Understanding Statistics In The Behaviorial Sciences

by Pagano, Robert R.

• ISBN13: 9780495096382
• ISBN10: 0495096385
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-06-14
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Based on over 30 years of successful teaching experience in this course, Robert Pagano's introductory text takes an intuitive, concepts-based approach to descriptive and inferential statistics. He uses the sign test to introduce inferential statistics, empirically derived sampling distributions, many visual aids and lots of interesting examples to promote student understanding. One of the hallmarks of this text is the positive feedback from students?even students who are not mathematically inclined praise the text for its clarity, detailed presentation, and use of humor to help make concepts accessible and memorable. Thorough explanations precede the introduction of every formula?and the exercises that immediately follow include a step-by-step model that lets students compare their work against fully solved examples. This combination makes the text perfect for students taking their first statistics course in psychology or other social and behavioral sciences.

Table of Contents

Overview	p. 1
Statistics and Scientific Method	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Methods of Knowing	p. 4
Definitions	p. 6
Scientific Research and Statistics	p. 9
Random Sampling	p. 9
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics	p. 10
Using Computers in Statistics	p. 10
Statistics and the "Real World"	p. 11
What is the Truth? Data, Data, Where Are the Data?	p. 12
What is the Truth? Authorities Are Nice, But ...	p. 13
What is the Truth? Data, Data, What Are the Data?-1	p. 14
What is the Truth? Data, Data, What Are the Data?-2	p. 15
Summary	p. 17
Important Terms	p. 17
Questions and Problems	p. 17
Book Companion Website	p. 20
WebTutor	p. 20
Descriptive Statistics	p. 21
Basic Mathematical and Measurement Concepts	p. 23
Study Hints for the Student	p. 23
Mathematical Notation	p. 24
Summation	p. 25
Measurement Scales: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio Scales	p. 27
Measurement Scales in the Behavioral Sciences	p. 31
Continuous and Discrete Variables	p. 31
Summary	p. 35
Important Terms	p. 35
Questions and Problems	p. 35
Notes	p. 36
Book Companion Website	p. 37
WebTutor	p. 37
Frequency Distributions	p. 38
Introduction: Ungrouped Frequency Distributions	p. 38
Grouping Scores	p. 40
Percentiles	p. 46
Percentile Rank	p. 50
Graphing Frequency Distributions	p. 53
Exploratory Data Analysis	p. 58
What is the Truth? Stretch the Scale, Change the Tale	p. 60
Summary	p. 62
Important Terms	p. 62
Questions and Problems	p. 62
Book Companion Website	p. 65
WebTutor	p. 65
Measures of Central Tendency and Variability	p. 66
Introduction	p. 66
Measures of Central Tendency: Arithmetic Mean, Median, and Mode	p. 67
Measures of Variability: Range, Standard Deviation, and Variance	p. 76
Summary	p. 82
Important Terms	p. 82
Questions and Problems	p. 82
Notes	p. 85
Book Companion Website	p. 85
WebTutor	p. 85
The Normal Curve and Standard Scores	p. 86
Introduction	p. 86
The Normal Curve	p. 87
Standard Scores (z Scores)	p. 88
Summary	p. 100
Important Terms	p. 100
Questions and Problems	p. 100
Book Companion Website	p. 102
WebTutor	p. 102
Correlation	p. 103
Introduction	p. 103
Relationships	p. 104
Correlation	p. 111
What is the Truth? "Good Principal = Good Elementary School," or Does It?	p. 126
Summary	p. 127
Important Terms	p. 128
Questions and Problems	p. 128
Book Companion Website	p. 133
WebTutor	p. 133
Linear Regression	p. 134
Introduction	p. 134
Prediction and Imperfect Relationships	p. 135
Constructing the Least-Squares Regression Line: Regression of Y on X	p. 137
Regression of X on Y	p. 143
Measuring Prediction Errors: The Standard Error of Estimate	p. 146
Considerations in Using Linear Regression for Prediction	p. 149
Relation Between Regression Constants and Pearson r	p. 150
Multiple Regression and Multiple Correlation	p. 151
Summary	p. 156
Important Terms	p. 156
Questions and Problems	p. 156
Book Companion Website	p. 160
WebTutor	p. 160
Inferential Statistics	p. 161
Random Sampling and Probability	p. 163
Introduction	p. 163
Random Sampling	p. 164
Probability	p. 168
What is the Truth? "Not Guilty, I'm a Victim of Coincidence": Gutsy Plea or Truth?	p. 191
What is the Truth? Sperm Count Decline-Male or Sampling Inadequacy?	p. 192
What is the Truth? A Sample of a Sample	p. 193
Summary	p. 195
Important Terms	p. 195
Questions and Problems	p. 195
Notes	p. 198
Book Companion Website	p. 198
WebTutor	p. 198
Binomial Distribution	p. 199
Introduction	p. 199
Definition and Illustration of the Binomial Distribution	p. 199
Generating the Binomial Distribution from the Binomial Expansion	p. 202
Using the Binomial Table	p. 204
Summary	p. 213
Important Terms	p. 213
Questions and Problems	p. 213
Notes	p. 215
Book Companion Website	p. 215
WebTutor	p. 215
Introduction to Hypothesis Testing Using the Sign Test	p. 216
Introduction	p. 216
An Experiment: Marijuana and the Treatment of AIDS Patients	p. 217
Type I and Type II Errors	p. 222
Alpha Level and the Decision Process	p. 223
Evaluating the Tail of the Distribution	p. 225
One- and Two-Tailed Probability Evaluations	p. 227
Size of Effect: Significant Versus Important	p. 234
What is the Truth? Chance or Real Effect?-1	p. 234
What is the Truth? Chance or Real Effect?-2	p. 236
What is the Truth? "No Product Is Better Than Our Product"	p. 237
What is the Truth? Anecdotal Reports Versus Systematic Research	p. 238
Summary	p. 240
Important Terms	p. 241
Questions and Problems	p. 241
Notes	p. 244
Book Companion Website	p. 244
WebTutor	p. 244
Power	p. 245
Introduction	p. 245
What Is Power?	p. 246
P[subscript null] and P[subscript real]	p. 246
Power Analysis of the AIDS Experiment	p. 248
Alpha-Beta and Reality	p. 255
Interpreting Nonsignificant Results	p. 255
Calculation of Power	p. 256
What is the Truth? Astrology and Science	p. 262
Summary	p. 264
Important Terms	p. 264
Questions and Problems	p. 264
Notes	p. 265
Book Companion Website	p. 266
WebTutor	p. 266
Sampling Distributions, Sampling Distribution of the Mean, the Normal Deviate (z) Test	p. 267
Introduction	p. 267
Sampling Distributions	p. 268
The Normal Deviate (z) Test	p. 272
Summary	p. 294
Important Terms	p. 294
Questions and Problems	p. 294
Book Companion Website	p. 296
WebTutor	p. 296
Student's t Test for Single Samples	p. 297
Introduction	p. 297
Comparison of the z and t Tests	p. 298
The Sampling Distribution of t	p. 299
t and z Distributions Compared	p. 301
First Word Utterances Experiment Revisited	p. 302
Calculating t[subscript obt] from Original Scores	p. 303
Conditions Under Which the t Test Is Appropriate	p. 308
t Distribution: Confidence Intervals for the Population Mean	p. 308
Testing the Significance of Pearson r	p. 313
Summary	p. 316
Important Terms	p. 317
Questions and Problems	p. 317
Notes	p. 320
Book Companion Website	p. 320
WebTutor	p. 320
Student's t Test for Correlated and Independent Groups	p. 321
Introduction	p. 322
Student's t Test for Correlated Groups	p. 323
z and t Tests for Independent Groups	p. 329
z Test for Independent Groups	p. 330
Student's t Test for Independent Groups	p. 333
Power of the t Test	p. 341
Correlated Groups and Independent Groups Designs Compared	p. 342
Evaluating the Effect of the Independent Variable Using Confidence Intervals-Independent Groups Design	p. 345
Summary	p. 349
Important Terms	p. 350
Questions and Problems	p. 350
Notes	p. 356
Book Companion Website	p. 357
WebTutor	p. 357
Introduction to the Analysis of Variance	p. 358
Introduction: The F Distribution	p. 359
F Test and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)	p. 360
Overview of the One-Way Analysis of Variance Technique	p. 361
Analyzing Data with the ANOVA Technique	p. 366
Logic Underlying the One-Way ANOVA	p. 370
The Relationship Between the Analysis of Variance and the t Test	p. 374
Assumptions Underlying the Analysis of Variance	p. 374
Size of Effect	p. 375
Power of the Analysis of Variance	p. 376
Multiple Comparisons	p. 377
What is the Truth? Much Ado About Almost Nothing	p. 388
Summary	p. 390
Important Terms	p. 391
Questions and Problems	p. 391
Notes	p. 395
Book Companion Website	p. 396
WebTutor	p. 396
Introduction to Two-Way Analysis of Variance	p. 397
Introduction to the Two-Way Analysis of Variance-Qualitative Presentation	p. 397
Quantitative Presentation of the Two-Way Analysis of Variance	p. 401
Analyzing an Experiment with Two-Way ANOVA	p. 408
Multiple Comparisons	p. 422
Assumptions Underlying the Two-Way ANOVA	p. 423
Summary	p. 423
Important Terms	p. 424
Questions and Problems	p. 424
Book Companion Website	p. 426
WebTutor	p. 426
Chi-Square and Other Nonparametric Tests	p. 427
Introduction: Distinction Between Parametric and Nonparametric Tests	p. 428
Chi-Square (X[superscript 2])	p. 429
The Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed Ranks Test	p. 443
The Mann-Whitney U Test	p. 446
The Kruskal-Wallis Test	p. 452
What is the Truth? Statistics and Applied Social Research-Useful or "Abuseful"?	p. 457
Summary	p. 459
Important Terms	p. 460
Questions and Problems	p. 460
Notes	p. 467
Book Companion Website	p. 468
WebTutor	p. 468
Review of Inferential Statistics	p. 469
Introduction	p. 469
Terms and Concepts	p. 470
Process of Hypothesis Testing	p. 471
Single Sample Designs	p. 472
Two-Condition Experiments: Correlated Groups Design	p. 474
Independent Groups Design: Two Groups	p. 476
Multigroup Experiments	p. 478
Two-Way Analysis of Variance, F Test	p. 481
Analyzing Nominal Data	p. 483
Choosing the Appropriate Test	p. 484
Questions and Problems	p. 486
Book Companion Website	p. 492
Appendixes	p. 493
Review of Prerequisite Mathematics	p. 495
Equations	p. 505
Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems	p. 513
Tables	p. 528
Glossary	p. 553
Index	p. 557
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