The Unfinished Nation: A Concise History of the American People

by Brinkley, Alan

• ISBN13: 9780073513232
• ISBN10: 0073513237
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-12-15
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages

Summary

Known for its clear narrative voice, impeccable scholarship, and affordability, Alan Brinkley'sThe Unfinished Nationoffers a concise but comprehensive examination of American History. Balancing social and cultural history with traditional political and diplomatic themes, it tells the story of the diversity and complexity of the United States and the forces that have enabled it to survive and flourish despite division. This fifth edition features eight new essays and enhanced coverage of recent events and developments in the continuing American story.

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations	xxvii
List of Maps and Charts	xxxiii
Preface	xxxvii
Chapter One The Meeting of Cultures	2
America Before Columbus	4
The Civilizations of the South	4
The Civilizations of the North	4
Europe Looks Westward	7
Commerce and Nationalism	8
Christopher Columbus	8
The Spanish Empire	10
Northern Outposts	12
Biological and Cultural Exchanges	12
Africa and America	16
The Arrival of the English	19
Incentives for Colonization	19
The French and the Dutch in America	22
The First English Settlements	22
Debating the Past: THE AMERICAN POPULATION BEFORE COLUMBUS	14
America in the World: THE ATLANTIC CONTEXT OF EARLY AMERICAN HISTORY	18
Conclusion	24
For Further Reference	25
Chapter Two Transplantations and Borderlands	26
The Early Chesapeake	28
The Founding of Jamestown	28
Reorganization and Expansion	28
Exchanges of Agricultural Technology	31
Maryland and The Calverts	32
Bacon's Rebellion	34
The Growth of New England	35
Plymouth Plantation	35
The Massachusetts Bay Experiment	37
The Expansion of New England	38
Settlers and Natives	40
King Philip's War and the Technology of Battle	40
The Restoration Colonies	42
The English Civil War	42
The Carolinas	43
New Netherland, New York, and New Jersey	44
The Quaker Colonies	45
Borderlands and Middle Grounds	46
The Caribbean Islands	47
Masters and Slaves in the Caribbean	47
The Southwestern Borderlands	48
The Southeast Borderlands	50
The Founding of Georgia	51
Middle Grounds	52
The Development of Empire	55
The Dominion of New England	55
The "Glorious Revolution"	56
Debating the Past: NATIVE AMERICANS AND "THE MIDDLE GROUND"	54
Conclusion	57
For Further Reference	58
Chapter Three Society and Culture in Provincial America	60
The Colonial Population	62
Indentured Servitude	62
Birth and Death	62
Medicine in the Colonies	63
Women and Families in the Colonies	64
The Beginnings of Slavery in English America	65
Changing Sources of European Immigration	67
The Colonial Economies	71
The Southern Economy	71
Northern Economic and Technological Life	72
The Extent and Limits of Technology	73
The Rise of Colonial Commerce	74
The Rise of Consumerism	75
Patterns of Society	76
Masters and Slaves on the Plantation	77
The Puritan Community	78
Cities	81
Awakenings and Enlightenments	83
The Pattern of Religions	83
The Great Awakening	84
The Enlightenment	85
Literacy and Technology	85
Education	86
The Spread of Science	88
Concepts of Law and Politics	88
Debating the Past: THE ORIGINS OF SLAVERY	68
Debating the Past: THE WITCHCRAFT TRIALS	82
Conclusion	90
For Further Reference	91
Chapter Four The Empire in Transition	92
Loosening Ties	93
A Decentralized Empire	94
The Colonies Divided	94
The Struggle for the Continent	95
New France and the Iroquois Nation	95
Anglo-French Conflicts	96
The Great War for the Empire	97
The New Imperialism	99
Burdens of Empire	99
The British and the Tribes	101
Battles over Trade and Taxes	102
Stirrings of Revolt	103
The Stamp Act Crisis	103
The Townshend Program	104
The Boston Massacre	105
The Philosophy of Revolt	107
Sites of Resistance	108
The Tea Excitement	109
Cooperation and War	111
New Sources of Authority	111
Lexington and Concord	113
Conclusion	114
For Further Reference	115
Chapter Five The American Revolution	116
The States United	118
Defining American War Aims	118
The Declaration of Independence	118
Mobilizing for War	119
The War for Independence	122
The First Phase: New England	122
The Second Phase: The Mid-Atlantic Region	122
Securing Aid from Abroad	125
The Final Phase: The South	126
Winning the Peace	128
War and Society	129
Loyalists and Minorities	129
The War and Slavery	131
Native Americans and the Revolution	133
Women's Rights and Women's Roles	133
The War Economy	134
The Creation of State Governments	135
The Assumptions of Republicanism	135
The First State Constitutions	136
Revising State Governments	136
Toleration and Slavery	137
The Search for a National Government	137
The Confederation	138
Diplomatic Failures	138
The Confederation and the Northwest	139
Indians and the Western Lands	141
Debts, Taxes, and Daniel Shays	141
Debating the Past: THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION	120
America in the World: THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS	130
Conclusion	143
For Further Reference	144
Chapter Six The Constitution and the New Republic	146
Framing a New Government	147
Advocates of Reform	148
A Divided Convention	148
Compromise	150
The Constitution of 1787	151
Adoption and Adaptation	152
Federalists and Antifederalists	152
Completing the Structure	154
Federalists and Republicans	155
Hamilton and the Federalists	155
Enacting the Federalist Program	156
The Republican Opposition	157
Establishing National Sovereignty	158
Securing the West	158
Maintaining Neutrality	160
The Downfall of the Federalists	161
The Election of 1796	161
The Quasi War with France	161
Repression and Protest	162
The "Revolution" of 1800	164
Conclusion	165
For Further Reference	165
Chapter Seven The Jeffersonian Era	168
The Rise of Cultural Nationalism	170
Educational and Literary Nationalism	170
Medicine and Science	171
Cultural Aspirations of the New Nation	172
Religion and Revivalism	173
Stirrings of Industrialism	175
Technology in America	175
Transportation Innovations	177
Country and City	180
Jefferson the President	180
The Federal City and the "People's President"	181
Dollars and Ships	182
Conflict with the Courts	183
Doubling the National Domain	184
Jefferson and Napoleon	184
The Louisiana Purchase	186
Exploring the West	186
The Burr Conspiracy	187
Expansion and War	189
Conflict on the Seas	190
Impressment	190
"Peaceable Coercion"	191
The "Indian Problem" and the British	192
Tecumseh and the Prophet	193
Florida and War Fever	194
The War of 1812	195
Battles with the Tribes	195
Battles with the British	196
The Revolt of New England	196
The Peace Settlement	199
America in the World: THE GLOBAL INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION	178
Conclusion	199
For Further Reference	200
Chapter Eight Varieties of American Nationalism	202
Stabilizing Economic Growth	203
The Government and Economic Growth	204
Transportation	204
Expanding Westward	206
The Great Migration	207
White Settlers in the Old Northwest	207
The Plantation System in the Old Southwest	208
Trade and Trapping in the Far West	208
Eastern Images of the West	209
The "Era of Good Feelings"	210
The End of the First Party System	210
John Quincy Adams and Florida	212
The Panic of 1819	213
Sectionalism and Nationalism	213
The Missouri Compromise	213
Marshall and the Court	215
The Court and the Tribes	217
The Latin American Revolution and the Monroe Doctrine	218
The Revival of Opposition	219
The "Corrupt Bargain"	219
The Second President Adams	220
Jackson Triumphant	220
Conclusion	221
For Further Reference	222
Chapter Nine Jacksonian America	224
The Rise of Mass Politics	225
The Expanding Electorate	226
The Legitimization of Party	228
President of the Common Man	228
"Our Federal Union"	229
Calhoun and Nullification	231
The Rise of Van Buren	231
The Webster-Hayne Debate	232
The Nullification Crisis	232
The Removal of the Indians	233
White Attitudes toward the Tribes	233
The "Five Civilized Tribes"	233
Trails of Tears	234
The Meaning of Removal	236
Jackson and the Bank War	236
Biddle's Institution	237
The "Monster" Destroyed	237
The Taney Court	238
The Emergence of the Second Party System	239
The Two Parties	239
Politics after Jackson	241
The Panic of 1837	241
The Van Buren Program	242
The Log Cabin Campaign	243
The Frustration of the Whigs	245
Whig Diplomacy	245
Debating the Past: JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY	230
Conclusion	246
For Further Reference	247
Chapter Ten America's Economic Revolution	248
The Changing American Population	249
Population Trends	250
Immigration and Urban Growth, 1840-1860	250
The Rise of Nativism	252
Transportation and Communications Revolutions	253
The Canal Age	253
The Early Railroads	255
The Triumph of the Rails	256
The Telegraph	256
New Forms of Journalism	258
Commerce and Industry	259
The Expansion of Business, 1820-1840	259
The Emergence of the Factory	259
Advances in Technology	260
Innovations in Corporate Organization	261
Men and Women at Work	262
Recruiting a Native Work Force	262
The Immigrant Work Force	264
The Factory System and the Artisan Tradition	264
Fighting for Control	265
Patterns of Society	266
The Rich and the Poor	266
Social Mobility	268
Middle-Class Life	268
The Changing Family	269
The "Cult of Domesticity"	270
Leisure Activities	271
The Agricultural North	272
Northeastern Agriculture	272
The Old Northwest	273
Rural Life	275
Conclusion	276
For Further Reference	276
Chapter Eleven Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South	278
The Cotton Economy	280
The Rise of King Cotton	280
Southern Trade and Industry	282
Sources of Southern Difference	284
Southern White Society	285
The Planter Class	285
The "Southern Lady"	286
The Plain Folk	287
Slavery: The "Peculiar Institution"	289
Varieties of Slavery	289
Life under Slavery	291
Slavery in the Cities	293
Free Blacks	293
Slave Resistance	294
The Culture of Slavery	296
Slave Religion	296
Language and Music	297
The Slave Family	298
Debating the Past: THE CHARACTER OF SLAVERY	290
Conclusion	299
For Further Reference	299
Chapter Twelve Antebellum Culture and Reform	302
The Romantic Impulse	304
Nationalism and Romanticism in American Painting	304
An American Literature	304
Literature in the Antebellum South	306
The Transcendentalists	307
The Defense of Nature	308
Visions of Utopia	308
Redefining Gender Roles	310
The Mormons	311
Remaking Society	312
Revivalism, Morality, and Order	312
Health, Science, and Phrenology	312
Medical Science	315
Education	315
Rehabilitation	316
The Rise of Feminism	317
The Crusade against Slavery	318
Early Opposition to Slavery	318
Garrison and Abolitionism	319
Black Abolitionists	319
Anti-Abolitionism	322
Abolitionism Divided	323
America in the World: THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY	320
Conclusion	324
For Further Reference	325
Chapter Thirteen The Impending Crisis	326
Looking Westward	327
Manifest Destiny	328
Americans in Texas	328
Oregon	329
The Westward Migration	330
Expansion and War	332
The Democrats and Expansion	332
The Southwest and California	334
The Mexican War	335
The Sectional Debate	338
Slavery and the Territories	338
The California Gold Rush	339
Rising Sectional Tensions	340
The Compromise of 1850	341
The Crises of the 1850's	343
The Uneasy Truce	343
"Young America"	343
Slavery, Railroads, and the West	344
The Kansas-Nebraska Controversy	344
"Bleeding Kansas"	345
The Free-Soil Ideology	346
The Pro-Slavery Argument	347
Buchanan and Depression	348
The Dred Scott Decision	349
Deadlock over Kansas	349
The Emergence of Lincoln	350
John Brown's Raid	351
The Election of Lincoln	352
Conclusion	353
For Further Reference	354
Chapter Fourteen The Civil War	356
The Secession Crisis	357
The Withdrawal of the South	357
The Failure of Compromise	358
The Opposing Sides	360
The Mobilization of the North	360
Economic Nationalism	360
Raising the Union Armies	361
Wartime Leadership and Politics	362
The Politics of Emancipation	363
African Americans and the Union Cause	364
Women, Nursing, and the War	365
The Mobilization of the South	365
Confederate Government	366
Money and Manpower	367
Economic and Social Effects of the War	368
Strategy and Diplomacy	369
The Commanders	369
The Role of Sea Power	372
Europe and the Disunited States	374
Campaigns and Battles	375
The Technology of War	375
The Opening Clashes, 1861	377
The Western Theater, 1862	377
The Virginia Front, 1862	379
1863: Year of Decision	382
The Last Stage, 1864-1865	385
Debating the Past: THE CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR	359
America in the World: THE CONSOLIDATION OF NATIONS	370
Conclusion	389
For Further Reference	389
Chapter Fifteen Reconstruction and the New South	392
The Problems of Peacemaking	394
The Aftermath of War and Emancipation	394
Competing Notions of Freedom	394
Plans for Reconstruction	396
The Death of Lincoln	397
Johnson and "Restoration"	399
Radical Reconstruction	399
The Black Codes	399
The Fourteenth Amendment	401
The Congressional Plan	402
The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson	403
The South in Reconstruction	404
The Reconstruction Governments	404
Education	405
Landownership and Tenancy	406
Incomes and Credit	406
The African-American Family in Freedom	407
The Grant Administration	408
The Soldier President	409
The Grant Scandals	409
The Greenback Question	410
Republican Diplomacy	410
The Abandonment of Reconstruction	411
The Southern States "Redeemed"	411
Waning Northern Commitment	412
The Compromise of 1877	412
The Legacy of Reconstruction	414
The New South	415
The "Redeemers"	415
Industrialization and the "New South"	415
Tenants and Sharecroppers	417
African Americans and the New South	418
The Birth of Jim Crow	419
Debating the Past: RECONSTRUCTION	400
Conclusion	422
For Further Reference	423
Chapter Sixteen The Conquest of the Far West	424
The Societies of the Far West	426
The Western Tribes	426
Hispanic New Mexico	427
Hispanic California and Texas	427
The Chinese Migration	428
Anti-Chinese Sentiments	430
Migration from the East	431
The Changing Western Economy	432
Labor in the West	432
The Arrival of the Miners	432
The Cattle Kingdom	434
The Romance of the West	437
The Western Landscape and the Cowboy	437
The Idea of the Frontier	438
The Dispersal of the Tribes	439
White Tribal Policies	439
The Indian Wars	442
The Dawes Act	446
The Rise and Decline of the Western Farmer	446
Farming on the Plains	447
Commercial Agriculture	448
The Farmers' Grievances	449
The Agrarian Malaise	449
Debating the Past: THE FRONTIER AND THE WEST	440
Conclusion	450
For Further Reference	451
Chapter Seventeen Industrial Supremacy	452
Sources of Industrial Growth	454
Industrial Technologies	454
The Technology of Iron and Steel Production	454
The Automobile and the Airplane	456
Research and Development	457
The Science of Production	458
Railroad Expansion and the Corporation	459
Capitalism and Its Critics	463
Survival of the Fittest	463
The Gospel of Wealth	464
Alternative Visions	466
The Problems of Monopoly	467
The Ordeal of the Worker	468
The Immigrant Work Force	468
Wages and Working Conditions	469
Emerging Unionization	470
The Knights of Labor	471
The AFL	471
The Homestead Strike	472
The Pullman Strike	473
Sources of Labor Weakness	474
Conclusion	475
For Further Reference	476
Chapter Eighteen The Age of the City	478
The New Urban Growth	479
The Migrations	480
The Ethnic City	480
Assimilation and Exclusion	482
The Urban Landscape	485
The Creation of Public Space	485
The Search for Housing	486
Urban Technologies: Transportation and Construction	488
Strains of Urban Life	489
Fire and Disease	489
Environmental Degradation	489
Urban Poverty, Crime, and Violence	490
The Machine and the Boss	491
The Rise of Mass Consumption	492
Patterns of Income and Consumption	492
Chain Stores, Mail-Order Houses, and Department Stores	493
Women as Consumers	493
Leisure in the Consumer Society	495
Redefining Leisure	495
Spectator Sports	495
Music, Theater; and Movies	496
Patterns of Public and Private Leisure	498
The Technologies of Mass Communication	499
The Telephone	500
High Culture in the Urban Age	501
Literature and Art in Urban America	501
The Impact of Darwinism	502
Toward Universal Schooling	503
Universities and the Growth of Science and Technology	504
Medical Science	505
Education for Women	505
America in the World: GLOBAL MIGRATIONS	484
Conclusion	506
For Further Reference	507
Chapter Nineteen From Stalemate to Crisis	510
The Politics of Equilibrium	512
The Party System	512
The National Government	513
Presidents and Patronage	513
Cleveland, Harrison, and the Tariff	515
New Public Issues	516
The Agrarian Revolt	518
The Grangers	518
The Alliances	518
The Populist Constituency	519
Populist Ideas	521
The Crisis of the 1890's	522
The Panic of 1893	523
The Silver Question	523
"A Cross of Gold"	525
The Conservative Victory	527
McKinley and Prosperity	528
Debating the Past: POPULISM	520
Conclusion	529
For Further Reference	530
Chapter Twenty The Imperial Republic	532
Stirrings of Imperialism	534
The New Manifest Destiny	534
Hemispheric Hegemony	534
Hawaii and Samoa	535
War with Spain	539
Controversy over Cuba	539
"A Splendid Little War"	541
Seizing the
Philippines	542
The Battle for Cuba	543
Puerto Rico and the United States	545
The Debate over the Philippines	545
The Republic as Empire	547
Governing the Colonies	547
The Philippine War	548
The Open Door	550
A Modern Military System	551
America in the World: IMPERIALISM	536
Conclusion	552
For Further Reference	552
Chapter Twenty-One The Rise of Progressivism	554
The Progressive Impulse	556
The Muckrakers and the Social Gospel	556
The Settlement House Movement	557
The Allure of Expertise	558
The Professions	558
Women and the Professions	560
Women and Reform	561
The "New Woman"	561
The Clubwomen	562
Woman Suffrage	563
The Assault on the Parties	564
Early Attacks	564
Municipal Reform	565
Statehouse Progressivism	567
Parties and Interest Groups	569
Sources of Progressive Reform	569
Labor, the Machine, and Reform	569
Western Progressives	570
African Americans and Reform	572
Crusades for Order and Reform	572
The Temperance Crusade	573
Immigration Restriction	573
The Dream of Socialism	576
Decentralization and Regulation	576
America in the World: SOCIAL DEMOCRACY	566
Debating the Past: PROGRESSIVISM	574
Conclusion	577
For Further Reference	577
Chapter Twenty-Two The Battle for National Reform	580
Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Presidency	582
The Accidental President	582
The Square Deal	583
Roosevelt and the Environment	583
Panic and Retirement	585
The Troubled Succession	586
Taft and the Progressives	587
The Return of Roosevelt	587
Spreading Insurgency	588
T.R. versus Taft	589
Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom	590
Woodrow Wilson	590
The Scholar as President	590
Retreat and Advance	592
The "Big Stick": America and the World, 1901-1917	593
Roosevelt and "Civilization"	593
Protecting the "Open Door" in Asia	594
The Iron-Fisted Neighbor	594
The Panama Canal	596
Taft and "Dollar Diplomacy"	597
Diplomacy and Morality	597
Conclusion	600
For Further Reference	600
Chapter Twenty-Three America and the Great War	602
The Road to War	603
The Collapse of the European Peace	604
Wilson's Neutrality	604
Preparedness versus Pacifism	605
A War for Democracy	606
"War Without Stint"	608
The Military Struggle	608
The New Technology of Warfare	610
Organizing the Economy for War	611
The Search for Social Unity	614
The Search for a New World Order	615
The Fourteen Points	615
The Paris Peace Conference	616
The Ratification Battle	617
A Society in Turmoil	618
The Unstable Economy	618
The Demands of African Americans	619
The Red Scare	621
The Retreat from Idealism	623
Conclusion	623
For Further Reference	624
Chapter Twenty-Four The New Era	626
The New Economy	628
Technology, Organization, and Economic Growth	628
Workers in an Age of Capital	630
Women and Minorities in the Work Force	631
Agricultural Technology and the Plight of the Farmer	632
The New Culture	634
Consumerism and Communications	634
Psychology and Psychiatry	637
Women in the New Era	638
Writers and Artists	640
A Conflict of Cultures	640
Prohibition	640
Nativism and the Klan	641
Religious Fundamentalism	643
The Democrats' Ordeal	644
Republican Government	645
Harding and Coolidge	645
Government and Business	647
America in the World: THE CINEMA	636
Conclusion	648
For Further Reference	648
Chapter Twenty-Five The Great Depression	650
The Coming of the Depression	651
The Great Crash	652
Causes of the Depression	652
Progress of the Depression	653
The American People in Hard Times	656
Unemployment and Relief	656
African Americans and the Depression	657
Hispanics and Asians in Depression America	660
Women and Families in the Great Depression	661
The Depression and American Culture	662
Depression Values	662
Radio	663
The Movies	664
Popular Literature and journalism	666
The Popular Front and the Left	666
The Ordeal of Herbert Hoover	669
The Hoover Program	669
Popular Protest	670
The Election of 1932	672
The "Interregnum"	674
Debating the Past: CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION	654
America in the World: THE GLOBAL DEPRESSION	658
Conclusion	675
For Further Reference	675
Chapter Twenty-Six The New Deal	678
Launching the New Deal	679
Restoring Confidence	680
Agricultural Adjustment	681
Industrial Recovery	682
Regional Planning	684
The Growth of Federal Relief	685
The New Deal in Transition	686
Critics of the New Deal	686
The "Second New Deal"	689
Labor Militancy	690
Organizing Battles	690
Social Security	691
New Directions in Relief	692
The 1936 "Referendum"	693
The New Deal in Disarray	694
The Court Fight	694
Retrenchment and Recession	695
Limits and Legacies of the New Deal	696
African Americans and the New Deal	696
The New Deal and the "Indian Problem"	697
Women and the New Deal	699
The New Deal and the West	700
The New Deal, the Economy, and Politics	700
Debating the Past: THE NEW DEAL	698
Conclusion	701
For Further Reference	702
Chapter Twenty-Seven The Global Crisis, 1921-1941	704
The Diplomacy of the New Era	706
Replacing the League	706
Debts and Diplomacy	706
Hoover and the World Crisis	708
Isolationism and Internationalism	709
Depression Diplomacy	709
The Rise of Isolationism	710
The Failure of Munich	713
From Neutrality to Intervention	714
Neutrality Tested	715
The Campaign of 1940	716
Neutrality Abandoned	716
The Road to Pearl Harbor	717
America in the World: THE SING JAPANESE WAR, 1931-1941	712
Debating the Past: THE QUESTION OF PEARL HARBOR	718
Conclusion	720
For Further Reference	721
Chapter Twenty-Eight America in a World at War	724
War on Two Fronts	725
Containing the Japanese	726
Holding Off the Germans	726
America and the Holocaust	729
The American Economy in Wartime	731
Prosperity and the Rights of Labor	731
Stabilizing the Boom and Mobilizing Production	732
Wartime Science and Technology	733
Race and Gender in Wartime America	736
African Americans and the War	736
Native Americans and the War	737
Mexican-American War Workers	737
The Internment of Japanese Americans	739
Chinese Americans and the War	739
Women and Children in Wartime	740
Anxiety and Affluence in Wartime Culture	742
Wartime Entertainment and Leisure	742
Women and Men in the Armed Services	742
Retreat from Reform	743
The Defeat of the Axis	745
The Liberation of France	745
The Pacific Offensive	747
The Manhattan Project and Atomic Warfare	748
Debating the Past: THE DECISION TO DROP THE ATOMIC BOMB	749
Conclusion	752
For Further Reference	753
Chapter Twenty-Nine The Cold War	754
Origins of the Cold War	755
Sources of Soviet-American Tension	756
Wartime Diplomacy	756
Yalta	757
The Collapse of the Peace	759
The Failure of Potsdam	759
The China Problem and Japan	759
The Containment Doctrine	760
Opposition to Containment	761
The Marshall Plan	761
Mobilization at Home	762
The Road to NATO	762
Reevaluating Cold War Policy	765
America after the War	766
The Problems of Reconversion	766
The Fair Deal Rejected	767
The Election of 1948	768
The Fair Deal Revived	770
The Nuclear Age	771
The Korean War	772
The Divided Peninsula	772
From Invasion to Stalemate	774
Limited Mobilization	775
The Crusade against Subversion	775
HUAC and Alger Hiss	776
The Federal Loyalty Program and the Rosenberg Case	777
McCarthyism	779
The Republican Revival	780
Debating the Past: THE COLD WAR	764
Debating the Past: MCCARTHYISM	778
Conclusion	781
For Further Reference	782
Chapter Thirty The Affluent Society	784
The Economic "Miracle"	785
Economic Growth	786
The Rise of the Modern West	787
Capital and Labor	787
The Explosion of Science and Technology	788
Medical Breakthroughs	789
Pesticides	790
Postwar Electronic Research	791
Postwar Computer Technology	791
Bombs, Rockets, and Missiles	792
The Space Program	793
People of Plenty	794
The Consumer Culture	795
The Suburban Nation	795
The Suburban Family	796
The Birth of Television	797
Travel, Outdoor Recreation, and Environmentalism	798
Organized Society and Its Detractors	799
The Beats and the Restless Culture of Youth	799
Rock 'n' Roll	800
The Other America	802
On the Margins of the Affluent Society	803
Rural Poverty	803
The Inner Cities	804
The Rise of the Civil Rights Movement	805
The Brown Decision and "Massive Resistance"	805
The Expanding Movement	806
Causes of the Civil Rights Movement	807
Eisenhower Republicanism	808
"What Was Good for...General Motors"	808
The Survival of the Welfare State	809
The Decline of McCarthyism	809
Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Cold War	810
Dulles and "Massive Retaliation"	811
France, America, and Vietnam	811
Cold War Crises	812
Europe and the Soviet Union	814
The U-2 Crisis	814
Conclusion	815
For Further Reference	815
Chapter Thirty-One The Ordeal of Liberalism	818
Expanding the Liberal State	819
John Kennedy	820
Lyndon Johnson	822
The Assault on Poverty	823
Cities, Schools, and Immigration	824
Legacies of the Great Society	825
The Battle for Racial Equality	825
Expanding Protests	825
A National Commitment	826
The Battle for Voting Rights	829
The Changing Movement	830
Urban Violence	831
Black Power	831
"Flexible Response" and the Cold War	832
Diversifying Foreign Policy	832
Confrontations with the Soviet Union	833
Johnson and the World	835
The Agony of Vietnam	835
America and Diem	835
From Aid to Intervention	837
The Quagmire	838
The War at Home	839
The Traumas of 1968	839
The Tet Offensive	841
The Political Challenge	841
The King Assassination	842
The Kennedy Assassination and Chicago	843
The Conservative Response	843
Debating the Past: THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT	828
Debating the Past: THE VIETNAM COMMITMENT	840
America in the World: 1968	844
Conclusion	846
For Further Reference	847
Chapter Thirty-Two The Crisis of Authority	850
The Youth Culture	851
The New Left	852
The Counterculture	854
The Mobilization of Minorities	856
Seedy of Indian Militancy	856
The Indian Civil Rights Movement	857
Latino Activism	858
Gay Liberation	859
The New Feminism	860
The Rebirth	860
Women's Liberation	862
Expanding Achievements	862
The Abortion Issue	863
Environmentalism in a Turbulent Society	863
The New Science of Ecology	864
Environmental Advocacy	865
Environmental Degradation	865
Earth Day and Beyond	866
Nixon, Kissinger, and the War	867
Vietnamization	867
Escalation	868
"Peace with Honor"	870
Defeat in Indochina	871
Nixon, Kissinger, and the World	872
The China Initiative and Soviet-American Detente	872
Dealing with the Third World	873
Politics and Economics in the Nixon Years	875
Domestic Initiatives	875
From the Warren Court to the Nixon Court	875
The Election of 1972	877
The Troubled Economy	877
The Nixon Response	878
The Watergate Crisis	879
The Scandals	881
The Fall of Richard Nixon	882
Debating the Past: WATERGATE	880
Conclusion	883
For Further Reference	884
Chapter Thirty-Three From "The Age of Limits" to the Age of Reagan	886
Politics and Diplomacy after Watergate	887
The Ford Custodianship	888
The Trials of Jimmy Carter	889
Human Rights and National Interests	890
The Year of the Hostages	892
The Rise of the New American Right	892
The Sunbelt and Its Politics	892
Religious Revivalism	894
The Emergence of the New Right	895
The Tax Revolt	896
The Campaign of 1980	896
The "Reagan Revolution"	898
The Reagan Coalition	898
Reagan in the White House	900
"Supply-Side" Economics	900
The Fiscal Crisis	903
Reagan and the World	903
The Election of 1984	905
America and the Waning of the Cold War	905
The Fall of the Soviet Union	906
The Fading of the Reagan Revolution	908
The Election of 1988	908
The First Bush Presidency	909
The Gulf War	911
The Election of 1992	912
Conclusion	913
For Further Reference	914
Chapter Thirty-Four The Age of Globalization	916
A Resurgence of Partisanship	918
Launching the Clinton Presidency	918
The Republican Resurgence	920
The Election of 1996	920
Clinton Triumphant and Embattled	922
Impeachment, Acquittal, and Resurgence	923
The Election of 2000	923
The Second Bush Presidency	926
The Economic Boom	929
From "Stagflation" to Growth	929
Downturn	930
The Two-Tiered Economy	931
Science and Technology in the New Economy	932
The Personal Computer	932
The Internet	934
Breakthroughs in Genetics	936
A Changing Society	938
The Graying of America	938
New Patterns of Immigration and Ethnicity	938
The Black Middle Class	940
Poor and Working-Class African Americans	941
Modern Plagues: Drugs and AIDS	943
A Contested Culture	944
Battles over Feminism and Abortion	944
The Changing Left and the Growth of Environmentalism	945
The Fragmentation of Mass Culture	946
The Perils of Globalization	948
Opposing the "New World Order"	948
Defending Orthodoxy	949
The Rise of Terrorism	950
The War on Terrorism	952
The Iraq War	953
Conclusion	955
For Further Reference	956
Appendices	A-1
Index	I-1