the Chipmunks by Alvin and the Chipmunks 52
Rock & Roll and the Red Scare 52
Rock Places: Washington, D.C. 53
Section 4 What Nearly Killed Rock & Roll? 54
Domestication and the Near Death of Rock Music 54
Elvis Presley Meets Television 54
Classic Recordings: Elvis Presley by Elvis Presley 55
“Clean Teens” in Film 56
Rock’s Deathbed 56
Jerry Lee Lewis 56
Rock Technology: Jukebox 57
The Day the Music Died 57
Rock People: Buddy Holly 58
Rock on Hiatus 59
4 American Bandstand, Teen Idols, and Race Lines (1957—1961) 63
Section 1 How Did White Cover Artists “Hijack” Records by African American Artists? 64
Cover Versions 64
Hijacking Hits 64
Pat Boone 65
Bill Haley 65
Implications of White-Bread Pop 65
Flashpoints: Issues in Rock 66
Squeaky-Clean Teen Idols 66
American Bandstand 67
Rock People: Dick Clark 68
Section 2 What Was the Impact of Teen Idols? 69
Teen Idols 69
The Brill Building Bunch 69
Top of the Charts: Billboard Hot 100 1959 69
Musical Families 70
Section 3 What Were the Early Influences of Surf Music? 70
Surfing U.S.A. 70
Early Surf 71
Rock Technology: The Fender Stratocaster, Fender Amp, and Fender Reverb Unit 71
Section 4 How Did Motown Originate? 72
R&B Lives On 72
[huck Berry 72
Little Richard 72
Etta James 3 73
Classic Albums: At Last! by Etta James 73
Doo-wop 74
One-Hit Wonder Groups 74
Beginnings of Motown 75
The Sound of Young America 76
Rock Places: Detroit 76
The Supremes 77
The Temptations 77
The Four Tops 78
Martha and the Vandellas 79
The Jackson Five 79
5 Changin’ Times (1962—1966) 83
] What Is Folk Music? 84
Folk’s Roots 84
Folk Crosses the Color Line 84
Folk Gets Political 85
Woody Guthrie 85
Pete Seeger 85
The Kingston Trio 86
Classic Recordings: Time to Think by the Kingston Trio 86
How Did the Spirit of the 1960s Change Folk Music? 87
The Folk Revival of the 1960s 87
Dylan Embraces Folk 87
Rock Places: Greenwich Village, New York City 88
Dylan and the Civil Rights Movement 88
Rock People: John Hammond 89
Joan Baez 89
Classic Recordings: I Ain’t Marching Anymore by Phil Ochs 90
The Lighter Side of Folk 91
Meanwhile, at the Beach 91
Top of the Charts: What’s Hot! September 4, 1965 91
Jan and Dean 92
The Beach Boys 92
Classic Recordings: Surfer Girl by the Beach Boys 93
Hot-Rod Music 93
Section 3 How Did Folk Music Influence Emerging Rock & Roll Genres? 94
Folk Collides with Rock 94
Flashpoints–Issues in Rock: Dylan Plugs In 94
Dylan and the Brits 95
The Byrds 95
The Turtles 96
Simon and Garfunkel 96
The Rise of the Singer-Songwriter 97
Rock Technology: The Harmonica Neck Rack 97
The Canadian Invasion 97
Rock Before the Invasion 99
6 The British Invasion (1964—1966) 103
Section 1 How Did British Bands Influence Rock in the 1960s? 104
The Skiffle Craze 104
Merseybeat 104
The Beatles and Beatlemania 105
Rock Places: Liverpool 105
Origins of the Beatles 106
Brian Epstein 106
Rock People: George Martin 107
The Road to America 107
Top of the Charts: Billboard Hot 100 April 4, 1964 108
British Invasion Bands of the First Wave 109
The Rolling Stones 109
Classic Albums: Rubber Soul by the Beatles, Aftermath by the Rolling Stones 111
The Kinks 112
The Who 112
Rock Technology: The Stereo LP 113
The Animals 114
Herman’s Hermits 114
The Zombies 115
The Yardbirds 115
Individual Performers 116
Petula Clark 116
Dusty Springfield 116
Donovan 117
Section 2 What Was the American Reaction to the British Invasion? 118
The Colonies Fight Back! 118
Flashpoints: Issues in Rock 118
Gary Lewis and the Playboys 118
Paul Revere and the Raiders 119
The Monkees 119
Section 3 What Ended the British Invasion? 119
7 The Summer of Love and Psychedelic Rock (1967—1969) 123
Section 1 How Did the Hippie Movement Influence Rock Music in the Late 1960s? 124
Rock’s Alliance with the Counterculture 124
Hippie Opposition to the Vietnam War 124
[Section 2] What Patterns Emerge when Comparing the Leading Bands of the 1960s? 125
The Grateful Dead 125
The Grateful Dead Live 125
Jefferson Airplane 126
Rock Places: San Francisco 126
Moby Grape 127
Janis Joplin 127
Jimi Hendrix 128
The Doors 129
Classic Albums: The Doors by the Doors 129
Love 130
Frank Zappa 130
Rock People: Bill Graham 131
13th Floor Elevators 131
Pink Floyd 132
Rock Technology: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) 132
Section 3 How Did Music Festivals Define the Hippie Era? 133
Rock and the Counterculture 133
Top of the Charts: What’s Hot! November 16, 1968 133
The Festivals 133
The Human Be-In 133
The Monterey International Pop Music Festival 133
The Isle of Wight Festivals 133
The Woodstock Music & Art Fair 134
Flashpoints: Issues in Rock — The 27 Club 135
The Altamont Speedway Free Festival 136
Section 4 How Did the Rise of Studio Craft Change Rock Music? 137
The Rise of Studio Craft 137
Pet Sounds 137
Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band 138
A British Blues Revival and Folk Goes Electric 138
John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers 139
Cream 139
Spencer Davis Group and Traffic 139
Fairport Convention and Pentangle 139
8 Sirens, Soul Singers, and Sellouts (1967—1975) 143
Section I What Were the Musical Responses Produced by the Social Crises of the Late 1960s? 144
Protest Versus Soft Rock 144
Easy Listening Artists 144
Section 2 Who Took Part in the Soul Revival? 146
The Soul Revival Takes Flight 146
Wattstax Music Festival 146
Riding on the Soul Train 146
Aretha Franklin 147
Rock Places: Philadelphia 147
Section 3 What Were the Early Influences of Glam Rock? 148
The Origins of Glam 148
The Velvet Underground 148
David Bowie 149
Flashpoints: Issues in Rock — Rock as Performance Art 149
Marc Bolan 150
Mott the Hoople 150
Rock People: Iggy Pop 150
Queen 151
Elton John 151
Section 4 What Led to the Rise of Heavy Metal and Progressive Rock? 152
The Rise of Heavy Metal 152
Led Zeppelin 152
Classic Albums: Led Zeppelin IV 153
Black Sabbath 153
Deep Purple 154
Progressive Rock 155
Progressive Rock and Art Rock 155
Yes 156
Genesis 156
Emerson, Lake and Palmer 157
Pink Floyd 157
Top of the Charts: What’s Hot! April 28th, 1973 157
Mike Oldfield 158
Stadium Rock 158
Bruce Springsteen: The Future of Rock & Roll? 159
Rock Technology: Multitrack Recording 159
9 Disco, Punk & New Wave: Strange Bedfellows (1973—1979) 163
Section 1 How Did Disco Change the Music Scene during the 1970s? 164
Disco Dances In164
The Producers164
Dancing and Disco164
Donna Summer: Queen of Disco165
Chic165
Barry White: The Sultan of Soul165
Rock Places: Studio 54 166
Saturday Night Fever, Hitmaker167
The Village People168
Flashpoints: Issues in Rock — Disco vs. Rock & Roll 168
Section 2 What Were the Origins of the Punk Movement in American Musical Culture? 169
Punk Pre-History169
Iggy Pop and the Stooges 169
Motor City Five (MC5)170
The Velvet Underground170
The New York Dolls171
Section 3 Where Did Punk Begin? 171
New York City171
Rock People: Patti Smith 171
The Ramones 172
London172
The Sex Pistols173
Classic Albums: Never Mind the Bollocks, Here’s the Sex Pistols by the Sex Pistols 173
The Clash174
Top of the Charts: What’s Hot! April 1, 1978 175
Section 4 How Did New Wave Emerge from the Death of Punk? 176
New Wave Rears Its Head176
Classic Albums: My Aim is True by Elvis Costello 176
Public Image Limited (PiL)176
Gang of Four177
X-Ray Spex 177
The Slits177
The Au Pairs177
Joy Division178
Rock Technology: Do It Yourself (DIY) Technology 178
The Jam178
Tom Verlaine, Richard Hell, and Television 179
New Wave Goes Full Circle179
10 New Wave & Synth Pop (1977—1987) 183
Section 1 How Did Punk’s Destructive Focus Create New Options for Later Musicians? 184
New Wave Takes Shape 184
New Wave in New York 185
Blondie and Television 185
Rock People: Hilly Kristal 186
Section 2 What Role Did Britain Play in Crafting the New Wave Sound? 187
The British Post-Pistols 187
Elvis Costello 187
British Successes, Punk Holdouts, and New Wave 188
Top of the Charts: What’s Hot! 1977 188
Pure Pop in Britain and the United States 189
Synth Pop 190
Synthetic Dreams 190
Welcome to the Machine 191
Rock Technology: The Synthesizer 192
Die Mensch Maschine: Kraftwerk 193
Rock Places: Berlin 193
Ultravox 194
Section 3 What Was the Place of Dance Music in Postpunk and New Wave? 195
Dance Pop: What Have I Done to Deserve This? 195
Classic Album: Pet Shop Boys, Actually 195
Section 4 How Did MTV Change the Way that Music Was Received? 196
I Want My MTV 196
Video Made the TV Star 196
Video Kills the Radio Star 197
Flashpoints: Did Video Kill Rock? 197
The Band with a Thorn in its Side: The Smiths 198
Formation and Initial Success 198
Morrissey’s Controversial Sexuality 199
11 Alternative Rock (1982-1987) 203
Section 1 How Did Alternative Rock Get the Word Out? 204
Alternative Rock’s Three Trajectories 204
Punk Attitude 204
College Radio 205
Indie Rock 205
U2: Band of the 1980s and Today 205
Rise to Stardom 205
Politics and Popularity 206
R.E.M.: Kings of College Rock 207
Michael Stipe: Breaking the Rock Star Mold 207
Classic Albums: Fables of the Reconstruction by R.E.M. 207
Cashing In or Selling Out? 208
Rock Places: Athens, Georgia 208
Selling Albums without Selling Out: Bruce Springsteen209
Section 2 How Did the Rock Underground Influence Rock during the 1980s? 209
American Hardcore Shakes Up the Musical Underground 209
Sonic Youth: Breaking the Noise Barrier 209
Bad Brains: Fusion Punk210
Top of the Charts: What’s Hot! August 8, 1987 211
Teen Idles Kick Off a Movement211
Minor Threat: Breaking the Age Limit211
Fugazi Takes the Baton212
Black Flag Declares War213
Rock Technology: The Van213
The Minutemen214
Husker Dü215
England’s Alternative to Alternative Rock216
Kate Bush: Literary Pop216
Classic Album: Hounds of Love by Kate Bush 217
Bauhaus Goes Goth217
The Cure217
Section 3 How Did Alternative Rock Try to Change the World? 218
The Rock Benefit Concert218
Rock People: Sir Bob Geldof 218
Live Aid, Farm Aid, and Band Aid 218
Flashpoints: Issues in Rock — Rock with a Purpose 219
12 American Punk: The Second Wave (1987—1994) 223
Section 1 What Elements Did Grunge Borrow from Punk Rock to Make a New Musical Genre? 224
Beginnings of a Seattle Scene 224
Hardcore Punk and Grunge 224
Source of Inspiration: The Pixies 225
Abrasive and Melodic 225
Alternative Precursors: The Butthole Surfers 226
Section 2 What Were the Most Important Bands that Grew Out of the Seattle Scene? 226
Seattle Goes Subterranean 226
Early Seattle Bands 227
The Melvins 227
Soundgarden 227
Green River and Mudhoney 228
Rock People: Bruce Pavitt and Jonathan Poneman (Sub Pop Records) 228
Nirvana 229
Nevermind the Labels 229
Classic Albums: Nirvana’s Nevermind 230
In Utero and Cobain’s Suicide 230
Top of the Charts: What’s Hot! — November 6, 1993 230
Pearl Jam 231
Pearl Jam vs. Nirvana 231
Vedder and the Media 231
Section 3 How Were Other Simultaneous Movements Affected by Grunge? 232
Riot Grrrls 232
Rock Places: Olympia, Washington 232
Bikini Kill 233
Other Seattle Riots 234
Oregon Grrrls 234
Courtney Love and Hole 235
L7 236
Huggy Bear 236
Flashpoints in Rock: Huggy Bear and the Barbi Twins on the BBC 236
Babes in Toyland 236
Slacker Rock 237
Pavement 237
Beck 237
Britpop 238
Oasis 238
Rock Technology: The MP3 238
Blur 239
Pulp 239
13 Hip-Hop and Rap (1973- ) 243
Section 1 How Did Hip Hop Get Its Start? 244
What is Hip Hop? 244
“The Godfather” of Hip Hop and Hip Hop’s Beginnings 244
Old-School Hip Hop (c. 1979-1984) 245
Rock Places: South Bronx 246
Section 2 How Did Hip Hop Gain Mainstream Recognition? 246
Mainstream Recognition for Hip Hop 246
New-School Hip Hop (c. 1983)246
Rock Technology: “Two Turntables and a Microphone” and “The Wheels of Steel” 247
Rap’s Golden Age (late 1980s-early 1990s) 248
Classic Albums: Fear of a Black Planet by Public Enemy 248
Section 3 What Are The Different Branches of Hip Hop and Rap? 250
Gangsta Rap250
Ice-T250
N.W.A, Straight Outta Compton (1988) 251
Snoop Doggy Dogg252
Cypress Hill252
Tupac Shakur (a.k.a. 2Pac)252
East Coast Figures253
The Notorious B.I.G.253
Flashpoints: Issues in Rock — The Murder of Tupac Shakur 253
Jay-Z254
House of Pain254
The Wu-Tang Clan254
Top of the Charts: What’s Hot! November 28, 1998 254
Rock People: Sean “Puffy” Combs 255
Pop Rap255
DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince255
MC Hammer255
Vanilla Ice256
Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch256
Salt-n-Pepa256
From Between the Coasts256
Atlanta Hip Hop256
The Midwest and New Orleans257
Across the Atlantic258
Trip Hop258
Rap Rock, Rap Metal, and Rapcore259
14 Smooth Sounds, Slick Packaging: The Persistence of Pop (1994—) 263
Section 1 Why Was 1994 an Important Year in the History of Rock Music? 264
The Death of Rock & Roll?264
1994: Woodstock’s 25th Anniversary 264
Did the Death of Kurt Cobain Equal the Death of Rock?266
Since 1994: Three Main Streams in Rock & Roll266
Domestication of Rock & Roll266
Madonna 267
Rock Technology: Pro-Tools and Music Editing in the Recording Studio 267
Section 2 How Have Girl Groups and Boy Bands Influenced the History of Rock? 268
Girl Groups268
Occasional Revivals of the Girl Group268
The Spice Girls269
Destiny’s Child270
Classic Albums: Survivor by Destiny’s Child 270
Britney Spears271
Christina Aguilera271
Jessica Simpson272
Flashpoints: Issues in Rock — Lip-Synching 272
Boy Bands273
Backstreet Boys273
N Sync273
Rock People: Lou Pearlman 274
98 Degrees275
Top of the Charts: What’s Hot! 1999 275
Westlife276
The Pop Idol Phenomenon276
Simon Cowell277
Section 3 How Has Rock & Roll Been Changed by Aggressive Marketing to Younger Audiences? 278
The Disneyfication of Pop Rock278
Miley Cyrus278
The Jonas Brothers278
Rock Places: Los Angeles 279
The High School Musical Franchise279
15 Hyphenated-Rock & Explorations of the Postmodern Self (1994—) 283
Section 1 How Did a New Generation Update Some Older Styles of Rock & Roll? 284
Progressive Rock, Reborn284
Radiohead284
Coldplay285
Godspeed You! Black Emperor285
Rock Places: Oxford, UK 286
Sigur Rós286
TV on the Radio287
Classic Albums: Return to Cookie Mountain by TV on the Radio 287
Neo-Psychedelia288
The Dandy Warhols288
The Flaming Lips289
Section 2 How Did Rock & Roll Become Even More Personal? 289
Emo: The New Confessionalism289
Pop Successes291
Top of the Charts: What’s Hot! — October 8, 2005 291
Flashpoints: Issues in Rock — Selling Out 292
Section 3 How Does Rock & Roll Continue to Update Itself? 293
Nü Metal293
Tool294
Rage Against the Machine294
Godsmack294
Classic Albums: Evil Empire by Rage Against the Machine 295
Korn295
Rock People: Marilyn Manson 296
Slipknot296
Linkin Park297
Garage Rock Revival297
The White Stripes297
The Strokes298
Babyshambles298
The Arctic Monkeys298
The Yeah Yeah Yeahs298
Defying All Categories: PJ Harvey299
16 Remix Culture 303
Section 1 What Is the Role of Appropriation in Popular Music? 304
Remixes and Mashups304
Visual Predecessors304
Fair Use305
Beg, Borrow, and Steal: The Legacy of Appropriation in Popular Music306
Cover Songs306
Section 2 What Was the Impact of the Digital Sampler? 307
A Little Bit of This, a Little Bit of That: Sampling307
Sampling in Hip-Hop307
Sampling in Electronica308
Jailhouse Rock: Legal Roadblocks to Sampling308
What Price Beats?309
Rock Technology: The MP3 310
Section 3 What Was Napster and How Did It Affect Digital Distribution? 311
iPod People311
Digital Distribution311
Rock People: Shawn Fanning 312
Mashups313
Classic Albums: The Grey Album by Danger Mouse/ Feed the Animals by Girl Talk 315
This One’s on Me: More Free Digital Distribution316
Mix Tapes to iPod Playlists316
Top of the Charts: What’s Hot! September 19, 2009 316
Music Festivals316
A Return to the 1970s?317
Flashpoints: Issues in Rock — RIAA Lawsuits 317
Rock Places: Your Parents’ Basement 318
Activate Star Power: Rock Band and Guitar Hero319
The Rock Nation319
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