Through the Eyes of a Child : An Introduction to Children's Literature

by Norton, Donna E.; Norton, Saundra

• ISBN13: 9780130422071
• ISBN10: 013042207X
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

In its seventh edition, "Through the Eyes of a Child: An Introduction to Children's Literature" continues to be a visually stunning, theoretically sound, comprehensive overview of children's literature. It focuses squarely on selecting and evaluating quality literature to share with children and guiding them to appreciate and respond to that literature. This edition features multicultural literature and young adult literature in every chapter, expanded coverage of biographies and informational books and over 100 new children's titles referenced throughout. A children's literature CD-ROM accompanies the book and contains bibliographic information for thousands of titles, making it even easier to share quality literature with children and adolescents.

Table of Contents

The Child Responds to Literature	1	(40)
Values of Literature for Children	2	(1)
Promoting Child Development Through Literature	3	(31)
Language Development	3	(7)
Cognitive Development	10	(9)
Personality Development	19	(7)
Social Development	26	(8)
Children's Responses to Literature	34	(4)
Factors Within Readers	34	(1)
Factors Within Texts	34	(1)
Factors Within Contexts	35	(1)
Responses	35	(1)
Analyzing Responses	36	(1)
The Rote of Motivation	36	(2)
Suggested Activities	38	(3)
The History of Children's Literature	41	(32)
Milestones in the History of Children's Literature	43	(20)
The Oral Tradition	43	(1)
Early Printed Books	44	(2)
The Puritan Influence	46	(1)
John Locke's Influence on Views of Childhood	47	(1)
Charles Perrault's Tales of Mother Goose	47	(1)
The Adventure Stories of Defoe and Swift	48	(1)
Newbery's Books for Children	48	(2)
Rousseau's Philosophy of Natural Development	50	(1)
William Blake's Poetry About Children	50	(1)
The Fairy Tales of Andersen and the Brothers Grimm	50	(1)
Early Illustrators of Children's Books	51	(3)
The Victorian Influence	54	(2)
Fantasy Adventure, and Real People	56	(7)
The History of Censorship	63	(2)
Children and the Family in Children's Literature	65	(7)
The Child and the Family, 1856-1903	65	(2)
The Child and the Family, 1938-1960	67	(1)
The Child and the Family, 1969-2000	68	(4)
Suggested Activities	72	(1)
Evaluating and Selecting Literature for Children	73	(42)
Standards, Literary Elements and Book Section	74	(1)
Standards for Evaluating Books and Literary Criticism	75	(2)
Literary Elements	77	(19)
Plot	77	(5)
Characterization	82	(3)
Setting	85	(4)
Theme	89	(3)
Style	92	(1)
Point of View	93	(2)
Stereotypes	95	(1)
The Right Book for Each Child	96	(2)
Accessibility	96	(1)
Readability	97	(1)
Interest and Reader Response	97	(1)
The Child as Critic	98	(1)
Evaluation Criteria-Literary Criticism: Questions to Ask Myself When I Judge a Book	99	(1)
Suggested Activities	99	(1)
Teaching with Literary Elements	100	(1)
Involving Children in Plot	100	(1)
Involving Children in Characterization	101	(2)
Characterization Techniques	101	(1)
Modeling Inferencing	102	(1)
Involving Children in Setting	103	(3)
Setting That Create Moods	103	(1)
Settings That Develop Antagonists	104	(1)
Settings That Develop Historical and Geographical Backgrounds	105	(1)
Settings That Are Symbolic	105	(1)
Involving Children in Theme	106	(1)
Involving Children in Style	106	(1)
Personification	106	(1)
Pleasing Style	107	(1)
Webbing the Literacy Elements	107	(1)
Questioning to Encourage Aesthetic Responses	107	(4)
Suggested Activities	111	(1)
Children's Literature	111	(4)
Artists and Their illustrations	115	(42)
Understanding Artists and Their Illustrations	116	(1)
Visual Elements The Grammar of Artists	116	(6)
Line	116	(2)
Color	118	(2)
Shape	120	(1)
Texture	121	(1)
Design: Organizing the Visual Elements	122	(3)
Artistic Media	125	(4)
Lines and Washes	125	(1)
Watercolors, Acrylics, Pastels, and Oils	125	(2)
Woodcuts	127	(1)
Collage	128	(1)
Artistic Style	129	(2)
Representational Art	129	(2)
Abstract Art	131	(1)
Evaluating the Illustrations in Children's Books	131	(1)
Artistic Criticism and Personal Response	131	(1)
Evaluation Criteria-Illustrations	131	(2)
Outstanding Illustrators of Children's Books	133	(6)
Barbara Cooney	133	(1)
Tomie dePaola	134	(1)
Leo and Diane Dillon	134	(1)
Susan Jeffers	135	(1)
Ezra Jack Keats	135	(1)
Robert McCloskey	135	(1)
Alice and Martin Provensen	135	(1)
Maurice Sendak	136	(1)
Chris Van Allsburg	137	(1)
David Wiesner	138	(1)
Suggested Activities	139	(1)
Teaching with Artists and Their Illustrations	140	(1)
Aesthetic Scanning	140	(1)
Visual Literacy	141	(2)
Studying inspirations for Art	143	(2)
Investigating the Works of Great Artists	145	(4)
Suggested Activities	149	(1)
Children's Literature	149	(8)
Picture Books	157	(50)
A Book Is More Than Words	158	(1)
What a Picture Book Is	158	(1)
Literary Criticism: Evaluating Picture Books	159	(1)
Evaluation Criteria-Selecting High-Quality Picture Books	159	(1)
Mother Goose	159	(4)
Appealing Characteristics	160	(1)
Collections	160	(2)
Books that Illustrate One Rhyme or Tale	162	(1)
Nursery Rhymes in Other Lands	162	(1)
Toy Books	163	(1)
Alphabet Books	164	(4)
Early Alphabet Books	165	(1)
Animal Themes	166	(1)
Other Alphabet Books	167	(1)
Counting Books	168	(2)
Concept Books	170	(1)
Wordless Books	171	(2)
Evaluation Criteria-Selecting High-Quality Wordless Books	173	(1)
Easy-to-Read Books	173	(2)
Picture Storybooks	175	(12)
Elements in Picture Storybooks	175	(6)
Typical Characters and Situations	181	(6)
Suggested Activities	187	(1)
Teaching with Picture Books	188	(1)
Sharing Mother Goose	188	(1)
Sharing Wordless Books	189	(1)
Stimulating Cognitive and Language Development	189	(1)
Motivating Writing and Reading	189	(1)
Reading to Children	190	(2)
Choosing the Books	190	(1)
Preparing to Read Aloud	190	(1)
The Reading Itself	190	(2)
Developing Aesthetic Sensitivity	192	(1)
Motivating Writing with Picture Storybooks	193	(3)
Other Activities Possible	196	(1)
Suggested Activities	197	(1)
Children's Literature	197	(10)
Tradition Literature	207	(64)
Of Castle and Cottage	208	(1)
Our Traditional Literary Heritage	208	(1)
Types of Traditional Literature	209	(3)
Folktales	209	(2)
Fables	211	(1)
Myths	211	(1)
Legends	211	(1)
Values of Traditional Literature for Children	212	(1)
Understanding the World	212	(1)
Evaluation Criteria-Literary Criticism: Increasing World Understanding Through Traditional Tales	212	(2)
Identifying with Universal Human Struggles	212	(1)
Pleasure	213	(1)
Authenticating the Folklore	214	(1)
Folktales	214	(25)
Characteristics	214	(5)
Motifs	219	(2)
Folktales from the British Isles	221	(1)
French Folktales	222	(2)
German Folktales	224	(1)
Norwegian Folktales	225	(3)
Russian Folktales	228	(1)
Jewish Folktales	229	(2)
Asian Folktales	231	(3)
Middle Eastern Folktales	234	(2)
African Folktales	236	(1)
North American Folktales	236	(3)
Fables	239	(2)
Characteristics	239	(1)
Contemporary Editions	239	(2)
Myths	241	(5)
Greek and Roman Mythology	242	(2)
Norse Mythology	244	(2)
Myths from Other Cultures	246	(1)
Legends	246	(4)
Suggested Activities	250	(1)
Teaching with Traditional Literature	251	(1)
Telling Stories	251	(3)
Choosing a Story	251	(1)
Preparing the Story for Telling	252	(1)
Sharing the Story with an Audience	252	(1)
Observing Children's Responses to Storytelling	253	(1)
Encouraging Children to Be Storytellers	253	(1)
Using Feltboards to Share Folktales	253	(1)
Comparing Folktales from Different Countries	254	(6)
Comparing Different Versions of the Same Tale	254	(5)
Analyzing Variants	259	(1)
Investigating Themes or Motifs Found in Tales from Many Cultures	260	(1)
Investigating Folktales from a Single Country	261	(2)
Motivating Writing Through Traditional Tales	263	(1)
Developing Critical Evaluators for Fables	264	(1)
Suggested Activities	264	(1)
Children's Literature	264	(7)
Modern Fantasy	271	(46)
Time, Space, and Place	272	(1)
Evaluating Modern Fantasy	273	(1)
Suspending Disbelief Plot	273	(1)
Evaluation Criteria-Selecting Modern Fantasy	273	(2)
Suspending Disbelief Characterization	273	(1)
Creating a World: Setting	274	(1)
Universality: Themes	274	(1)
Suspending Disbelief Point of View	275	(1)
Bridges Between Traditional and Modern Fantasy	275	(9)
Literary Folktales	276	(1)
Religious and Ethical Allegory	277	(2)
Mythical Quests and Conflicts	279	(5)
Categories of Modern Fantasy	284	(16)
Articulate Animals	284	(6)
Preposterous Characters and Situations	290	(2)
Strange and Curious Worlds	292	(1)
Little People	293	(1)
Spirits Friendly and Frightening	294	(1)
Time Warps	295	(1)
Science Fiction	296	(4)
Suggested Activities	300	(1)
Teaching with Modern Fantasy	301	(1)
Helping Children Recognize, Understand, and Enjoy Elements in Fantasy	301	(4)
Interpreting Modern Fantasy by Identifying Plot Structures	305	(2)
Involving Children with Science Fiction	307	(1)
Interdisciplinary Studies: Interaction Between Social Studies and Science Fiction	307	(1)
Unit Plan: Using One Book of Modern Fantasy	308	(2)
Oral Discussion	309	(1)
Artwork	310	(1)
Creative Dramatization	310	(1)
Suggested Activities	310	(1)
Children's Literature	311	(6)
Poetry	317	(44)
Rhythmic Patterns of Language	318	(1)
The Values of Poetry for Children	318	(1)
What Poetry Is	319	(1)
Characteristics of Poems That Children Prefer	320	(2)
Criteria for Selecting Poetry for Children	322	(1)
Elements of Poetry	322	(1)
Rhythm	322	(1)
Evaluation Criteria-Literary Criticism: Selecting Poetry for Children	323	(6)
Rhyme and Other Sound Patterns	323	(2)
Repetition	325	(1)
Imagery	326	(2)
Shape	328	(1)
Forms of Poetry	329	(4)
Lyric Poetry	329	(1)
Narrative Poetry	329	(2)
Ballads	331	(1)
Limericks	331	(1)
Concrete Poems	332	(1)
Haiku	332	(1)
Poems and Poets	333	(11)
Nonsense and Humor: Poems for Starting Out Right	333	(3)
Nature Poems	336	(2)
Characters, Situations, and Locations	338	(3)
Moods and Feelings	341	(1)
Animals	342	(2)
Witches and Ghosts	344	(1)
Suggested Activities	344	(1)
Teaching with Poetry	345	(1)
Poetry Workshop	345	(1)
Listening to Poetry	346	(1)
Moving to Poetry	346	(1)
Dramatizing Poetry	347	(1)
Developing Choral Speaking	347	(2)
Refrain Arrangement	348	(1)
Line Arrangement	348	(1)
Antiphonal, or Dialogue, Arrangement	348	(1)
Cumulative Arrangement	349	(1)
Unison Arrangement	349	(1)
Choosing Poetry to Accompany Content	349	(1)
Writing Poetry	350	(6)
Motivations	350	(1)
Oral Exchanges of Ideas	351	(1)
Transcriptions	351	(1)
Sharing	352	(1)
Various Forms o f Poetry	352	(3)
Poetry Writing Exercises	355	(1)
Adults Writing Poetry for Juvenile Audiences	356	(1)
Children's Literature	356	(5)
Contemporary Realistic Fiction	361	(50)
Window on the World	362	(1)
What Contemporary Realistic Fiction Is	362	(1)
Values of Realistic Fiction	363	(1)
How Realistic Fiction Has Changed	364	(1)
Literary Criticism: New Realism and the Problem Novel	364	(1)
Controversial Issues	365	(4)
Sexism	365	(2)
Sexuality	367	(1)
Violence	367	(1)
Profanity	368	(1)
Family Problems and Other Controversial Issues	368	(1)
Literary Criticism: Guidelines for Selecting Controversial Fiction	369	(1)
Evaluation Criteria-Literary Criticism: Controversial Books	369	(1)
Literary Elements	370	(1)
Plot	370	(1)
Evaluation Criteria-Literary Criticism: Realistic Fiction	371	(3)
Characterization	371	(1)
Theme	372	(1)
Style	373	(1)
Subjects in Realistic Fiction	374	(15)
Family Life	374	(4)
Growing Up	378	(3)
Survival	381	(3)
Death	384	(3)
People as Individuals, Not Stereotypes	387	(2)
Animal Stories, Mysteries, Sports Stories, and Humor	389	(6)
Animals	389	(2)
Mysteries	391	(1)
Sports	392	(1)
Humor	393	(2)
Suggested Activities	395	(1)
Teaching with Realistic Fiction	396	(1)
Using Role Playing	396	(2)
Using Survival Stories to Motivate Reading and Interaction with Literature	398	(4)
Interdisciplinary Unit Island Survival	398	(4)
Improving Self Esteem and Understanding of Individuals	402	(1)
Developing Questioning Strategies	402	(4)
Literal Recognition	402	(3)
Inference	405	(1)
Evaluation	405	(1)
Appreciation	406	(1)
Suggested Activities	406	(1)
Children's Literature	406	(5)
Historical Fiction	411	(44)
The People and the Past Came Alive	412	(1)
Values of Historical Fiction for Children	412	(1)
Literary Criticism: Using Literary Elements to Evaluate Historical Fiction	413	(1)
Plot	413	(1)
Evaluation Criteria-Literary Criticism: Historical Fiction	413	(5)
Characterization	414	(1)
Setting	415	(1)
Theme	416	(2)
Style	418	(1)
Historical Authenticity	418	(1)
A Chronology of Historical Fiction	419	(24)
Ancient Times Through the Middle Ages	420	(4)
Changes in the Old World and Encounters with the New World	424	(2)
The Salem Witch-Hunts	426	(1)
The American Revolution	427	(1)
Early Expansion of the United States and Canada	428	(2)
Slavery and the Civil War	430	(2)
The Western Frontier	432	(4)
The Early Twentieth Century	436	(2)
World War II	438	(5)
Suggested Activities	443	(1)
Teaching with Historical Fiction	444	(1)
Providing Background Though Illustrations	444	(1)
Interdisciplinary Unit: Looking at Pioneer America	444	(4)
Values from the Past	445	(1)
The Pioneer Environment	446	(1)
Trails in Westward Expansion	447	(1)
Research Skills	448	(1)
Additional Activities	448	(1)
A Culminating Activity	448	(1)
Creating a Historical Fiction ``Books on the Move'' Source	448	(3)
Suggested Activities	451	(1)
Children's Literature	451	(4)
Multicultural Literature	455	(74)
Our Rich Mosaic	457	(1)
What Multicultural Literature Is	457	(1)
Values of Multicultural Literature	457	(1)
Images of Racial and Ethnic Minorities in the Past	457	(3)
African Americans	458	(1)
Native Americans	458	(1)
Latino Americans	459	(1)
Asian Americans	459	(1)
Literary Criticism: Evaluating Multicultural Literature	460	(1)
Evaluation Criteria-Literary Criticism: Multicultural Literature	460	(1)
African American Literature	461	(13)
Traditional Literature	461	(7)
Fiction	468	(5)
Nonfiction	473	(1)
Native American Literature	474	(13)
Traditional Tales	475	(5)
Songs and Poetry	480	(1)
Historical Fiction	481	(2)
Contemporary Realistic Fiction	483	(2)
Nonfiction	485	(1)
Biographies	486	(1)
Latino Literature	487	(7)
Folklore	488	(3)
Picture Storybooks	491	(1)
Historical and Contemporary Realistic Fiction	491	(2)
Nonfiction	493	(1)
Asian American Literature	494	(5)
Suggested Activities	499	(2)
Teaching with Multicultural Literature	500	(1)
Developing an Appreciation for African American Culture	501	(7)
Traditional Literature	501	(3)
Folklore of the American South	504	(1)
Historical Non fiction	505	(1)
Historical Fiction	506	(1)
Contemporary Fiction	507	(1)
Developing an Appreciation for Native American Culture	508	(5)
Native American Folklore	508	(1)
Folklore from Specific Peoples	509	(1)
Historical Nonfiction	510	(1)
Historical Fiction	511	(1)
Contemporary Fiction	512	(1)
Developing an Appreciation for Latino Culture	513	(2)
Ancient Aztec and Mayan Folklore	513	(1)
Stories That Reflect Interaction with Other Cultures	514	(1)
Historical Nonfiction	514	(1)
Historical Fiction	514	(1)
Contemporary Literature	515	(1)
Developing an Appreciation for Asian American Culture	515	(4)
Traditional Tales	516	(1)
A Japanese Kamishibai Presentation	516	(3)
Recognizing Similarities	519	(1)
Suggested Activities	519	(1)
Children's Literature	519	(10)
Nonfiction: Biographies and Informational Books	529
From Who's-Who to How-To	530	(1)
Biographies	530	(3)
Changing Ideas About Biographies for Children	530	(3)
Literary Criticism: Evaluating Biographies	533	(1)
Evaluation Criteria-Literary Criticism: Biography	533	(14)
Biographical Subjects	536	(11)
Informational Books	547	(2)
Values of Informational Books	547	(1)
Evaluating Informational Books	548	(1)
Evaluation Criteria-Literary Criticism: Informational Books	549	(22)
History and Culture	552	(7)
Nature	559	(8)
Discoveries and How Things Work	567	(1)
Hobbies, Crafts, and How-To Books	568	(3)
Suggested Activities	571	(1)
Teaching with Nonfictional Literature	572	(1)
Unit Plan: Using Biographies in Creative Dramatizations	572	(2)
Reader Response: Developing Hypothetical Interviews with Authors	573	(1)
Imaginary Conversations Between People of Two Time Periods	573	(1)
Comparing Attitudes and Checking Facts in Biographies	574	(1)
Analyzing Literary Elements in Biographies	574	(1)
Incorporating Literature into the Science Curriculum	574	(7)
Using the Parts of a Book	575	(1)
Locating Sources of Information	576	(1)
Using Science Vocabulary	576	(1)
Reading for Meaning	576	(1)
Evaluating Science Materials	577	(4)
Suggested Activities	581	(1)
Children's Literature	581
References	1	(1)
Author, Illustrator, Title Index	1	(35)
Subject Index	36

Excerpts

If you are an adult who wants to share books with children,Through the Eyes of a Childis written for you. Whether the children's literature course is offered in the department of Education, English, or Library Science, the text's unique two-part chapter organization and special features provide a meaningful guide to understanding children's literature. What you will find in this new edition is a stronger focus on teaching, with voices from the field, new teaching ideas, and student artifacts. The same quality of literary criticism; the strongest, most researched treatment of multicultural literature; streamlined prose; integrated technology; innovative and meaningful special features; and a balance between new and classic titles are other strong components of this revision. Organization Unique Two-Part Chapter Organization Beginning in Chapter 3 and extending through Chapter 12, each chapter is purposely divided into two parts. The first discusses in depth the characteristics, history, and the classic and best new titles of each genre suitable for courses emphasizing Education, English, or Library Science. The second part of each genre chapter contains streamlined, classroom-tested strategies for teaching children with the best literature, providing readers with the best methods for using children's literature in their classrooms. These chapters are now connected to an online activities book, which contains many more such strategies, that can be found at www.prenhall.com/norton . Strong Multicultural Theme Always the leader in multicultural literature scholarship, this new edition continues the strong multicultural theme with a dedicated chapter, as well as complete integration of important multicultural titles in every chapter, reflecting the importance of the literature, and the necessity of understanding and studying its contributions to all genres. New to This Edition New Titles for the Sixth Edition As in the past, there has been a careful selection of new books, which has resulted in the addition of hundreds of new titles representing the best children's books published since 1999. The books discussed in this edition were chosen for their quality of literature and to create a balance between new books and those that have stood the test of time and are considered to be classics. In addition to the newest literature, the text includes numerous adult references that reflect the viewpoints, issues, and scholarly findings of professionals who write and work in the area of children's literature. While hundreds of new titles were studied and included in this edition, hundreds of other titles were cut because the books are no longer in print. The exclusion of books that are out of print is meant to assist librarians, educators, and other professionals who may want to order the books that are discussed or mentioned in the text. However, a very limited number of out of print books are included, because they are still available in libraries, are the best examples for a specific discussion, or are just too good to be ignored. Emphasis on the Artistry Heartfelt thanks are extended to cover artist Yangsook Choi, whose distinctive illustrative style and writing have received acclaim fromThe New York Times(Outstanding Book of the Year),Publisher's Weekly(one of the most prominent new children's book artists of 1997), International Reading Association (Children's Book Award), American Library Association (Notable Book), and Oppenheim (Toy Portfolio Gold Award). Her beautiful original piece for our cover expresses the joy and celebration to be found, savored, and shared in quality literature, and we are grateful for and honored by her work for us. The beauty and artistry of children's literature begin with our cover and are carried throughout this beautiful text. The full