Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect

by Crosson-Tower, Cynthia

• ISBN13: 9780205401833
• ISBN10: 020540183X
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

Strong knowledge of child abuse and neglect is critical for any professional planning to work or currently working with children. Cynthia Crosson-Tower is an expert in this field, basing her written work on more than 30 years of experience in almost all areas of children's services, including protective services, foster care, adoption, and court services. The Sixth Edition of Child Abuse and Neglect continues to familiarize the reader with the symptoms of the various types of child maltreatment as well as how one intervenes to protect children. This easy to read book walks the reader through initial intervention from the perspective of a variety of professionals, from the court system to services for abused children outside their own homes. Case examples help professionals get a feel for actual cases and types of intervention. For those just entering or thinking about entering a human services profession that may interact with children, Cynthia has included a chapter that provides a glimpse of what it is like to be a child protection worker.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Assessing Websites	xxiii
The Maltreatment of Children from a Historical Perspective	1	(23)
Children as Property	1	(3)
Issues of Life and Death	1	(1)
Issues of Dependence	2	(1)
Issues of Discipline	3	(1)
Child Labor	4	(2)
Sexual Values, Attitudes, and Exploitation	6	(2)
Early History	6	(1)
The Nineteenth Century	6	(1)
The Twentieth Century	7	(1)
The Incest Taboo	8	(2)
History	8	(1)
Reasons for Taboo	9	(1)
Legal and Social Prohibition	10	(1)
Recent History of Helping the Abused and Neglected Child	10	(5)
Further Efforts on Behalf of Children	13	(1)
Professional Awareness and Response to the Movement to Protect Children and Families	14	(1)
Child Protection Today	15	(5)
Current Framework	15	(1)
The Role of Child Protection Services	16	(3)
Child Rearing, Maltreatment, and Public Opinion	19	(1)
Summary	20	(1)
Review Questions	21	(1)
Suggested Readings	21	(1)
Web Exploration	22	(1)
References	22	(2)
The Family: Roles, Responsibilities, and Rights	24	(23)
The Definition and Function of the Family	24	(1)
The Family as a System	25	(4)
Subsystems and Boundaries	26	(1)
Roles	27	(1)
Communication	27	(1)
Bonding and Attachment	28	(1)
Rituals	29	(1)
Minority Family Systems	29	(9)
African American Families	30	(2)
Hispanic American Families	32	(2)
Asian and Pacific Island Families	34	(3)
Native American Families	37	(1)
Family Problems and Dysfunction	38	(1)
The Family and Child Maltreatment	39	(4)
Parents' Rights	40	(1)
Children's Rights	40	(2)
Impact on the Child Protection Movement	42	(1)
Summary	43	(1)
Review Questions	44	(1)
Suggested Readings	44	(1)
Web Exploration	44	(1)
References	44	(3)
Maltreatment and the Developing Child	47	(20)
Developmental Stages	48	(14)
Pregnancy and Birth	48	(3)
Birth to One Year	51	(4)
One to Four Years	55	(3)
Four to Eight Years	58	(1)
Eight to Twelve Years	59	(1)
Adolescence	60	(2)
Development, Maltreatment and Resiliency	62	(1)
Summary	63	(1)
Review Questions	64	(1)
Suggested Readings	65	(1)
Web Exploration	65	(1)
References	65	(2)
The Neglect of Children	67	(29)
The Neglect of the Concept of Neglect	67	(1)
Definition and Measurement of Neglect	68	(5)
Causes of Neglect	73	(3)
Economic Causes	73	(1)
Ecological Causes	74	(1)
Societal Causes	75	(1)
Individual Causes	75	(1)
Problems in Intervention	76	(1)
Neglected Children	76	(4)
Symptoms and Effects of Neglect	77	(3)
Neglectful Parents	80	(12)
Efforts to Explain the Behavior of Neglectful Parents	82	(7)
Substance-Abusing Families	89	(2)
Domestic Violence and Neglect	91	(1)
Plight of the Parent and the Social Worker	91	(1)
Summary	92	(1)
Review Questions	92	(1)
Suggested Readings	93	(1)
Web Exploration	93	(1)
References	93	(3)
The Physical Abuse of Children	96	(25)
Causes of Physical Abuse	97	(3)
Interactional Variables	98	(1)
Environmental/Life Stress Variables	99	(1)
Social/Cultural/Economic Variables	99	(1)
Risk Assessment and Physical Abuse	100	(2)
Child Risk Factors	100	(1)
Parental Risk Factors	101	(1)
Family System Risk Factors	101	(1)
Symptoms of Physical Abuse	102	(6)
Physical Symptoms	102	(2)
Behavioral Indications of Abuse	104	(4)
Abusive Parents	108	(2)
Parents' Unlearned Tasks from Childhood	110	(5)
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy	111	(1)
Abusive Parents and Adolescents	112	(3)
Domestic Violence and Other Abuse Within the Family	115	(2)
Domestic Violence	115	(1)
Abuse by Siblings	116	(1)
Summary	117	(1)
Review Questions	118	(1)
Suggested Readings	118	(1)
Web Exploration	118	(1)
References	119	(2)
The Sexual Abuse of Children	121	(30)
Two Groups' Approaches to Child Sexual Abuse	122	(1)
Child Protection Movement	122	(1)
Feminist Movement	122	(1)
Definition of Child Sexual Abuse	123	(1)
Types of Sexual Abuse	124	(1)
Intrafamilial Abuse	124	(1)
Extrafamilial Abuse	125	(1)
The Progression of Sexual Abuse	125	(3)
Engagement Phase	126	(1)
Sexual Interaction and Secrecy Phases	127	(1)
Disclosure Phase	127	(1)
Suppression Phase	127	(1)
Incidence of Sexual Abuse	128	(4)
Studies of Abuse	128	(2)
Reporting of Abuse	130	(1)
False Allegations Movement	131	(1)
Profile of the Abused Child	132	(2)
Children at Risk	132	(2)
Female Victims	134	(1)
Male Victims	134	(1)
Degree of Trauma	134	(2)
Profile of the Perpetrator	136	(10)
Intrafamilial Perpetrators	137	(1)
Extrafamilial Perpetrators	138	(4)
Preconditions for Perpetration	142	(2)
Who Become Perpetrators?	144	(2)
Summary	146	(1)
Review Questions	147	(1)
Suggested Reading	147	(1)
Web Exploration	147	(1)
References	148	(3)
Incest: Familial Abuse	151	(29)
Incest as a Problem Today	152	(1)
Societal Contributions to Incest	152	(1)
Father-Daughter Incest	153	(9)
Family Patterns	153	(2)
Profiles of the Family	155	(7)
Father-Son Incest	162	(2)
Family Dynamics	162	(1)
Effects of Father-Son Incest	163	(1)
Mother-Daughter Incest	164	(2)
Family Dynamics	164	(1)
Effects of Mother-Daughter Incest	165	(1)
Mother-Son Incest	166	(2)
Family Dynamics	166	(2)
Effects of Mother-Son Incest	168	(1)
Brother-Sister Incest	168	(4)
Family Dynamics	170	(1)
Effects of Brother-Sister Incest	171	(1)
Homosexual Sibling Incest	172	(1)
Incest with Uncles, Grandfathers, and Cousins	172	(3)
Why Incest Stops	175	(1)
Summary	176	(1)
Review Questions	177	(1)
Suggested Readings	177	(1)
Web Exploration	177	(1)
References	178	(2)
Extrafamilial Sexual Abuse, Misuse, and Exploitation	180	(32)
Dynamics and Characteristics of Sexual Abuse outside the Family	180	(9)
Pedophilia	183	(3)
Pederasty	186	(1)
Technophilia	187	(2)
Sexual Abuse by Clergy	189	(6)
Motivation of Perpetrators	190	(1)
Crisis in the Catholic Church	190	(2)
Impact on Victims	192	(1)
Addressing Clerical Perpetrators	193	(2)
Sexual Abuse in Day-Care Settings	195	(1)
Types of Day-Care Abuse	195	(1)
Reactions and Resulting Changes	195	(1)
Sex Rings	196	(2)
Child Pornography	198	(3)
Child Prostitution	201	(5)
Profiles of Prostitutes	203	(3)
Missing Children	206	(2)
Summary	208	(1)
Review Questions	208	(1)
Suggested Readings	209	(1)
Web Exploration	209	(1)
References	209	(3)
Psychological Maltreatment of Children	212	(11)
Psychological Maltreatment Defined	212	(3)
The Roots of Psychological Maltreatment	215	(1)
Characteristics of the Psychologically Maltreated Child	216	(1)
Family Dynamics	217	(2)
Difficulty in Detecting and Treating Psychological Abuse	219	(1)
Ritualistic Abuse	219	(1)
Summary	220	(1)
Review Questions	221	(1)
Suggested Readings	221	(1)
Web Exploration	221	(1)
References	221	(2)
Intervention: Reporting and Investigation	223	(27)
Culturally Sensitive Intervention	223	(2)
The Intervention Process	225	(6)
Reporting	225	(3)
Investigating and Validating	228	(1)
Home Visiting	229	(2)
Assessing Aspects of Risk	231	(3)
Children	232	(1)
Caregivers	232	(1)
Perpetrators	232	(2)
Incidence and Environment	234	(1)
Assessing Causes and Services	234	(1)
Handling Emergencies	235	(1)
Assessment Interviewing	235	(11)
Interviewing Adults	235	(5)
Interviewing Children	240	(6)
Summary	246	(1)
Review Questions	247	(1)
Suggested Readings	248	(1)
Web Exploration	248	(1)
References	248	(2)
Intervention: Case Management and Roles of Other Professionals	250	(18)
Case Management Considerations	250	(4)
Family Reactions	250	(2)
Custody of the Children	252	(2)
Other Professionals Involved in the Intervention Process	254	(11)
The Medical Team	254	(4)
The Legal Team	258	(3)
The Educational Team	261	(3)
The Mental Health Team	264	(1)
Toward a Total Team Approach	265	(1)
Summary	265	(1)
Review Questions	266	(1)
Suggested Readings	266	(1)
Web Exploration	266	(1)
References	266	(2)
The Legal Response to Child Abuse and Neglect	268	(21)
The Legal Rights of Parents and Children	269	(1)
Types of Court Intervention	270	(1)
Juvenile Court	271	(9)
The Process	271	(4)
The Participants	275	(5)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Juvenile Court	280	(1)
Criminal Court	281	(3)
The Impact of Court on Children	284	(1)
Sex Offender Registration	284	(1)
The Media and the Court	285	(1)
Summary	285	(1)
Review Questions	286	(1)
Suggested Readings	286	(1)
Web Exploration	286	(1)
References	286	(3)
Treatment: Physical Abuse and Neglect	289	(27)
Preparing to Provide Treatment	289	(1)
Providing Treatment	290	(5)
Client Resistance	291	(1)
Client Response	292	(1)
Eligibility Criteria	292	(1)
Limited Community Resources	292	(1)
Treatment Methods	293	(1)
Who Provides Treatment	293	(1)
Phases	294	(1)
Family-Centered Services	295	(2)
Shared Family Care	296	(1)
Treatment of Physically Abusive Families	297	(10)
Treatment of the Abused Child	298	(5)
Treatment of the Parents	303	(2)
Improving Parent--Child Relationships	305	(2)
Treatment of the Siblings	307	(1)
Treatment of Neglectful Families	307	(4)
Equilibrium Maintenance	309	(1)
Disequilibrium Techniques	310	(1)
Summary	311	(1)
Review Questions	312	(1)
Suggested Readings	313	(1)
Web Exploration	313	(1)
References	313	(3)
Treatment: Sexual Abuse	316	(26)
Issues Surrounding Treatment	316	(2)
Assumptions about the Treatment of the Sexually Abusive Family	317	(1)
Treatment Models	318	(1)
Child Sexual Abuse Treatment Programs	319	(1)
Treatment Methods	319	(3)
Issues Addressed in Family Treatment	319	(1)
Phases of Treatment	320	(2)
Treatment of Specific Family Members	322	(16)
The Child and Adolescent	322	(5)
The Mother or Nonabusing Parent	327	(1)
The Perpetrator	328	(8)
Treatment of Juvenile Offenders	336	(1)
Preservation of Incestuous Families	336	(1)
Parents of Children Abused Outside the Home	337	(1)
Summary	338	(1)
Review Questions	339	(1)
Suggested Readings	339	(1)
Web Exploration	340	(1)
References	340	(2)
Foster Care as a Therapeutic Tool	342	(10)
Problems with Foster Care	342	(1)
Alternatives to Foster Care	343	(1)
Therapeutic Potential in Foster Care	343	(2)
The Role and Importance of the Natural Parents	345	(1)
The Role of Foster Parents	346	(2)
Other Placement for Abused or Neglected Children	348	(1)
Residential Treatment	348	(1)
Adoptive Placement	349	(1)
Summary	349	(1)
Review Questions	350	(1)
Suggested Readings	350	(1)
Web Exploration	350	(1)
References	350	(2)
The Social Worker and the System	352	(17)
A Day in the Life of a Protective Worker	352	(3)
The Role of a Protective Social Worker	355	(6)
Qualifications and Skills	355	(2)
Personal Traits	357	(1)
Responsibilities	358	(1)
Frustrations and Pressures	358	(3)
Does the System Work?	361	(2)
Looking toward the Future	363	(3)
Surviving in an Imperfect System	363	(2)
Developing Cultural Awareness and Competence	365	(1)
Summary	366	(1)
Review Questions	366	(1)
Suggested Readings	367	(1)
Web Exploration	367	(1)
References	367	(2)
Adults Abused as Children	369	(32)
Society's Misconceptions	369	(1)
Myth #1	369	(1)
Myth #2	369	(1)
Myth #3	370	(1)
Reasons for Adults' Disclosure	370	(3)
Relationships	371	(1)
Pressures of Adulthood	371	(1)
Loss, Depression, or Trauma	372	(1)
Residual Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect	373	(1)
Effects from the Neglecting Family	373	(5)
Trust	373	(2)
Anger	375	(1)
Relational Imbalances	376	(1)
Low Self-Esteem	376	(1)
Impaired Social Skills	377	(1)
Substance Abuse	377	(1)
Physical Problems	377	(1)
Effects from the Physically Abusing Family	378	(3)
Trust	378	(1)
Anger	379	(1)
Relational Imbalances	379	(1)
Low Self-Esteem	380	(1)
Coping Skills	380	(1)
Long-term Effects of Domestic Violence	381	(1)
Effects from a Sexually Abusing Family	381	(9)
Betrayal	381	(1)
Traumatic Sexualization	382	(1)
Stigmatization and Self-Esteem	383	(2)
Powerlessness	385	(2)
Anger	387	(1)
Relational Imbalances	388	(1)
Multiple Victimization	389	(1)
Effects from Extrafamilial Abuse	390	(2)
A Word about Resiliency	392	(1)
Treatment of Adults Who Were Abused as Children	392	(5)
Repressed Memories	392	(1)
Individual Therapy	393	(1)
Group Therapy	394	(1)
Self-Help Groups	395	(2)
Legal Actions	397	(1)
Summary	397	(1)
Review Questions	398	(1)
Suggested Readings	398	(1)
Web Exploration	399	(1)
References	399	(2)
Prevention	401	(16)
Prevention Efforts in Schools	402	(5)
Life Skills Training	402	(1)
Preparation for Parenthood	403	(1)
Self-Protection Training	404	(2)
Educational Services for the Community	406	(1)
Help for At-Risk Families	407	(1)
Prevention Efforts with Families	407	(4)
Prevention Efforts by Professionals	411	(1)
Prevention Efforts within the Community and Nationally	412	(1)
Summary	413	(1)
Review Questions	414	(1)
Suggested Readings	414	(1)
Web Exploration	414	(1)
References	415	(2)
Toward a Better Tomorrow	417	(13)
Changes in the Helping System	417	(6)
Redefining the Framework of Helping	417	(1)
Rethinking Child Protection	418	(1)
Creating a Unified Response	419	(1)
Looking within, between, and beyond Agencies	420	(3)
Changes in Society	423	(3)
Reversing the Trend toward Socially Impoverished Families	423	(1)
Supporting Parenting	424	(1)
Realigning Societal Values	425	(1)
Facing the Future	426	(1)
Research Needs	426	(1)
Summary	427	(1)
Review Questions	428	(1)
Suggested Readings	428	(1)
Web Explorations	429	(1)
References	429	(1)
Index	430