Twenty Questions An Introduction to Philosophy (with InfoTrac)

by Bowie, G. Lee; Michaels, Meredith W.; Solomon, Robert C.

• ISBN13: 9780534604899
• ISBN10: 0534604897
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-07-21
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Preface. Introduction. Part 1: RELIGION AND THE MEANING OF LIFE. 1. Does Religion Give My Life Meaning? Steven M. Cahn: Religion Reconsidered. John Powers: Some Important Buddhist Doctrines. Ramakrishna: Many Paths to the Same Summit. Lao Tzu: A Taoist View of the Universe. Janheinz Jahn: God and Gods in Africa. Bertrand Russell: Why I Am Not a Christian. Friedrich Nietzsche: God is Dead. Friedrich Nietzsche: The Anti-christ. Rosemary Radford Ruether: The Image of God''s Goodness. bell hooks: Love as the Practice of Freedom. H. L Mencken: Memorial Service. Albert Camus: The Absurd. Charles Henderson: The Internet as Metaphor for God? 2. How Do I Know Whether God Exists? St. Augustine: Faith and Reason. Saint Anselm: The Ontological Argument. Saint Thomas Aquinas: Whether God Exists. William Paley: The Teleological Argument. David Hume: Why Does God Let People Suffer? Fyodor Dostoevsky: Rebellion. Søren Kierkegaard: The Leap of Faith and the Limits of Reason. William James: The Will To Believe. Natalie Angier: I''m No Believer. John Wisdom: Gods. Part 2: SCIENCE, MIND, AND NATURE. 3. What Does Science Tell Me About the World? Carl Hempel: The DeductiveNomological Model of Science. Thomas Kuhn: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Karl Popper: Science: Conjectures and Refutations. Evelyn Fox Keller: Feminism and Science. Richard Feynman: Seeking New Laws of Nature. Susan Griffin: Gravity. 4. Which Should I Believe: Darwin or Genesis? The Bible: Genesis. Charles Darwin: The Descent of Man. Duane T. Gish: Creationist Science and Education. Philip Kitcher: Against Creationism. Michael Ruse: Is Evolutionary Theory a Secular Religion? 5. How Is My Mind Connected to My Body? René Descartes: Mind as Distinct From Body. Gilbert Ryle: The Concept of Mind. William Lycan: Robots and Minds. John R. Searle: The Myth of the Computer. Elizabeth V. Spelman: Woman as Body. Colin McGinn: The Mysterious Flame. Part 3: THINKING AND KNOWING. 6. What Do I Know? Plato: The Myth of the Cave. René Descartes: Meditation. O.K. Bouwsma: Descartes'' Evil Genius. Norman Malcolm: Knowledge Regained. Lewis Carroll: Through the Looking Glass. Jorge Luis Borges: The Circular Ruins. Bertrand Russell: Appearance and Reality. John Locke: Where Our Ideas Come From. George Berkeley: To Be Is to Be Perceived. Lorraine Code: The Sex of the Knower. 7. Does Language Make Me Think the Way I Do? Jonathan Swift: Getting Rid of Words. Ludwig Wittgenstein: Meaning as Use. Benjamin Whorf: Language, Thought, and Reality. George Orwell: Newspeak. Steven Pinker: The Language Instinct. Stephanie Ross: How Words Hurt. Friedrich Nietzsche: Communication and Consciousness. Lewis Carroll: Humpty Dumpty. Part 4: THE DILEMAS OF PERSONHOOD. 8. Who Am I? John Perry: The First Night. John Locke: Of Identity and Diversity. David Hume: Of Personal Identity. Meredith Michaels: Persons, Brains, and Bodies. Justin Lieber: How To Build a Person. Simone de Beauvoir: I Am a Woman. Charles W. Mills: "But What Are You Really?": The Metaphysics of Race Patrick D. Hopkins: Bad Copies: How Popular Media Represent Cloning as an Ethical Problem. Robert Wachbroit: Genetic Encores: The Ethics of Human Cloning. Jean Bethke Elshtain: To Clone or Not to Clone. 9. Why Are My Emotions Important to Me? Aristotle: On Anger. René Descartes: The Passions of the Soul. David Hume: On Pride. William James: What Is an Emotion. Jean-Paul Sartre: Emotions as Transformations of the World. Carol Tavris: Uncivil RitesThe Cultural Rules of Anger. Plato: Two Speeches on Love. Robert C. Solomon: What Love Is. Morwenna Griffiths: Feminism, Feelings, and Philosophy. 10. How Should I Feel About Abortion and Embryo Research? Susan Tracy: The Abortion. Judith Jarvis Thompson: A Defense of Abortion. Susan Sherwin: Abortion Through a Feminist Lens. Alice Walker: Right to Life: What Can the White Man Say to the Black Woman? Sidney Callahan: The Moral Duty to the Unborn and Its Significance. Dena S. Davis: Stem Cells, Cloning, and Abo

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Introduction	vii
PART 1 Religion and the Meaning of Life	1	(78)
Chapter 1 Does Religion Give My Life Meaning?	2	(47)
Steven M. Cohn
Religion Reconsidered	4	(3)
John Powers
Some Important Buddhist Doctrines	7	(10)
Ramakrishna
Many Paths to the Same Summit	17	(1)
Lao Tzu
A Taoist View of the Universe	18	(2)
Janheinz Jahn
God and Gods in Africa	20	(2)
Bertrand Russell
Why I Am Not a Christian	22	(8)
Friedrich Nietzsche
God is Dead	30	(1)
Friedrich Nietzsche
The Anti-christ	31	(2)
Rosemary Radford Ruether
The Image of God's Goodness	33	(2)
bell hooks
Love as the Practice of Freedom	35	(5)
H. L Mencken
Memorial Service	40	(1)
Albert Camus
The Absurd	41	(4)
Charles Henderson
The Internet as Metaphor for God?	45	(4)
Chapter 2 How Do I Know Whether God Exists?	49	(30)
St. Augustine
Faith and Reason	52	(1)
Saint Anselm
The Ontological Argument	53	(2)
Saint Thomas Aquinas
Whether God Exists	55	(2)
William Paley
The Teleological Argument	57	(3)
David Hume
Why Does God Let People Suffer?	60	(4)
Fyodor Dostoevsky
Rebellion	64	(3)
Søren Kierkegaard
The Leap of Faith and the Limits of Reason	67	(3)
William James
The Will To Believe	70	(4)
Natalie Angier
I'm No Believer	74	(3)
John Wisdom
Gods	77	(2)
PART 2 Science, Mind, and Nature	79	(136)
Chapter 3 What Does Science Tell Me About the World?	80	(42)
Carl Hempel
The Deductive-Nomological Model of Science	83	(7)
Thomas Kuhn
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions	90	(8)
Karl Popper
Science: Conjectures and Refutations	98	(8)
Evelyn Fox Keller
Feminism and Science	106	(7)
Richard Feynman
Seeking New Laws of Nature	113	(7)
Susan Griffin
Gravity	120	(2)
Chapter 4 Which should I Believe: Darwin or Genesis?	122	(42)
The Bible
Genesis	126	(2)
Charles Darwin
The Descent of Man	128	(5)
Duane T. Gish
Creationist Science and Education	133	(10)
Philip Kitcher
Against Creationism	143	(11)
Michael Ruse
Is Evolutionary Theory a Secular Religion?	154	(10)
Chapter 5 How Is My Mind Connected to My Body?	164	(51)
René Descartes
Mind as Distinct From Body	168	(4)
Gilbert Ryle
The Concept of Mind	172	(8)
William Lycan
Robots and Minds	180	(6)
John R. Searle
The Myth of the Computer	186	(6)
Elizabeth V. Spelman
Woman as Body	192	(9)
Colin McGinn
The Mysterious Flame	201	(14)
PART 3 Thinking and Knowing	215	(82)
Chapter 6 What Do I Know?	216	(39)
Plato
The Myth of the Cave	219	(2)
René Descartes
Meditation	221	(4)
O.K. Bouwsma
Descartes' Evil Genius	225	(7)
Norman Malcolm
Knowledge Regained	232	(3)
Lewis Carroll
Through the Looking Glass	235	(1)
Jorge Luis Borges
The Circular Ruins	236	(3)
Bertrand Russell
Appearance and Reality	239	(2)
John Locke
Where Our Ideas Come From	241	(4)
George Berkeley
To Be Is to Be Perceived	245	(5)
Lorraine Code
The Sex of the Knower	250	(5)
Chapter 7 Does Language Make Me Think the Way I Do?	255	(42)
Jonathan Swift
Getting Rid of Words	258	(1)
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Meaning as Use	259	(6)
Benjamin Whorf
Language, Thought, and Reality	265	(9)
George Orwell
Newspeak	274	(2)
Steven Pinker
The Language Instinct	276	(10)
Stephanie Ross
How Words Hurt	286	(6)
Friedrich Nietzsche
Communication and Consciousness	292	(2)
Lewis Carroll
Humpty Dumpty	294	(3)
PART 4 The Dilemas of Personhood	297	(240)
Chapter 8 Who Am I?	298	(71)
John Perry
The First Night	301	(14)
John Locke
Of Identity and Diversity	315	(5)
David Hume
Of Personal Identity	320	(3)
Meredith Michaels
Persons, Brains, and Bodies	323	(2)
Justin Lieber
How To Build a Person	325	(7)
Simone de Beauvoir
I Am a Woman	332	(5)
Charles W. Mills
"But What Are You Really?": The Metaphysics of Race	337	(12)
Patrick D. Hopkins
Bad Copies: How Popular Media Represent Cloning as an Ethical Problem	349	(8)
Robert Wachbroit
Genetic Encores: The Ethics of Human Cloning	357	(7)
Jean Bethke Elshtain
To Clone or Not to Clone	364	(5)
Chapter 9 Why Are My Emotions Important to Me?	369	(36)
Aristotle
On Anger	372	(3)
René Descartes
The Passions of the Soul	375	(3)
David Hume
On Pride	378	(3)
William James
What Is an Emotion	381	(5)
Jean-Paul Sartre
Emotions as Transformations of the World	386	(2)
Carol Tavris
Uncivil Rites- The Cultural Rules of Anger	388	(3)
Plato
Two Speeches on Love	391	(4)
Robert C. Solomon
What Love Is	395	(4)
Morwenna Griffiths
Feminism, Feelings, and Philosophy	399	(6)
Chapter 10 How should I Feel About Abortion and Embryo Research?	405	(37)
Susan Tracy
The Abortion	409	(1)
Judith Jarvis Thompson
A Defense of Abortion	410	(11)
Susan Sherwin
Abortion Through a Feminist Lens	421	(5)
Alice Walker
Right to Life: What Can the White Man Say to the Black Woman?	426	(3)
Sidney Callahan
The Moral Duty to the Unborn and Its Significance	429	(4)
Dena S. Davis
Stem Cells, Cloning, and Abortion: Making Careful Distinctions	433	(3)
The President's Council on Bioethics
The Moral Status of the Embryo	436	(1)
Daniel Callahan
The Puzzle of Profound Respect: Human Embryo Research	437	(3)
Mary B. Mahowald and Anthony P. Mahowald
Embryonic Stem Cell Retrieval and a Possible Ethical Bypass	440	(2)
Chapter 11 What Is the Meaning of Death?	442	(28)
Plato
The Death of Socrates	444	(2)
Chuang-Tzu
A Taoist on Death	446	(1)
Thomas Nagel
Death	447	(5)
James Rachels
Active and Passive Euthanasia	452	(4)
Bonnie Steinbock
The Intentional Termination of Life	456	(4)
Patricia Mann
Meanings of Death	460	(10)
Chapter 12 How Should I Respond to War or Terrorism?	470	(27)
Saint Thomas Aquinas
Whether It Is Always Sinful to Wage War	473	(2)
Hannah Arendt
Power and Violence	475	(5)
George W. Bush
Address to the Nation, September 11, 2001	480	(1)
George F. Will
The End of Our Holiday from History	481	(1)
John Dear
The experiments of Ghandi: Nonviolent in the Nuclear Age	482	(4)
Richard Falk
Defining a Just War	486	(5)
Richard Deats
In War Truth is the First Casualty	491	(1)
Claudia Card
Questions REgarding a War on Terrorism	492	(3)
Mumia Abu-Jamal
War Against Terror or War to Govern the World?	495	(2)
Chapter 13 How Does Racism Affect My Life?	497	(40)
Jean-Paul Sartre
Anti-Semite and Jew	500	(2)
Laurence Thomas
What Good Am I?	502	(4)
Shelby Steele
I'm Black, You're White, Who's Innocent?	506	(5)
Anthony Appiah
"But Would That Still Be Me?"	511	(4)
Elizabeth V. Spelman
The Erasure of Black Women	515	(6)
Dorothy Roberts
The Myth of the Immoral Black Mother	521	(9)
Amy Tan
Two Kinds	530	(7)
PART 5 Living a Good Life	537	(168)
Chapter 14 Why Shouldn't I Be Selfish?	538	(31)
Ntozake Shange
get it and feel good	542	(1)
Plato
The Ring of Gyges	543	(3)
Epicurus
The Pursuit of Pleasure	546	(2)
Thomas Hobbes
People are Selfish	548	(2)
Mencius
On Human Nature	550	(1)
Adam Smith
Compassion	551	(2)
Richard Dawkins
The Selfish Gene	553	(2)
Stephen Jay Gould
So Cleverly Kind an Animal	555	(4)
Ayn Rand
The Virtue of selfishness	559	(3)
Tara Smith
Individual Rights, Welfare Rights	562	(1)
James Rachels
Ethical Egoism	563	(6)
Chapter 15 Can There Be Sexual Equality?	569	(53)
Plato
The Equality of Women	572	(4)
Aristotle
The Inequality of Women	576	(1)
Immanuel Kant
The Inequality of Women	576	(1)
John Stuart Mill
The Subjection of Women	577	(7)
Marilyn Frye
Sexism	584	(6)
Natalie Angier
Monogamy vs. Promiscuity: Putting Evolutionary Psychology on the Couch	590	(8)
Patricia Hill Collins
The social Construction of Black Feminist Thought	598	(8)
Nancy Bauer
Is Feminist Philosophy a Contradiction in Terms?: First Philosophy, The second Sex, and The Third Wave	606	(8)
Tiya Miles
On the Rag	614	(5)
Sarah McCarty
Selling Out	619	(3)
Chapter 16 What Is the Right Thing for Me to Do?	622	(41)
The Bible
The Ten Commandments and The Sermon on the Mount	625	(3)
Confucius
The Analects	628	(1)
The Koran
The Unjust	629	(1)
Aristotle
Happiness and the Good Life	630	(8)
Immanuel Kant
Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals	638	(4)
John Stuart Mill
Utilitarianism	642	(3)
Friedrich Nietzsche
The Natural History of Morals	645	(3)
A.J. Ayer
Emotivism	648	(3)
Simone de Beauvoir
Freedom and Morality	651	(1)
Jonathon Bennett
The Conscience of Hack Finn	652	(3)
Claudia Card
One Feminist View of Ethics	655	(3)
Bob Kane
Through the Moral Maze	658	(5)
Chapter 17 I Like It, but Is It Art?	663	(42)
Aristotle
The Nature of Tragedy	666	(5)
David Hume
Of the Standard Of Taste	671	(4)
Leo Tolstoy
What is Art?	675	(3)
The Hayes Commission
The Motion Picture Production Code	678	(3)
Theodore Adorno and Max Horkheimer
The Culture Industry	681	(5)
Arthur C. Danto
The Art World	686	(4)
Tom Wolfe
The Worship of Art: Notes on the New God	690	(4)
Kathleen Higgins
Beauty, Kitsch, and Glamour	694	(5)
Mary Deveraux
The Male Gaze	699	(3)
Paul Mattick, Jr.
Who Should Support the Arts?	702	(3)
PART 6 Justice and Responsibility	705	(113)
Chapter 18 Am I Free to Choose What I Do?	706	(41)
Sophocles
Antigone's Fate	709	(3)
Aristotle
Voluntary and Involuntary Action	712	(2)
Baron d'Holbach
Are We Cogs in the Universe?	714	(2)
Friedrich Nietzsche
Twilight of an Error	716	(2)
John Hospers
Meaning and Free Will	718	(7)
Jean-Paul Sartre
Freedom and Responsibility	725	(2)
B.F. Skinner
Freedom and the Control of Men	727	(5)
Bob Kane
The Significance of Free Will: Old Dispute, New Themes	732	(5)
Bernard Williams
Moral Luck	737	(3)
Jean Grimshaw
Autonomy and Identity in Feminist Thinking	740	(3)
Iris Young
Oppression	743	(4)
Chapter 19 What Do I Justly Deserve?	747	(42)
Plato
Does Might Make Right	749	(3)
Thomas Hobbes
Justice and the Social Contract	752	(4)
John Stuart Mill
A Utilitarian Theory of Justice	756	(4)
John Rawls
Justice as Fairness	760	(5)
Robert Nozick
The Principle of Fairness	765	(5)
Joel Feinberg
Economic Income and Social Justice	770	(5)
Iris Young
The Myth of Merit	775	(3)
Amartya Sen
Property and Hunger	778	(6)
Malcolm X
Human Rights, Civil Rights	784	(2)
Cheshire Calhoun
Justice, Care, and Gender Bias	786	(3)
Chapter 20 How Should I Make Money?	789	(29)
Confucius
On Business	793	(1)
Adam Smith
Benefits of the Profit Motive	794	(4)
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
The Immorality of Capitalism	798	(1)
Milton Friedman
The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits	799	(3)
Ford Motor Company
The Ford Pinto Memo	802	(1)
William Greider
Crime in the Suites	803	(1)
Christopher D. Stone
Why Shouldn't Corporations Be Socially Responsible	804	(2)
Joanne Ciulla
Honest Work	806	(3)
Patricia H. Werhane
A Bill of Rights for Employees and Employers	809	(2)
Robert C. Solomon
Making Money and the Importance of the Virtues	811	(6)
Joseph Campbell
Follow Your Bliss	817	(1)
Credits	818