Understanding the American Promise: A History, Combined Volume A History of the United States

by Roark, James L.; Johnson, Michael P.; Cohen, Patricia Cline; Stage, Sarah; Hartmann, Susan M.

• ISBN13: 9781457639791
• ISBN10: 1457639793
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2013-10-11
• Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's

Summary

Understanding the American Promise, Second Edition, features a brief, question-driven narrative that models for students the inquiry-based methods used by historians and features innovative active learning pedagogy to help students understand what’s really important to know about U.S. history. This affordable text comes integrated with LearningCurve, an adaptive learning tool that helps students retain what they’ve read and come to class prepared.

What's in the LaunchPad

Author Biography

James L. Roark (Ph.D., Stanford University) is Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of American History at Emory University. In 1993, he received the Emory Williams Distinguished Teaching Award, and in 2001–2002 he was Pitt Professor of American Institutions at Cambridge University. He has written Masters without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil War and Reconstruction and coauthored Black Masters: A Free Family of Color in the Old South with Michael P. Johnson.

Michael P. Johnson (Ph.D., Stanford University) is professor of history at Johns Hopkins University. His publications include Toward a Patriarchal Republic: The Secession of Georgia; Abraham Lincoln, Slavery, and the Civil War: Selected Speeches and Writings; and Reading the American Past: Selected Historical Documents, the documents reader for The American Promise. He has also coedited No Chariot Let Down: Charleston’s Free People of Color on the Eve of the Civil War with James L. Roark.

Patricia Cline Cohen (Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley) is professor of history at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where she received the Distinguished Teaching Award in 2005–2006. She has written A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America and The Murder of Helen Jewett: The Life and Death of a Prostitute in Nineteenth-Century New York, and she has coauthored The Flash Press: Sporting Male Weeklies in 1840s New York.

Sarah Stage (Ph.D., Yale University) has taught U.S. history at Williams College and the University of California, Riverside, and she was visiting professor at Beijing University and Szechuan University. Currently she is professor of Women’s Studies at Arizona State University. Her books include Female Complaints: Lydia Pinkham and the Business of Women’s Medicine and Rethinking Home Economics: Women and the History of a Profession.

Susan M. Hartmann (Ph.D., University of Missouri) is Arts and Humanities Distinguished Professor of History at Ohio State University. In 1995 she won the university's Exemplary Faculty Award in the College of Humanities. Her publications include Truman and the 80th Congress; The Home Front and Beyond: American Women in the 1940s; From Margin to Mainstream: American Women and Politics since 1960; and The Other Feminists: Activists in the Liberal Establishment.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1

Understanding Ancient America before 1492

When and why do historians rely on the work of archaeologists?

How and why did humans migrate into North America?

African and Asian Origins

Paleo-Indian Hunters

Why did Archaic Native Americans shift to foraging and hunting smaller animals?

Great Plains Bison Hunters

Great Basin Cultures

Pacific Coast Cultures

Eastern Woodland Cultures

How did agriculture influence Native American cultures?

Southwestern Cultures

Woodland Burial Mounds and Chiefdoms

What cultural similarities did native peoples of the Western Hemisphere share in the 1490s?

Eastern and Great Plains Peoples

Southwestern and Western Peoples

Cultural Similarities

Why was tribute important in the Mexican empire?

Conclusion: How do we understand the worlds of Ancient Americans?

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Chapter 1 Study Guide

Chapter 2

Europeans Encounter the New World 1492–1600

What factors led to European exploration in the fifteenth century?

Mediterranean Trade and European Expansion

A Century of Portuguese Exploration

What did Spanish explorers discover in the western Atlantic?

The Explorations of Columbus

The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian Exchange

How did Spaniards explore, conquer, and colonize New Spain?

The Conquest of Mexico

The Search for Other Mexicos

Spanish Outposts in Florida and New Mexico

New Spain in the Sixteenth Century

The Toll of Spanish Conquest and Colonization

What impact did Spain’s New World endeavors have in Europe?

The Protestant Reformation and the Spanish Response

Europe and the Spanish Example

Conclusion: What promise did the New World offer Europeans?

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Chapter 2 Study Guide

Chapter 3

Founding the Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century 1601–1700

What challenges faced early Chesapeake colonists?

The Fragile Jamestown Settlement

Cooperation and Conflict between Natives and Newcomers

From Private Company to Royal Government

How did Chesapeake tobacco society take shape?

Tobacco Agriculture

A Servant Labor System

The Rigors of Servitude

Cultivating Land and Faith

Why did Chesapeake colonial society change in the late seventeenth century?

Social and Economic Polarization

Government Policies and Political Conflict

Bacon’s Rebellion

Why did the southern colonies move toward a slave labor system?

Religion and Revolt in the Spanish Borderland

The West Indies: Sugar and Slavery

Carolina: A West Indian Frontier

Slave Labor Emerges in the Chesapeake

Conclusion: Why were export crops and slave labor important in the growth of the southern colonies?

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Chapter 3 Study Guide

Chapter 4

Founding the Northern Colonies 1601–1700

Why did the Puritans immigrate to North America?

Puritan Origins: The English Reformation

The Pilgrims and Plymouth Colony

The Founding of Massachusetts Bay Colony

How did New England society change during the seventeenth century?

Church, Covenant, and Conformity

Government by Puritans for Puritanism

The Splintering of Puritanism

Religious Controversies and Economic Changes

What was distinctive about the middle colonies?

From New Netherland to New York

New Jersey and Pennsylvania

Toleration and Diversity in Pennsylvania

What was the connection between the colonies and the English empire?

Royal Regulation of Colonial Trade

King Philip’s War and the Consolidation of Royal Authority

Conclusion: Was there an English model of colonization in North America?

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Chapter 4 Study Guide

Chapter 5

The Changing World of Colonial America 1701–1770

How did the North American colonies change in the eighteenth century?

What changed in New England life and culture?

Natural Increase and Land Distribution

Farms, Fish, and Atlantic Trade

What spurred the growth of the middle colonies?

German and Scots-Irish Immigrants

"God Gives All Things to Industry": Urban and Rural Labor

Why did slavery become the defining feature of the southern colonies?

The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Growth of Slavery

Slave Labor and African American Culture

Tobacco, Rice, and Prosperity

What experiences tended to unify the colonists in British North America during the eighteenth century?

Commerce and Consumption

Religion, Enlightenment, and Revival

Trade and Conflict in the North American Borderlands

Colonial Politics in the British Empire

Conclusion: What was the dual identity of British North American colonists?

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Chapter 5 Study Guide

Chapter 6

The British Empire and the Colonial Crisis 1754–1775

How did the Seven Years’ War lay the groundwork for colonial crisis?

French-British Rivalry in the Ohio Country

The Albany Congress

The War and Its Consequences

Pontiac’s Rebellion and the Proclamation of 1763

Why did the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act draw fierce opposite from colonists?

Grenville’s Sugar Act

The Stamp Act

Resistance Strategies and Crowd Politics

Liberty and Property

Why did British authorities send troops to occupy Boston in the fall of 1768?

The Townshend Duties

Nonconsumption and the Daughters of Liberty

Military Occupation and "Massacre" in Boston

Why did Parliament pass the Coercive Acts in 1774?

The Calm before the Storm

Tea in Boston Harbor

The Coercive Acts

Beyond Boston: Rural New England

The First Continental Congress

How did enslaved people in the colonies react to the stirrings of revolution?

Lexington and Concord

Rebelling against Slavery

Conclusion: What changes did the American colonists want in 1775?

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Chapter 6 Study Guide

Chapter 7

Fighting the American Revolution 1775–1783

Why did Americans wait so long before they declared their independence?

Assuming Political and Military Authority

Pursuing Both War and Peace

Thomas Paine, Abigail Adams, and the Case for Independence

The Declaration of Independence

What initial challenges did the opposing armies face?

The American Military Forces

The British Strategy

Quebec, New York, and New Jersey

What role did the home front play in the war?

Patriotism at the Local Level

The Loyalists

Who Is a Traitor?

Prisoners of War

Financial Instability and Corruption

How were Native Americans and the French involved in the war?

Burgoyne’s Army and the Battle of Saratoga

The War in the West: Indian Country

The French Alliance

Why did the British southern strategy ultimately fail?

Georgia and South Carolina

Treason and Guerrilla Warfare

Surrender at Yorktown

The Losers and the Winners

Conclusion: Why did the British lose the American Revolution?

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Chapter 7 Study Guide

Chapter 8

Building a Republic 1775–1789

What kind of government did the Articles of Confederation create?

Confederation and Taxation

The Problem of Western Lands

Running the New Government

How did the states define citizenship and freedom?

The State Constitutions

Who Are "the People"?

Equality and Slavery

Why did the Articles of Confederation fail?

The War Debt and the Newburgh Conspiracy

The Treaty of Fort Stanwix

Land Ordinances and the Northwest Territory

The Requisition of 1785 and Shays’s Rebellion, 1786–1787

How did the Constitution change how the nation was governed?

From Annapolis to Philadelphia

The Virginia and New Jersey Plans

Democracy versus Republicanism

What were the objections to ratification of the Constitution?

The Federalists

The Antifederalists

The Big Holdouts: Virginia and New York

Conclusion: What was the "republican remedy"?

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Chapter 8 Study Guide

Chapter 9

Forming the New Nation 1789–1800

What were the sources of political stability in the 1790s?

Washington Inaugurates the Government

The Bill of Rights

The Republican Wife and Mother

What were Hamilton’s economic policies?

Agriculture, Transportation, and Banking

The Public Debt and Taxes

The First Bank of the United States and the Report on Manufactures

The Whiskey Rebellion

What external threats did the United States face in the 1790s?

Creeks in the Southwest

Ohio Indians in the Northwest

France and Britain

The Haitian Revolution

How did partisan rivalries shape the politics of the late 1790s?

The Election of 1796

The XYZ Affair

The Alien and Sedition Acts

Conclusion: Why did the new nation ultimately form political parties?

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Chapter 9 Study Guide

Chapter 10

A Maturing Republic 1800–1824

How did Jefferson attempt to undo the Federalist innovations of earlier administrations?

Turbulent Times: Election and Rebellion

The Jeffersonian Vision of Republican Simplicity

Dangers Overseas: The Barbary Wars

What was the significance of the Louisiana Purchase for the United States?

The Louisiana Purchase

The Lewis and Clark Expedition

Osage and Comanche Indians

Why did Congress declare war on Great Britain in 1812?

Impressment and Embargo

Dolley Madison and Social Politics

Tecumseh and Tippecanoe

The War of 1812

Washington City Burns: The British Offensive

How did the civil status of American women and men differ in the early Republic?

Women and the Law

Women and Church Governance

Female Education

Why did partisan conflict increase during the administrations of Monroe and Adams?

From Property to Democracy

The Missouri Compromise

The Monroe Doctrine

The Election of 1824

The Adams Administration

Conclusion: How did republican simplicity become complex?

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Chapter 10 Study Guide

Chapter 11

The Expanding Republic 1815–1840

Why did the United States experience a market revolution after 1815?

Improvements in Transportation

Factories, Workingwomen, and Wage Labor

Bankers and Lawyers

Booms and Busts

Why did Andrew Jackson defeat John Quincy Adams so dramatically in the 1828 election?

Popular Politics and Partisan Identity

The Election of 1828 and the Character Issue

Jackson’s Democratic Agenda

What was Andrew Jackson’s impact on the presidency?

Indian Policy and the Trail of Tears

The Tariff of Abominations and Nullification

The Bank War and Economic Boom

How did social and cultural life change in the 1830s?

The Family and Separate Spheres

The Education and Training of Youths

The Second Great Awakening

The Temperance Movement and the Campaign for Moral Reform

Organizing against Slavery

Why was Martin Van Buren a one-term president?

The Politics of Slavery

Election and Panics

Conclusion: The Age of Jackson or the era of reform?

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Chapter 11 Study Guide

Chapter 12

The New West and the Free North 1840–1860

What factors contributed to the United States’ "industrial evolution"?

Agriculture and Land Policy

Manufacturing and Mechanization

Railroads: Breaking the Bonds of Nature

How did the free-labor ideal account for economic inequality?

The Free-Labor Ideal

Economic Inequality

Immigrants and the Free-Labor Ladder

What factors spurred westward expansion?

Manifest Destiny

Oregon and the Overland Trail

The Mormon Exodus

The Mexican Borderlands

Why did the United States go to war with Mexico?

The Politics of Expansion

The Mexican-American War, 1846–1848

Victory in Mexico

Golden California

How did reform movements change after 1840?

The Pursuit of Perfection: Transcendentalists and Utopians

Woman’s Rights Activists

Abolitionists and the American Ideal

Conclusion: How was white freedom in the West and North defined?

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Chapter 12 Study Guide

Chapter 13

Understanding the Slave South, 1820–1860

Why did the South become so distinctly different from the North?

Cotton Kingdom, Slave Empire

The South in Black and White

The Plantation Economy

What was plantation life like for masters and mistresses?

Paternalism and Male Honor

The Southern Lady and Feminine Virtues

What was plantation life like for slaves?

Work

Family and Religion

Resistance and Rebellion

How did nonslaveholding southern whites work and live?

Plantation-Belt Yeomen

Upcountry Yeomen

Poor Whites

The Culture of the Plain Folk

What place did free blacks occupy in the South?

Precarious Freedom

Achievement despite Restrictions

How did slavery shape southern politics?

The Democratization of the Political Arena

Planter Power

Conclusion: How did slavery come to define the South?

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Chapter 13 Study Guide

Chapter 14

The House Divided, 1846–1861

Why did the acquisition of land from Mexico contribute to sectional tensions?

The Wilmot Proviso and the Expansion of Slavery

The Election of 1848

Debate and Compromise

What factors helped unravel the balance between slave and free states?

The Fugitive Slave Act

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

How did the party system change in the 1850s?

The Old Parties: Whigs and Democrats

The New Parties: Know-Nothings and Republicans

The Election of 1856

Why did northern fear of the "Slave Power" intensify in the 1850s?

"Bleeding Kansas"

The Dred Scott Decision

Prairie Republican: Abraham Lincoln

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Why did some southern states secede immediately after Lincoln’s election?

The Aftermath of John Brown’s Raid

Republican Victory in 1860

Secession Winter

Conclusion: Why did political compromise fail?

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Chapter 14 Study Guide

Chapter 15

The Crucible of War, 1861–1865

Why did both the Union and the Confederacy consider control of the border states crucial?

Attack on Fort Sumter

The Upper South Chooses Sides

Why did each side expect to win?

How They Expected to Win

Lincoln and Davis Mobilize

How did each side fare in the early years of the war?

Stalemate in the Eastern Theater

Union Victories in the Western Theater

The Atlantic Theater

International Diplomacy

How did the war for union become a fight for black freedom?

From Slaves to Contraband

From Contraband to Free People

The War of Black Liberation

What problems did the Confederacy face at home?

Revolution from Above

Hardship Below

The Disintegration of Slavery

How did the war affect the economy and politics of the North?

The Government and the Economy

Women and Work at Home and at War

Politics and Dissent

How did the Union finally win the war?

Vicksburg and Gettysburg

Grant Takes Command

The Election of 1864

The Confederacy Collapses

Conclusion: In what ways was the Civil War a "Second American Revolution"?

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Chapter 15 Study Guide

Chapter 16

Reconstructing a Nation 1863–1877

Why did Congress object to Lincoln’s wartime plan for reconstruction?

"To Bind Up the Nation’s Wounds"

Land and Labor

The African American Quest for Autonomy

How did the North respond to the passage of black codes in the southern states?

Johnson’s Program of Reconciliation

White Southern Resistance and Black Codes

Expansion of Federal Authority and Black Rights

How radical was congressional reconstruction?

The Fourteenth Amendment and Escalating Violence

Radical Reconstruction and Military Rule

Impeaching a President

The Fifteenth Amendment and Women’s Demands

What brought the elements of the South’s Republican coalition together?

Freedmen, Yankees, and Yeomen

Republican Rule

White Landlords, Black Sharecroppers

Why did reconstruction collapse?

Grant’s Troubled Presidency

Northern Resolve Withers

White Supremacy Triumphs

An Election and a Compromise

Conclusion: Was reconstruction "a revolution but half accomplished"?

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Chapter 16 Study Guide

Chapter 17

Contesting the West, 1865–1900

What did U.S. expansion mean for Native Americans?

Indian Removal and the Reservation System

The Decimation of the Great Bison Herds

Indian Wars and the Collapse of Comanchería

The Fight for the Black Hills

In what ways did different Indian groups defy and resist colonial rule?

Indian Schools and the War on Indian Culture

The Dawes Act and Indian Land Allotment

Indian Resistance and Survival

How did mining shape American expansion?

Mining on the Comstock Lode

The Diverse Peoples of the West

How did the fight for land and resources in the West unfold?

Life on the Comstock Lode

The Diverse Peoples of the West

Moving West: Homesteaders and Speculators

Ranchers and Cowboys

Tenants, Sharecroppers, and Migrants

Commercial Farming and Industrial Cowboys

Conclusion: How did the West set the tone for the Gilded Age?

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Chapter 17 Study Guide

Chapter 18

Defining the Gilded Age in Business and Politics, 1865–1900

How did the railroads stimulate big business?

Railroads: America’s First Big Business

Andrew Carnegie, Steel, and Vertical Integration

John D. Rockefeller, Standard Oil, and the Trust

New Inventions: The Telephone and the Telegraph

Why did the ideas of social Darwinism appeal to many Americans in the late nineteenth century?

J. P. Morgan and Finance Capitalism

Social Darwinism, Laissez-Faire, and the Supreme Court

What factors influenced political life in the late nineteenth century?

Political Participation and Party Loyalty

Sectionalism and the New South

Gender, Race, and Politics

Women’s Activism

What issues shaped party politics in the late nineteenth century?

Corruption and Party Strife

Garfield’s Assassination and Civil Service Reform

Reform and Scandal: The Campaign of 1884

What role did economic issues play in party realignment?

The Tariff and the Politics of Protection

Railroads, Trusts, and the Federal Government

The Fight for Free Silver

Panic and Depression

Conclusion: Why did business dominate the Gilded Age?

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Chapter 18 Study Guide s

Chapter 19

The Growth of America’s Cities, 1870–1900

Why did American cities experience explosive growth in the late nineteenth century?

The Urban Explosion: A Global Migration

Racism and the Cry for Immigration Restriction

The Social Geography of the City

What kinds of work did people do in industrial America?

America’s Diverse Workers

The Family Economy: Women and Children

White-Collar Workers: Managers, "Typewriters," and Salesclerks

Why did the fortunes of the Knights of Labor rise in the late 1870s and decline in the 1890s?

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

The Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor

Haymarket and the Specter of Labor Radicalism

How did urban industrialism shape the world of home life and leisure?

Domesticity and "Domestics"

Cheap Amusements

How did municipal governments respond to the challenges of urban expansion?

Building Cities of Stone and Steel

City Government and the "Bosses"

White City or City of Sin?

Conclusion: Who built the cities?

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Chapter 19 Study Guide

Chapter 20

Dissent, Depression, and War, 1890–1900

Why did American farmers organize alliances in the late nineteenth century?

The Farmers’ Alliance

The Populist Movement

What led to the labor wars of the 1890s?

The Homestead Lockout

The Cripple Creek Miners’ Strike of 1894

Eugene V. Debs and the Pullman Strike

How were women involved in late-nineteenth-century politics?

Frances Willard and the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and the Movement for Woman Suffrage

How did economic problems affect American politics in the 1890s?

Coxey’s Army

The People’s Party and the Election of 1896

Why did the United States largely abandon its isolationist foreign policy in the 1890s?

Markets and Missionaries

The Monroe Doctrine and the Open Door Policy

"A Splendid Little War"

The Debate over American Imperialism

Conclusion: What was the connection between domestic strife and foreign policy?

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Chapter 20 Study Guide

Chapter 21

Progressivism from the Grass Roots Up, 1890–1916

How did grassroots progressives attack the problems of industrial America?

Civilizing the City

Progressives and the Working Class

What were the key tenets of progressive theory?

Reform Darwinism and Social Engineering

Progressive Government: City and State

How did Theodore Roosevelt advance the progressive agenda?

The Square Deal

Roosevelt the Reformer

Roosevelt and Conservation

The Big Stick

The Troubled Presidency of William Howard Taft

How did progressivism evolve during Woodrow Wilson’s first term?

Progressive Insurgency and the Election of 1912

Wilson’s Reforms: Tariff, Banking, and the Trusts

Wilson, Reluctant Progressive

What were the limits of progressive reform?

Radical Alternatives

Progressivism for White Men Only

Conclusion: How did the liberal state transform during the Progressive Era?

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Chapter 21 Study Guide

Chapter 22

The United States and World War I, 1914–1920

What was Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy agenda?

Taming the Americas

The European Crisis

The Ordeal of American Neutrality

The United States Enters the War

What role did the United States play in World War I?

The Call to Arms

The War in France

What impact did the war have on the home front?

The Progressive Stake in the War

Women, War, and the Battle for Suffrage

Rally around the Flag—or Else

What part did Woodrow Wilson play at the Paris peace conference?

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

The Paris Peace Conference

The Fight for the Treaty

Why was America’s transition from war to peace so turbulent?

Economic Hardship and Labor Upheaval

The Red Scare

The Great Migrations of African Americans and Mexicans

Postwar Politics and the Election of 1920

Conclusion: What was the domestic cost of foreign victory?

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Chapter 22 Study Guide

Chapter 23

From New Era to Great Depression, 1920–1932

How did big business shape the "New Era" of the 1920s?

A Business Government

Promoting Prosperity and Peace Abroad

Automobiles, Mass Production, and Assembly-Line Progress

Consumer Culture

In what ways did the Roaring Twenties challenge traditional values?

Prohibition

The New Woman

The New Negro

Entertainment for the Masses

The Lost Generation

Why did the relationship between urban and rural America deteriorate in the 1920s?

Rejecting the Undesirables

The Rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan

The Scopes Trial

Al Smith and the Election of 1928

How did President Hoover respond to the economic crash of 1929?

Herbert Hoover: The Great Engineer

The Distorted Economy

The Crash of 1929

Hoover and the Limits of Individualism

What was life like in the early years of the depression?

The Human Toll

Denial and Escape

Working-Class Militancy

Conclusion: Why did the hope of the 1920s turn to despair?

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Chapter 23 Study Guide

Chapter 24

Forging the New Deal, 1932–1939

How did Franklin D. Roosevelt win the 1932 election?

The Making of a Politician

The Election of 1932

What were the goals and achievements of the first New Deal?

The New Dealers

Banking and Finance Reform

Relief and Conservation Programs

Agricultural Initiatives

Industrial Recovery

Who opposed the New Deal and why?

Resistance to Business Reform

Casualties in the Countryside

Politics on the Fringes

How did the second phase of the New Deal differ from the first?

Relief for the Unemployed

Empowering Labor

Social Security and Tax Reform

Neglected Americans and the New Deal

What major political trends changed during the late 1930s?

The Election of 1936

Court Packing

Reaction and Recession

The Last of the New Deal Reforms

Conclusion: What were the achievements and limitations of the New Deal?

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Chapter 24 Study Guide

Chapter 25

The United States and the Second World War, 1939–1945

How did the United States respond to international developments in the 1930s?

Roosevelt and Reluctant Isolation

The Good Neighbor Policy

The Price of Noninvolvement

How did the outbreak of war affect America’s relations with other nations?

Nazi Aggression and War in Europe

From Neutrality to the Arsenal of Democracy

Japan Attacks America

How did the United States mobilize for war?

Home-Front Security

Building a Citizen Army

Conversion to a War Economy

How did the Allies turn the tide in Europe and the Pacific?

Turning the Tide in the Pacific

The Campaign in Europe

How did the war change life on the American home front?

Women and Families, Guns and Butter

The Double V Campaign

Wartime Politics and the 1944 Election

Reaction to the Holocaust

How did the Allies finally win the war?

From Bombing Raids to Berlin

The Defeat of Japan

Atomic Warfare

Conclusion: Why did America emerge as a superpower at the end of the war?

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Chapter 25 Study Guide

Chapter 26

Cold War Politics in the Truman Years, 1945–1953

What factors contributed to the Cold War?

The Cold War Begins

The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan

Building a National Security State

Superpower Rivalry around the Globe

Why did Truman have limited success in implementing his domestic agenda?

Reconverting to a Peacetime Economy

Blacks and Mexican Americans Push for Their Civil Rights

The Fair Deal Flounders

The Domestic Chill: McCarthyism

How did U.S. Cold War policy lead to the Korean War?

Korea and the Military Implementation of Containment

From Containment to Rollback to Containment

Korea, Communism, and the 1952 Election

An Armistice and the War’s Costs

Conclusion: What were the costs and consequences of the Cold War?

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Chapter 26 Study Guide

Chapter 27

The Politics and Culture of Abundance, 1952–1960

What was Eisenhower’s "middle way" on domestic issues?

Modern Republicanism

Termination and Relocation of Native Americans

The 1956 Election and the Second Term

How did Eisenhower’s foreign policy differ from Truman’s?

The "New Look" in Foreign Policy

Applying Containment to Vietnam

Interventions in Latin America and the Middle East

The Nuclear Arms Race

What fueled the prosperity of the 1950s?

Technology Transforms Agriculture and Industry

Burgeoning Suburbs and Declining Cities

The Rise of the Sun Belt

The Democratization of Higher Education

How did prosperity affect American society and culture?

Consumption Rules the Day

The Revival of Domesticity and Religion

Television Transforms Culture and Politics

Countercurrents

How did African Americans fight for civil rights in the 1950s?

African Americans Challenge the Supreme Court and the President

Montgomery and Mass Protest

Conclusion: What unmet challenges did peace and prosperity mask?

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Chapter 27 Study Guide

Chapter 28

Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction, 1960–1974

What liberal reforms were advanced during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations?

The Unrealized Promise of Kennedy’s New Frontier

Johnson Fulfills the Kennedy Promise

Policymaking for a Great Society

Assessing the Great Society

The Judicial Revolution

How did the civil rights movement evolve in the 1960s?

The Flowering of the Black Freedom Struggle

The Response in Washington

Black Power and Urban Rebellions

What other rights movements emerged in the 1960s?

Native American Protest

Latino Struggles for Justice

Student Rebellion, the New Left, and the Counterculture

Gay Men and Lesbians Organize

What were the goals of the new wave of feminism?

A Multifaceted Movement Emerges

Feminist Gains Spark a Countermovement

How did liberalism fare under President Nixon?

Extending the Welfare State and Regulating the Economy

Responding to Environmental Concerns

Expanding Social Justice

Conclusion: What were the achievements and limitations of liberalism?

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Chapter 28 Study Guide

Chapter 29

Vietnam and the End of the Cold War Consensus, 1961–1975

How did U.S. foreign policy change under Kennedy?

Meeting the "Hour of Maximum Danger"

New Approaches to the Third World

The Arms Race and the Nuclear Brink

A Growing War in Vietnam

Why did Johnson escalate American involvement in Vietnam?

An All-Out Commitment in Vietnam

Preventing Another Castro in Latin America

The Americanized War

Those Who Served

How did the war in Vietnam polarize the nation?

The Widening War at Home

The Tet Offensive and Johnson’s Move toward Peace

The Tumultuous Election of 1968

How did U.S. foreign policy change under Nixon?

Moving toward Détente with the Soviet Union and China

Shoring Up U.S. Interests around the World

Vietnam Becomes Nixon’s War

The Peace Accords

The Legacy of Defeat

Conclusion: Was Vietnam an unwinnable War?

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Chapter 29 Study Guide

Chapter 30

The Conservative Turn, 1969–1989

How did the Nixon presidency reflect the rise of postwar conservatism?

Emergence of a Grassroots Movement

Nixon Courts the Right

The Election of 1972

Watergate

The Ford Presidency and the 1976 Election

Why did the "outsider" presidency of Jimmy Carter fail to gain broad support?

Retreat from Liberalism

Energy and Environmental Reform

Promoting Human Rights Abroad

The Cold War Intensifies

What conservative goals were realized in the Reagan administration?

Appealing to the New Right and Beyond

Unleashing Free Enterprise

Winners and Losers in a Flourishing Economy

What strategies did liberals use to fight the conservative turn?

Battles in the Courts and Congress

Feminism on the Defensive

The Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement

How did Ronald Reagan’s foreign policy affect the Cold War?

Militarization and Interventions Abroad

The Iran-Contra Scandal

A Thaw in Soviet-American Relations

Conclusion: What was the long-term impact of the conservative turn?

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Chapter 30 Study Guide

Chapter 31

Facing the Promises and Challenges of Globalization, Since 1989

How did the United States respond to the end of the Cold War and tensions in the Middle East?

Gridlock in Government

Going to War in Central America and the Persian Gulf

The Cold War Ends

The 1992 Election

How did President Clinton seek a middle ground in American politics?

Clinton’s Reforms

Accommodating the Right

Impeaching the President

The Booming Economy of the 1990s

How did President Clinton respond to the challenges of globalization?

Defining America’s Place in a New World Order

Debates over Globalization

The Internationalization of the United States

How did President George W. Bush change American politics and foreign policy?

The Disputed Election of 2000

The Domestic Policies of a "Compassionate Conservative"

The Globalization of Terrorism

Unilateralism, Preemption, and the Iraq War

What obstacles stood in the way of President Obama’s reform agenda?

Conclusion: How have Americans debated the role of the government?

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Chapter 31 Study Guide

APPENDICES

I. Documents

The Declaration of Independence A-1

The Articles of Confederation A-0

The Constitution of the United States A-0

Amendments to the Constitution with Annotations (including the six unratified amendments) A-00

The Constitution of the Confederate States of America A-0

II. Facts and Figures: Government, Economy, and Demographics

Presidential Elections A-00

Presidents, Vice Presidents, and Secretaries of State A-00

Admission of States to the Union A-00

Supreme Court Justices A-00