Tourism System : An Introductory Text

by Mill, Robert Christie; Morrison, Alastair M.

• ISBN13: 9780757526800
• ISBN10: 0757526802
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Kendall-Hunt

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments	xi
About the Authors	xiii
Introduction
An Overview of the Tourism System
What Is Tourism?	1	(2)
Why Use a Systems Approach for the Study of Tourism?	3	(2)
The Parts of the Tourism System	5	(2)
The Tourism System Model	7	(1)
Terminology	8	(1)
Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
Yesterday: The Historical Development of Tourism	9	(3)
Tourism Today: At a Crossroads	12	(1)
Tourism Tomorrow: An Optimistic View	12	(3)
PART I / Destination: Planning, Developing, HQnd Controlling Tourism	15	(150)
The Destination Mix
Attractions and Services For the Traveler	17	(20)
Purpose	17	(1)
Learning Objectives	17	(1)
Overview	18	(1)
Attractions	18	(5)
Facilities	23	(3)
Infrastructure	26	(2)
Transportation	28	(1)
Hospitality Resources	29	(4)
Competitive Destinations	33	(2)
Summary	35	(2)
Tourism Impacts on the Economy, Society, Culture, and Environment
The Need For Sustainable Tourism Development	37	(26)
Purpose	37	(1)
Learning Objectives	37	(1)
Overview	38	(1)
The Role of Tourism in Economic Development	38	(3)
Economic Impacts of Tourism	41	(7)
Economic Development Considerations and Analysis	48	(4)
Maximizing Tourism's Positive Economic Impacts	52	(2)
Societal and Cultural Impacts	54	(2)
Environmental Impacts	56	(1)
Sustainable Tourism Development	57	(2)
Summary	59	(4)
Tourism Policy and Organizations
Government Involvement in Tourism	63	(28)
Purpose	63	(1)
Learning Objectives	63	(1)
Overview	64	(1)
Reasons for Government Involvement in Tourism	64	(1)
Government Roles in Tourism	65	(2)
Tourism Polity Formulation	67	(4)
Tourism Organizations	71	(17)
Summary	88	(3)
Tourism Regulation
Controlling Tourism	91	(28)
Purpose	91	(1)
Learning Objectives	91	(1)
Overview	92	(1)
Government Role in Controlling Tourism	92	(1)
Multilateral and Bilateral Agreements	93	(6)
Reasons for Destination Area Legislation and Regulations	99	(4)
Types of Destination Area Legislation and Regulations	103	(1)
Forms of Destination Area Legislation and Regulations	103	(10)
Self-Regulation in Tourism	113	(2)
Summary	115	(4)
Tourism Planning
Selecting Among Alternatives for the Future of Tourism	119	(24)
Purpose	119	(1)
Learning Objectives	119	(1)
Overview	120	(1)
The Destination Area With and Without Tourism Planning	120	(2)
Barriers to Tourism Planning	122	(1)
Purposes of Tourism Planning	123	(1)
Roles and Responsibilities in Tourism Planning	124	(2)
Steps in the Tourism Planning Process	126	(15)
Summary	141	(2)
Tourism Development
Building A Sustainable Future For Tourism	143	(22)
Purpose	143	(1)
Learning Objectives	143	(1)
Overview	144	(1)
Building a Sustainable Future for Tourism	144	(3)
The Link Between Tourism Planning and Tourism Development	147	(1)
Government and Private-Sector Participation in Tourism Develpment	147	(4)
Analysis of Individual Project Development Opportunities	151	(12)
Summary	163	(2)
PART II / Marketing: Strategy, Planning, Promotion, and Distribution	165	(108)
Tourism Marketing
Bringing all of the Parts of Tourism Together	167	(28)
Purpose	167	(1)
Learning Objectives	167	(1)
Overview	168	(1)
Tourism Marketing Is Unique	168	(1)
Tourism Marketing Defined	169	(1)
Marketing Orientation	170	(2)
Market Segmentation	172	(7)
Positioning	179	(2)
Product Life Cycle	181	(1)
Marketing Planning Process	182	(11)
Summary	193	(2)
Tourism Promotion
Communicating With Target Markets	195	(22)
Purpose	195	(1)
Learning Objectives	195	(1)
Overview	196	(1)
Promotion = Communication	196	(2)
Implementing a Promotional Program	198	(6)
Measure and Evaluate Promotional Effectiveness	204	(1)
Uses of Promotion by National Tourist Offices	204	(9)
State, Provincial and Territorial Tourist Offices	213	(1)
Regional and Local Tourism Organizations	214	(1)
Summary	214	(3)
The Distribution Mix in Tourism
Getting Messages and Services to the Market	217	(28)
Purpose	217	(1)
Learning Objectives	217	(1)
Overview	218	(1)
Tourism Distribution Is Unique	218	(1)
Distribution's Role in the Marketing Mix	218	(1)
The Tourism Distribution System	219	(2)
Integration and Classification of Channels	221	(3)
Distribution Mix Strategies	224	(2)
Tour Wholesalers and Operators	226	(6)
Retail Travel Agencies	232	(3)
Corporate Travel Departments	235	(3)
Incentive Travel Planners	238	(2)
Convention-Meeting Planners	240	(2)
Electronic Distribution Systems and the Future	242	(3)
Forces Shaping Tourism
Culture, Time, Socioeconomics, I III Cycle Stages, Personality	245	(28)
Purpose	245	(1)
Learning Objectives	245	(1)
Overview	246	(1)
The Effects of Culture on Travel	246	(7)
The Effect of Time on Travel	253	(5)
Sociveconomic Variables and Their Effect on Tourism Demand	258	(6)
Life Cycle Stages	264	(3)
Personality	267	(3)
Summary	270	(3)
PART III / Demand: The Factors Influencing the Market	273	(60)
Why Do People Take Vacations?
Needs, Wants, and Motivation	275	(18)
Purpose	275	(1)
Learning Objectives	275	(1)
Overview	276	(1)
Importance of Motivation	276	(2)
Travel as a Need/Want Satisfier	278	(10)
Why Travel?	288	(3)
Summary	291	(2)
Selecting a Travel Destination
The Importance of Image	293	(24)
Purpose	293	(1)
Learning Objectives	293	(1)
Overview	294	(1)
The Search for Information	294	(5)
Sensitivity to Information	299	(1)
The Process of Perception	300	(8)
Benefit Segmentation	308	(2)
Marketing Implications	310	(4)
Summary	314	(3)
Travel Purchase
The Traveler's Buying Process	317	(16)
Purpose	317	(1)
Learning Objectives	317	(1)
Overview	318	(1)
Travel Purchase: The Traveler's Buying Process	318	(4)
Buying-Communication Processes Interaction	322	(2)
Destination Choices	324	(2)
Vacation Sub-Decisions	326	(2)
Summary	328	(5)
PART IV / Travel: The Characteristics of Travel	333	(90)
Purposes of Travel
The Characteristics of Traveler Segments	335	(26)
Purpose	335	(1)
Learning Objectives	335	(1)
Overview	336	(1)
Introduction	336	(1)
The Business Travel Market	336	(10)
The Pleasure and Personal Travel Market	346	(10)
Summary	356	(5)
The Geography of Travel
Characteristics of Traveler Flows	361	(30)
Purpose	361	(1)
Learning Objectives	361	(1)
Overview	362	(1)
Introduction	362	(1)
Theoretical Models of Travel Flows	362	(10)
Travel Flows	372	(13)
Summary	385	(6)
Modes of Travel
Travel Alternatives	391	(32)
Purpose	391	(1)
Learning Objectives	391	(1)
Overview	392	(1)
Major Transportation Modes	392	(1)
Transportation Mode Selection Decisions	392	(1)
Travel by Train	393	(4)
Travel by Ship	397	(6)
Travel by Automobile	403	(2)
Travel by Air	405	(4)
Travel by Bus and Motorcoach	409	(3)
Marketing of Passenger Transportation	412	(7)
Summary	419	(4)
Additional Sources	423	(4)
Glossary	427	(6)
Index	433