Understanding Emotions

by Oatley, Keith; Keltner, Dacher; Jenkins, Jennifer M.

• ISBN13: 9781405131025
• ISBN10: 1405131020
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-03-06
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

This best-selling book is the most highly regarded and engaging text for the emotions course. While retaining its interdisciplinary breadth, historical insights, and engaging format, this new edition adds the expertise of well-respected researcher and dedicated teacher Dacher Keltner. The updated second edition features: earlier coverage of 'what is an emotion', a new section on Integrating Evolutionary and Cultural Approaches, and cutting-edge research on happiness, affective neuroscience, and new systems of communication. It also includes a new design and pedagogical features including Milestones in Research, updated tables, boldfaced terms, and end-of-chapter summaries.

Author Biography

Keith Oatley is Director of the Cognitive Science Program, University of Toronto. He is the author of more than 130 scholarly articles and seven books, including Emotions: A Brief History (Blackwell, 2004), and two novels.

Dacher Keltner is professor of psychology at University of California at Berkeley, and the author of more than 80 scholarly articles and one book. He received the 2000 Templeton Positive Psychology Prize for Excellence in Research, and two university-wide teaching awards at UC Berkeley.

Jennifer M. Jenkins is Professor in the Department of Human Development and Applied Psychology at the University of Toronto. She is co-editor, with Keith Oatley, of Human Emotions: A Reader (Blackwell, 1998). She now heads a large research project on gene-environment interactions in children.

Table of Contents

Figures	xiv
Tables	xviii
Preface	xx
Acknowledgments	xxiii
Part I Perspectives on Emotions	1	(80)
Approaches to Understanding Emotions	3	(30)
Introduction	4	(1)
Nineteenth-century founders	4	(6)
Charles Darwin: the evolutionary approach	4	(3)
William James: the bodily approach	7	(1)
Sigmund Freud: the psychoanalytic approach	8	(2)
Philosophical and literary approaches	10	(7)
Aristotle: the conceptual approach	11	(2)
Rene Descartes: the philosophical approach	13	(1)
George Eliot: the literary approach	14	(3)
Brain science, psychology, sociology	17	(10)
Walter Cannon and Walter Hess: brain science	17	(3)
Magda Arnold and Sylvan Tomkins: new psychological theories	20	(2)
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer, and Alice Isen: the new experimenters	22	(3)
Erving Goffman and Arlie Russell Hochschild: the dramaturgical perspective	25	(2)
What is an emotion? Preliminary distinctions	27	(4)
Theorists' conceptions of emotion	28	(1)
The affective realm: emotions - moods - dispositions	29	(2)
Summary	31	(1)
Further reading	31	(2)
Evolution of Emotions	33	(24)
Elements of an evolutionary approach to emotions	34	(5)
Selection pressures	34	(1)
Adaptation	35	(4)
Emotions serve functions	39	(1)
Emotions are species-characteristic patterns of action	40	(2)
Origins of human emotions	42	(9)
The social lives of our living primate relatives	42	(5)
Evidence of human ancestry	47	(3)
Hunter-gathering ways of life	50	(1)
Summary of the environment of evolutionary adaptedness	51	(1)
Emotions as bases of social relationships	51	(3)
The evolution of language	54	(1)
Summary	55	(1)
Further reading	55	(2)
Cultural Understandings of Emotions	57	(24)
The construction of emotions in the West	58	(4)
The elements of a cultural approach to emotion	62	(6)
The self-construal approach: independent and interdependent selves	63	(2)
The values approach	65	(2)
The epistemological approach	67	(1)
Approaches to studying cultural influences on emotion	68	(7)
Cross-cultural comparisons	68	(1)
Ethnographies	69	(3)
Historical approaches	72	(3)
Integrating evolutionary and cultural approaches to emotion	75	(3)
Summary	78	(1)
Further reading	79	(2)
Part II Elements of Emotions	81	(110)
Communication of Emotions	83	(32)
Five kinds of nonverbal behavior	84	(3)
Facial expressions of emotion	87	(13)
Studies of the universality of facial expressions	88	(3)
Critiques of the studies of universal facial expressions	91	(1)
Discovering new facial displays of emotions	92	(4)
Facial expression and the coordination of social interaction	96	(1)
Cultural variation in facial expressions of emotions	97	(3)
Vocal communication of emotions	100	(5)
The nature and measurement of vocal communication	101	(1)
Examples of vocal communication: teasing and laughter	101	(1)
The communication of emotions with the voice	102	(3)
Communication of emotions by touch	105	(2)
Four functions of touch	105	(1)
Communicating emotions with touch	106	(1)
Communication of emotion in art	107	(5)
The Romantic hypothesis and four kinds of evidence	108	(2)
Aesthetic emotions in the Natyasastra	110	(2)
Summary	112	(1)
Further reading	113	(2)
Bodily Changes and Emotion	115	(24)
The autonomic nervous system	117	(5)
The parasympathetic and sympathetic branches	118	(2)
Cannon's critique of autonomic specificity	120	(2)
A two-factor theory of emotion	122	(7)
Evidence for autonomic specificity in emotion	124	(2)
The blush	126	(2)
Parasympathetic response and social connection	128	(1)
Emotional experience with reduced bodily input	129	(2)
Action and emotion	131	(2)
Eliciting emotion by bodily action	133	(1)
The somatic marker hypothesis	134	(2)
Summary	136	(1)
Further reading	137	(2)
Emotions and the Brain	139	(26)
How do brain mechanisms of emotion work?	140	(16)
Early research on brain lesions and stimulation	142	(1)
The limbic system	143	(4)
The amygdala as an emotional computer	147	(2)
Prefrontal cortex, emotion, and emotion regulation	149	(2)
Lateralization effects and emotions	151	(5)
Mirror neurons and empathy	156	(1)
Neurochemicals and the emotions	156	(7)
Serotonin and serotonin reuptake inhibitors	158	(1)
Peptide effects on fear	159	(1)
The nucleus accumbens, dopamine, and the opiates	160	(1)
Oxytocin	161	(2)
Integration of neurochemical and anatomical information in emotional behavior	163	(1)
Summary	163	(1)
Further reading	164	(1)
Appraisal, Knowledge, and Experience	165	(26)
Appraisal and emotion	167	(5)
Historical background and definitions	167	(2)
Automatic appraisals of good and bad	169	(3)
Is the bad stronger than the good?	172	(1)
Appraisal theories and distinct emotions	172	(6)
Discrete approaches to appraisal	173	(2)
Dimensional approaches to appraisal	175	(3)
Critiques of appraisal research and new methods for studying appraisal	178	(2)
Cultural variation in appraisal	179	(1)
Knowledge of emotion	180	(6)
Emotion words	181	(2)
Concepts of emotion as prototypes	183	(2)
Categorical properties of emotion knowledge	185	(1)
Experience	186	(3)
Measurement of experience	187	(1)
Specific emotions and core affect	188	(1)
Summary	189	(1)
Further reading	190	(1)
Part III Emotions and Social Life	191	(98)
Development of Emotions in Childhood	193	(32)
The emergence of emotions	194	(7)
Emotions in the first year of life	194	(4)
Dynamic systems	198	(3)
Developmental changes in elicitation of emotion	201	(1)
Infants' perceptions and parents' special expressions	202	(2)
Attachment	204	(3)
Cooperative action and the goal corrected partnership	207	(1)
Construction of the child's relationship with others	208	(6)
Differentiation between self and others	211	(2)
The language of emotions in cooperative action	213	(1)
Emotions in play and games	214	(1)
Children's understanding of emotions as mental states	215	(2)
Emotional competence	217	(5)
Inner and outer emotions	218	(2)
Emotions and relationships, emotions and selfhood	220	(2)
Summary	222	(1)
Further reading	223	(2)
Emotions in Social Relationships	225	(32)
Social goals and social emotions	226	(6)
Three kinds of social motivation: attachment, affiliation, and assertion	228	(1)
Attachment and its separation from affiliation	229	(2)
Emotions as social	231	(1)
Emotions within intimate relationships	232	(8)
Early attachment as a template for later love	232	(1)
Maternal caregiving and affiliative warmth	232	(2)
Affiliation and sexual relating	234	(1)
Principles of sexual love	235	(2)
Anger and contempt in marriage	237	(2)
Friendship and gratitude	239	(1)
Emotions of assertion within groups	240	(8)
Cross-cultural variations in the management of anger	242	(4)
Cultural codes	246	(1)
Gender relations	246	(2)
Emotions between groups	248	(7)
Intergroup conflict	249	(3)
Violence between societies	252	(1)
Disgust and contempt	253	(2)
Summary	255	(1)
Further reading	256	(1)
Emotions and Cognition	257	(32)
Historical perspectives on the interplay between passion and reason	259	(1)
Emotions as prioritizers of thoughts, goals, and actions	260	(2)
Three perspectives on the effects of emotions on cognitive functioning	262	(6)
Emotion congruence	263	(2)
Feelings as information	265	(2)
Processing style	267	(1)
Effects of moods and emotions on cognitive functioning	268	(18)
Perceptual effects	268	(1)
Attentional qualities of emotions	269	(2)
Emotions and memory	271	(3)
A bias for recalling emotionally evocative events	274	(1)
Emotional involvement and eyewitness testimony	274	(3)
Effects of moods and emotions upon remembering	277	(2)
Effects of moods and emotions on judgment	279	(3)
Persuasion	282	(2)
Emotions and moral judgment	284	(2)
Summary	286	(1)
Further reading	286	(3)
Part IV Emotions and the Individual	289	(123)
Individual Differences and Personality	291	(30)
Introduction	292	(1)
Emotion regulation	292	(3)
Attachment	295	(6)
The ``Strange Situation'' and styles of attachment	295	(2)
Internal working models of attachment	297	(2)
Influences on attachment	299	(1)
Effects of attachment	300	(1)
Warmth and the socialization of emotions	301	(7)
Learning to speak about emotions	302	(1)
Effects of modeling	303	(1)
Responding to some emotions but not others	303	(3)
How cultures affect the development of emotionality	306	(1)
Emotion schemas: bridges from childhood to adult relationships	307	(1)
Temperament	308	(5)
Biases of emotion at the core of temperament	308	(1)
Stability of temperament	308	(2)
Genetic basis of temperament	310	(2)
Temperament and parenting	312	(1)
Affective biases, adult personality, and the course of life	313	(6)
Patterns of childhood emotionality that extend to adult life	313	(1)
Emotion is central to adult personality dimensions and traits	314	(1)
Individual differences in emotion shape how we construe the world	315	(1)
Emotional dispositions shape the course of life	316	(3)
Summary	319	(1)
Further reading	320	(1)
Emotions and Mental Health in Childhood	321	(32)
Emotions and disorders	322	(5)
The case of Peter	322	(1)
Classifying childhood disorders	323	(1)
How are emotions involved in children's disorders?	324	(1)
What is disordered?	325	(2)
Prevalence of disorders in childhood	327	(3)
Externalizing disorders	327	(1)
Anxiety disorders	328	(1)
Depressive disorders	329	(1)
The stress-diathesis hypothesis	330	(13)
Risks	330	(9)
Combinations of risks	339	(1)
Bi-directional effects	340	(1)
Protective factors	340	(2)
Effects of genes	342	(1)
Specific genes, maltreatment, and externalizing disorder	343	(1)
Continuity of disorders	344	(3)
Therapy and prevention	347	(3)
Summary	350	(1)
Further reading	351	(2)
Emotions and Mental Health in Adulthood	353	(32)
Psychiatric disorders: symptoms and prevalence	354	(7)
Psychiatric epidemiology	354	(4)
Different kinds of depression and anxiety	358	(3)
Stress and diathesis in the causation of disorders	361	(12)
Stresses: life events and difficulties	361	(4)
Relation between emotions and emotional disorders	365	(1)
Diatheses: vulnerability factors	366	(7)
Factors in recovery and in prolongation	373	(4)
Cognitive processes	373	(2)
Interpersonal effects	375	(2)
Mind over matter?	377	(1)
Emotions and mental health beyond depression and anxiety	377	(5)
Expressed Emotion and relapse in schizophrenia	377	(2)
Psychosomatic illness	379	(3)
Summary	382	(1)
Further reading	382	(3)
Psychotherapy, Consciousness, and Well-being	385	(27)
Psychological therapies and the emotions	386	(3)
The basic idea of psychoanalytic therapy	387	(2)
Therapy's focus on the emotions	389	(10)
Psychoanalysis: unconscious schemas of relating	389	(3)
Cognitive-behavioral therapy: changing emotions by thought	392	(3)
Emotion-focused therapy: changing emotions by emotions	395	(1)
Outcomes of therapy	396	(2)
Psychotherapy without professionals	398	(1)
Consciousness and making sense of emotions	399	(3)
Becoming conscious of emotions in literature	400	(2)
Emotions and art	402	(1)
Emotional creativity	402	(4)
Emotions in drama, ritual, and art	403	(2)
Cultures of understanding	405	(1)
Happiness and well-being	406	(4)
Flow	407	(1)
Positive emotions and subjective well-being	408	(2)
Summary	410	(1)
Further reading	411	(1)
Glossary	412	(13)
References	425	(60)
Subject Index	485	(8)
Author Index	493