UMTS Network Planning and Development

by Braithwaite; Scott

• ISBN13: 9780750660822
• ISBN10: 0750660821
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-03-03
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

UMTS is the wireless network technology behind the rollout of Third Generation (3G) mobile telecoms networks which will bring video, music and internet services to the cellphone and a range of electronic products. Chris Braithwaite and Mike Scott use their extensive experience of training engineers across Europe, and their backgrounds in working with Nokia, Ericsson and Orange to deliver a uniquely practical guide written from the perspective of the engineer and network planner. This guide is a valuable addition to the literature on UMTS which to date has been dominated by theoretical and reference works. The authors consider each of the key topics of UMTS/WCDMA and 3G rollout in terms of Coverage, Capacity and Quality of Service- the key considerations for all engineers and managers working in 3G telecoms.

Table of Contents

List of Figures	xv
List of Tables	xix
Author Profiles	xxi
Acknowledgements	xxiii
Preface	xxv
1 Introduction	1	(12)
1.1 General Mobile Telecoms	1	(1)
1.1.1 Mobile Telecoms Today	1	(1)
1.1.2 Development to 2G Status	2	(1)
1.2 Transition from 2G to 2.5G to 3G	2	(1)
1.3 3G Universal Mobile Telephony System	3	(7)
1.3.1 Early Developments	4	(2)
1.3.2 Universal System Agreements	6	(1)
1.3.3 System Capability	6	(1)
1.3.4 3G Development Process	7	(3)
1.4 3G Network Planning	10	(3)
1.4.1 3G Roll-out Strategy	10	(1)
1.4.2 The Coverage, Capacity, and Quality Model	11	(2)
Part 1 NETWORK PLANNING AND 3G FOUNDATIONS	13	(28)
Introduction	13	(27)
2 Wideband CDMA Network Planning	15	(26)
2.1 Radio Network Planning Process	16	(1)
2.1.1 Capacity	17	(1)
2.1.1.1 Capacity Boosting Techniques	18	(1)
2.1.1.2 Soft Capacity	19	(1)
2.1.2 Coverage	19	(1)
2.1.2.1 Target Coverage	20	(1)
2.1.2.2 Sectorization and Adaptive Beam Forming	21	(1)
2.1.3 Quality of Service	21	(1)
2.1.3.1 Planning with Regard to Quality of Service	22	(1)
2.2 Developing Procedures for Planning and Maximizing Capacity and Coverage	22	(1)
2.2.1 Preparation	23	(1)
2.2.2 Number of Users	24	(1)
2.2.3 Management of the Network Plan	24	(1)
2.3 Development of the Network Design Plan	25	(1)
2.3.1 Traffic - Analysis	26	(1)
2.3.1.1 Traffic Intensity	26	(1)
2.3.1.2 Sample Usage and Service Offerings	27	(1)
2.3.2 Cell Coverage Estimation	28	(1)
2.3.2.1 Link Budget	29	(1)
2.3.2.2 Soft Handover Gain	30	(1)
2.3.2.3 Coverage Limited	30	(1)
2.3.2.4 Capacity Limited	30	(1)
2.3.2.5 Load Factor	31	(1)
2.3.3 Cell Count Estimation Model	32	(1)
2.3.4 Area Coverage Probability	32	(1)
2.3.4.1 Area Coverage Probability - Outage	33	(1)
2.3.4.2 Cell Edge Coverage Probability	34	(1)
2.3.5 Blocking	35	(1)
2.3.5.1 The Poisson Distribution	35	(1)
2.3.6 Simulation Analysis of Network Design Plan	36	(2)
2.4 Optimization	38	(2)
Summary for Part I	40	(1)
Part II CAPACITY AND NETWORK PLANNING	41	(50)
Introduction	41	(48)
3 Detailed Network Planning	43	(24)
3.1 Control Channel Power Planning and Its Effects on Coverage and Capacity	44	(1)
3.2 Capacity and Soft Handover Parameter Planning	45	(1)
3.2.1 Soft Capacity Calculations	46	(1)
3.2.2 Soft Capacity Assumptions	47	(1)
3.2.3 Soft Capacity as a Function of Bit Rate	48	(1)
3.2.4 Soft Capacity and Radio Resource Management	49	(1)
3.3 Capacity Enhancements with Inter-frequency Handover Planning	49	(1)
3.3.1 Microcells and Macrocells on Different Frequencies	50	(1)
3.3.2 Microcells and Macrocells on the Same Frequency	51	(2)
3.4 Changes in Capacity and Quality of Service with Non-uniform Traffic	53	(1)
3.5 Coverage Changes with Adaptive Control of Cell Radius	54	(1)
3.6 Pilot Power and Pilot Pollution	54	(2)
3.7 Soft Handover Planning in Terms of Capacity and Coverage	56	(1)
3.8 Hierarchical Cell Structures	57	(1)
3.9 Code Requirements and Their Effects on Capacity	58	(1)
3.9.1 Static and Dynamic Codes	60	(1)
3.9.2 Pseudo-noise Sequences	60	(1)
3.9.3 Orthogonal Codes	61	(1)
3.9.3.1 Walsh Codes	62	(1)
3.10 Code Planning	63	(1)
3.11 Characterization of the Radio Frequency Environment	64	(1)
3.12 Radio Network Testing	65	(2)
4 Network Dimensioning	67	(24)
4.1 Dimensioning	68	(1)
4.1.1 Traffic Modelling and Services	68	(1)
4.1.2 Channel Element Planning	68	(1)
4.1.2.1 Channel Element Example	70	(2)
4.2 Transmission Capacity	72	(3)
4.3 Multi-user Detection	75	(1)
4.3.1 Range Extension with Multi-user Detection in Loaded Networks	77	(1)
4.4 Spectrum Efficiency Comparison - Uplink and Downlink	78	(1)
4.5 Uplink and Downlink Load Factors	79	(1)
4.5.1 Uplink Load Factors	79	(1)
4.5.1.1 Uplink Noise Rise	80	(1)
4.5.2 Downlink Load Factor	81	(1)
4.5.3 Soft Handover	83	(1)
4.6 Uplink and Downlink Capacity	83	(1)
4.6.1 Uplink Capacity	83	(1)
4.6.2 Downlink Capacity	84	(2)
4.7 Capacity Improvements	86	(1)
4.7.1 Additional Frequencies	86	(1)
4.7.2 Sectorization	87	(1)
4.7.3 Transmitting Diversity	87	(1)
4.7.4 Lower Bit Rate Codes	87	(2)
Summary for Part II	89	(2)
Part III COVERAGE AND NETWORK PLANNING	91	(62)
Introduction	91	(61)
5 3G Co-planning and co-existence	93	(26)
5.1 Co-existing with 2G	93	(2)
5.2 3G Co-planning with 2G Networks	95	(1)
5.2.1 Co-planning Parameters	97	(1)
5.3 Intermodulation	97	(1)
5.3.1 Intermodulation Products	98	(1)
5.3.2 Intermodulation and 2G/3G Site Share	99	(2)
5.4 Isolation Requirements	101	(1)
5.5 External Operator Interference	101	(1)
5.5.1 Example of External Operator Interference	102	(1)
5.5.2 Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio	103	(1)
5.5.3 Adjacent Channel Attenuation	105	(1)
5.5.4 An Adjacent Channel Interference Scenario	107	(1)
5.6 Uplink Simulations	108	(1)
5.6.1 Planning Adjacent Channel Interference	111	(1)
5.7 UMTS Radio Carriers	112	(1)
5.7.1 Carrier to Interference Ratio	113	(1)
5.7.2 Guard Bands and Zones	114	(1)
5.7.3 Frequency Sharing	115	(1)
5.8 Inter-system Handovers (Slotted Mode)	116	(1)
5.8.1 Dual Mode	116	(1)
5.8.2 Slotted Mode	117	(2)
6 Influence of Link Budgets on 3G Coverage	119	(34)
6.1 Introduction	119	(1)
6.2 Link Budgets and Loads	120	(1)
6.2.1 Interference Margin	120	(1)
6.2.2 Fast Fading	120	(1)
6.2.3 Soft Handover Gain	121	(1)
6.2.4 Energy per Bit per Noise Spectral Density	121	(1)
6.2.4.1 Processing Gain	122	(1)
6.2.4.2 Eb/No Requirements as a Function of Load	123	(1)
6.2.5 Uplink Budget	124	(1)
6.2.6 Downlink Budget	124	(1)
6.2.7 Propagation Model	126	(1)
6.2.8 Sample Budget Calculation	127	(1)
6.2.9 Link Budget Examples	127	(1)
6.2.9.1 Link Budget Example - 12.2 kbps	128	(1)
6.2.9.2 Link Budget Example - 144 kbps	132	(1)
6.2.9.3 Link Budget Example - 384 kbps	133	(1)
6.3 Coverage Versus Capacity in Relation to Link Budgets	133	(3)
6.4 Transmit Diversity	136	(1)
6.4.1 Downlink Transmit Diversity	137	(1)
6.4.2 Uplink and Downlink Transmit Diversity	138	(1)
6.4.3 Capacity and Coverage Gains with Transmit Diversity	139	(2)
6.5 Range Calculation Parameters	141	(1)
6.5.1 Cell Load and Range	144	(1)
6.5.1.1 Reduction in Cell Range	144	(1)
6.5.2 Effects on Cell Coverage due to Parameter Modifications	145	(1)
6.5.3 Typical Coverage in 3G Universal Mobile Telephony System	146	(1)
6.6 Coverage Versus Different Bit Rates	147	(1)
6.6.1 Overheads for Different Bit Rates	148	(2)
6.7 Coverage Improvements	150	(1)
6.8 Summary	151	(1)
Summary for Part III	152	(1)
Part IV QUALITY AND NETWORK PLANNING	153	(38)
Introduction	153	(36)
7 Quality of Service	155	(8)
7.1 Quality of Service	155	(2)
7.2 Service Capabilities	157	(1)
7.3 Quality-of-Service Traffic Classes	158	(1)
7.3.1 Conversational Class (Optimum Real-Time Quality of Service)	158	(1)
7.3.2 Streaming Class	159	(1)
7.3.3 Interactive Class	159	(1)
7.3.4 Background Class	159	(1)
7.4 Quality-of-Service Mechanisms	160	(3)
8 Radio Resource Management	163	(28)
8.1 Introduction	163	(1)
8.2 Admission Control	164	(1)
8.2.1 Admission Control Strategy	166	(1)
8.2.2 Levels of Admission Control	167	(1)
8.3 Load Control (Congestion Control)	167	(1)
8.3.1 Load Control Actions	167	(2)
8.4 Packet Scheduler and Load Control	169	(1)
8.5 Interference Margin	170	(1)
8.6 Power Control	171	(1)
8.6.1 Power Control Mechanisms	172	(1)
8.6.1.1 Open Loop	173	(1)
8.6.1.2 Closed Loop	174	(1)
8.6.1.3 Outer Loop and Inner Loop	174	(1)
8.6.1.4 Outer Loop	175	(1)
8.6.2 Fast Power Control	176	(1)
8.6.3 Improved Quality with the Power Control Signalling	178	(1)
8.6.4 Uplink Fast Power Control - Intercell Interference	179	(1)
8.7 Handover Mechanism	180	(1)
8.7.1 Handover Decision and Parameters	181	(1)
8.7.2 Soft Handover Algorithm	183	(1)
8.7.3 Handover Measurements	184	(2)
8.8 Multi-path Components	186	(1)
8.8.1 Macro diversity	186	(1)
8.8.2 Micro diversity	187	(2)
Summary for Part IV	189	(2)
Part V OPTIMIZATION AND NETWORK PLANNING	191	(66)
Introduction	191	(16)
9 Radio Environments and Microcell Planning	193	(14)
9.1 Microcell Planning	193	(1)
9.1.1 Corner Effect	195	(1)
9.1.2 Pathloss Attenuation	196	(1)
9.1.3 Soft Handover Design in Microcell Environments	198	(3)
9.2 Radio Environments	201	(1)
9.2.1 Indoor/Office Environment Planning	201	(1)
9.2.2 Outdoor to Indoor Pedestrian Environment	203	(1)
9.2.2.1 Manhattan Example	203	(1)
9.2.3 Vehicular Radio Environment	204	(3)
10 3G Planning Methodologies and Tools	207	(14)
10.1 Planning Methodologies	207	(1)
10.2 Planning Methodology Comparisons	208	(1)
10.3 3G Planning Too1 Utilization	209	(1)
10.4 Planning Using Monte Carlo Simulations	210	(2)
10.4.1 Monte Carlo Input Parameters	212	(1)
10.4.2 Monte Carlo Iterations	213	(2)
10.4.3 Monte Carlo Results Analysis	215	(1)
10.4.4 Propagation Models	215	(1)
10.4.4.1 Empirical Model	216	(1)
10.4.4.2 Deterministic Models (Ray Tracing)	216	(2)
10.4.4.3 Street Canyon Model	218	(1)
10.5 Mapping Data Requirements	218	(1)
10.6 Carrier Wave Measurements	219	(2)
11 Nominal Planning and Site Selection	221	(16)
11.1 Nominal Planning	221	(1)
11.1.1 Initial Network Dimensioning	221	(2)
11.1.2 Spreadsheet Dimensioning	223	(2)
11.1.3 Creation of a Nominal Plan	225	(1)
11.1.4 Defining Search Areas	226	(1)
11.1.5 Site Options	227	(1)
11.2 Perform Site Selection	228	(1)
11.2.1 Radio Requirements	228	(1)
11.2.2 Transmission Requirements	228	(1)
11.2.3 Access Requirements	229	(1)
11.2.4 Power and Planning Requirements	230	(1)
11.3 Effective and Ineffective 3G Universal Mobile Telephony System Sites	231	(1)
11.4 Suggested Antenna Heights	231	(1)
11.4.1 Dense Urban Sites	232	(1)
11.4.2 Light Urban and Dense Suburban Sites	233	(1)
11.4.3 Light Suburban Sites	233	(1)
11.4.4 Rural and Highway Sites	233	(1)
11.5 Traffic Calculation	233	(1)
11.5.1 Traffic Evaluation	234	(3)
12 Optimization through Detailed Site and Antenna Configuration	237	(20)
12.1 Introduction	237	(1)
12.1.1 Basics of Site and Antenna Configuration	237	(1)
12.1.2 Basics of Optimization and Configuration	238	(1)
12.2 3G Universal Mobile Telephony System Antenna Arrangements	238	(1)
12.2.1 Transmit Diversity	239	(1)
12.2.2 Receive and Transmit Diversity	240	(1)
12.2.3 Other Antenna Arrangements	241	(1)
12.2.3.1 Dual System Antennas	242	(1)
12.3 Ancillary Equipment	243	(1)
12.3.1 Tower-Mounted Amplifiers	243	(2)
12.4 Antenna and Site Configurations	245	(1)
12.4.1 Three- and Six-Sector Configuration	246	(1)
12.4.2 Omni-transmit and Omni-receive	246	(1)
12.5 Site Optimization	247	(1)
12.5.1 Uplink Coverage Gain	248	(1)
12.5.2 Downlink Coverage Gain	249	(1)
12.5.3 Isolation Requirements	249	(2)
12.5.3.1 Co-siting Antennas	251	(1)
12.5.4 Antenna Tilts	252	(1)
12.5.5 Mounting of Antennas	253	(3)
12.6 Coverage, Capacity, Quality of Service Versus Optimization Summary	256	(1)
Part VI UMTS (3G) DEVELOPMENT	257	(22)
13 UMTS (3G) Development and Future Technologies	259	(8)
13.1 Main Components of 3G Universal Mobile Telephony System Services	259	(2)
13.2 Universal Mobile Telephony System (3G) Business Case	261	(3)
13.3 Implementation Aspects	264	(3)
14 Wireless Technologies of the Future	267	(12)
14.1 The Move towards 4G	267	(1)
14.2 Stable 2G and 3G Networks	267	(1)
14.3 Market Developments and Demands	268	(1)
14.4 4G	269	(1)
14.5 The Move from 3G to 4G	270	(1)
14.6 Technology Required for 4G	271	(2)
14.6.1 Wireless Technologies	273	(1)
14.6.1.1 Wireless Local Area Networks	273	(2)
14.6.1.2 Mobile Broadband Systems	275	(1)
14.7 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)	275	(2)
14.8 Future Vision of Communications	277	(2)
References and Bibliography	279	(8)
Glossary	287	(12)
Index	299