Ultra Wide Band Antennas

by Begaud, Xavier

• ISBN13: 9781848212329
• ISBN10: 1848212321
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-12-20
• Publisher: Wiley-ISTE

Summary

Ultra Wide Band Technology (UWB) has reached a level of maturity that allows us to offer wireless links with either high or low data rates. These wireless links are frequently associated with a location capability for which ultimate accuracy varies with the inverse of the frequency bandwidth. Using time or frequency domain waveforms, they are currently the subject of international standards facilitating their commercial implementation. Drawing up a complete state of the art, Ultra Wide Band Antennas is aimed at students, engineers and researchers and presents a summary of internationally recognized studies.

Author Biography

Xavier Begaud is Associate Professor at TELECOM ParisTech in France. His main research interests are the theory, design, modeling and characterization of wideband, dual polarized and 3D antennas (with special emphasis on numerical methods), and the design of metamaterials, channel sounders and mutual coupling analysis in the framework of Ultra Wide Band and Software Radio.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. ix
Applications of Ultra Wide Band Systems	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
UWB regulation: a complex context	p. 2
UWB regulation in the USA	p. 2
UWB regulation in Europe	p. 3
UWB regulation in Japan	p. 6
Emission mask in the United States, Europe and Japan	p. 7
Formal Ultra Wide Band types	p. 8
Ultra Wide Band Impulse Radio (UWB-IP)	p. 8
OFDM-ultra wide band (UWB-OFDM)	p. 12
Non-formal ultra wide band types	p. 14
Ultra wide band frequency hopping (UWB-FH)	p. 14
Chirp Ultra Wide Band (UWB-FM)	p. 17
Comparison between the different Ultra Wide Band techniques	p. 20
Typical UWB-OFDM applications	p. 21
Peripheral connection to a PC	p. 21
High speed applications in large structures with optical fiber backbone	p. 22
High speed UWB in harsh indoor environment	p. 26
High speed UWB combined with other technologies	p. 27
Specialized UWB-OFDM applications	p. 28
Last mile radio applications	p. 28
Information and video streaming applications	p. 29
Typical applications of the Impulse Radio UWB, UWB-FH and UWB-FM	p. 30
Professional geo-localization	p. 30
Geolocalization for private individuals	p. 31
Impact on the antennas	p. 32
Radiation Characteristics of Antennas	p. 33
Introduction	p. 33
What is an antenna and how can we define it?	p. 36
Where does antenna radiation come from?	p. 37
How can we characterize an antenna?	p. 37
Plane wave and polarization	p. 38
Radiation fields and radiation power	p. 40
Radiation fields	p. 40
Radiation power	p. 41
The radiation pattern, the phase center	p. 41
Directive gain, directivity	p. 43
Radiation impedance and radiation resistance	p. 46
Gain, efficiency and effective aperture	p. 47
Gain and efficiency	p. 47
Receive antenna effective aperture	p. 48
Budget link, transfer function	p. 49
Equivalent circuits of the antennas	p. 51
Bandwidth	p. 52
Example of characterization: the triangular probe antenna in F	p. 52
Description of the structure	p. 53
Impedance matching	p. 53
Radiation patterns	p. 54
Optimization of the antenna	p. 58
Representation, Characterization and Modeling of Ultra Wide Band Antennas	p. 61
Introduction	p. 61
Specificities of UWB antennas: stakes and representation	p. 62
Context and requirements of an effective and complete representation	p. 63
Transfer function in transmission	p. 64
Transfer function in reception, reciprocity	p. 71
Transfer function and "conventional" quantities	p. 75
Elements on the measurement of transfer functions in the frequency domain	p. 76
Temporal behavior, distortion	p. 77
Distortion and ideality	p. 80
Performance characterization: synthetic indicators	p. 82
Energy gain and mean realized gain (MRG)	p. 83
Synthetic indicators of distortion	p. 86
Parsimonious representation by development of singularities and spherical modes	p. 95
The singularity expansion method	p. 95
Spherical mode expansion method (SMEM)	p. 98
Parametric model with very high order reduction	p. 102
Examples of processing of measured ATF	p. 103
Experimental Characterization of UWB Antennas	p. 113
Introduction	p. 113
Measurements of the characteristics of radiation	p. 114
Basic concepts	p. 114
Frequency methods	p. 117
Time domain method	p. 127
Measurements of the electric characteristics	p. 156
Preamble	p. 156
Frequency domain measurements	p. 157
Time domain measurements	p. 159
Overview of UWB Antennas	p. 163
Classification of UWB antennas	p. 163
Frequency independent antennas	p. 164
Equiangular antennas	p. 164
Log-periodic antennas	p. 170
Techniques of frequency-independent antennas performance improvement	p. 176
Elementary antennas	p. 177
The biconical antenna	p. 177
The discone antenna	p. 179
The bowtie antenna	p. 180
Planar monopoles antennas	p. 181
Performance improvement techniques of elementary UWB antennas	p. 190
Directive elementary antennas	p. 195
Antennas with progressive transition	p. 196
Horn antennas	p. 201
Miniaturization of UWB antennas	p. 202
General principles of antenna miniaturization	p. 202
Miniaturization problems of UWB antennas	p. 203
Miniaturization techniques applicable to UWB antennas	p. 204
UWB antennas for surface penetrating radars	p. 206
Presentation of SPR UWB technologies	p. 206
Design of antennas for SPR radars	p. 207
Antenna-Channel Joint Effects in UWB	p. 213
Introduction	p. 213
Recalls on the UWB radio channel	p. 214
Impact of the channel on the performance of UWB systems	p. 218
Effective antenna performance in an ideal channel	p. 220
Introduction	p. 220
Radiation patterns for various architectures	p. 221
Effective performance of non-directional antennas in dispersive channels	p. 225
Gain calculation for non-ideal antennas	p. 225
Results on measured channels	p. 231
Effective performance of directional antennas in dispersive channels	p. 233
Factorization of antenna patterns	p. 235
Conclusion	p. 237
Appendices	p. 239
Reciprocity of the Antennas in Reception and Transmission Modes	p. 241
Reciprocity applied to waveguides	p. 243
Reciprocity applied to the passive antennas in transmission and reception	p. 245
Method of the Stationary Phase	p. 253
Acronyms and Abbreviations	p. 255
Bibliography	p. 259
List of Authors	p. 273
Index	p. 275
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