The Urban World

by Palen, J. John

• ISBN13: 9780199946044
• ISBN10: 0199946043
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2011-06-30
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Long the leading text in urban sociology,The Urban Worldcontinues to provide a comprehensive, balanced, up-to-date, cross-cultural look at cities and suburbs around the world. Offering a twenty-first century view of the changing urban scene, the text covers evolving urban patterns and the changing nature of urban life. Combining expert scholarship with an easy-to-understand style that students appreciate, J. John Palen is one of America's leading urban sociologists. He travels the world and adds new insights, gleaned firsthand, to each succeeding edition of his text.The Urban Worldcontinues to have a clear writing style with strong student appeal and enduring features such as strong academic content and an instructor-friendly organization. The book is also accompanied by a comprehensive test item file for qualified instructors.

Author Biography

J. John Palen is Professor Emeritus at Virginia Commonwealth University.

Table of Contents

List of Boxes	p. x
Preface	p. xi
New to This Edition	p. xi
Pedagogical Aids	p. xiv
Acknowledgments	p. xiv
Focus and Development
The Urban World	p. 2
Introduction	p. 2
The Process of Urbanization	p. 3
Urban Growth	p. 3
Megacities	p. 4
The Urban Explosion	p. 6
Defining Urban Areas	p. 7
Urbanization and Urbanism	p. 8
Urbanization	p. 8
Urbanism	p. 9
Organizing the Study of Urban Life	p. 10
Concepts of the City	p. 11
Urban Change and Confusion	p. 11
Rural Simplicity versus Urban Complexity	p. 12
Early Social Theories and Urban Change	p. 12
European Theorists	p. 12
The Chicago School	p. 15
Summary	p. 16
Review Questions	p. 17
The Emergence of Cities	p. 19
Introduction	p. 19
The Ecological Complex	p. 20
Political Economy Models	p. 21
First Settlements	p. 22
Agricultural Revolution	p. 22
Population Expansion	p. 23
Mesoamerica	p. 24
Interactions of Population, Organization, Environment, and Technology	p. 25
City Populations	p. 26
Evolution in Social Organization	p. 26
Division of Labor	p. 27
Kingship and Social Class	p. 28
Technological and Social Evolution	p. 28
Urban Revolution	p. 29
Survival of the City	p. 29
The Hellenic City	p. 30
Social Invention	p. 30
Physical Design and Planning	p. 31
Population	p. 31
Diffusion of People and Ideas	p. 32
Rome	p. 32
Size and Number of Cities	p. 33
Housing and Planning	p. 33
Transportation	p. 34
Life and Leisure	p. 34
European Urbanization until the Industrial City	p. 35
The Medieval Feudal System	p. 36
Town Revival	p. 36
Characteristics of Towns	p. 37
Plague	p. 38
Renaissance Cities	p. 39
Industrial Cities	p. 43
Technological Improvements and the Industrial Revolution	p. 43
The Second Urban Revolution	p. 43
Summary	p. 45
Review Questions	p. 46
American Urbanization
The Rise of Urban America	p. 50
Introduction	p. 50
Colonists as Town Builders	p. 50
Major Settlements	p. 52
New England	p. 52
The Middle Colonies	p. 53
The South	p. 53
Canada	p. 54
Colonial Urban Influence	p. 54
Cities of the New Nation 1790-1860	p. 54
Rapid Growth	p. 56
Marketplace Centers	p. 57
The Industrial City: 1860-1950	p. 58
Technological Developments	p. 58
Spatial Concentration	p. 59
Twentieth-Century Dispersion	p. 60
Political Life	p. 63
Corruption and Urban Services	p. 63
Political Bosses	p. 63
Immigrants' Problems	p. 64
Reform Movements	p. 65
Urban Imagery	p. 65
Ambivalence	p. 65
Myth of Rural Virtue	p. 68
Summary	p. 69
Review Questions	p. 69
Ecology and Political Economy Perspectives	p. 72
Introduction	p. 72
Development of Urban Ecology	p. 73
Invasion and Succession	p. 74
Criticisms of Ecology	p. 74
Role of Culture	p. 75
Burgess's Growth Hypothesis	p. 75
Concentric Zones	p. 77
Limitations	p. 79
Sector and Multiple-Nuclei Models	p. 79
Urban Growth Outside North America	p. 80
The Postmodern City: The Los Angeles School	p. 82
Political Economy Models	p. 82
Political Economy Assumptions	p. 84
Examples of the Political Economy Approach	p. 85
The Baltimore Study	p. 85
Urban Growth Machines	p. 85
World Systems Theory and Globalization	p. 86
Challenges	p. 86
Summary	p. 87
Review Questions	p. 88
Metro and Edge City Growth	p. 90
Introduction	p. 90
Metropolitan Growth	p. 91
In-Movement 1900 to 1950	p. 93
Out-Movement 1950 into the 21st Century	p. 95
Commuting and Communication	p. 95
Canadian Urban Regions	p. 97
Postindustrial Central Cities	p. 97
Edge Cities	p. 99
Edgeless and Private Edge Cities	p. 99
Boomburgs	p. 100
Suburban Business Growth	p. 100
Malling of the Land	p. 102
Malls and "Street Safety"	p. 103
Nonmetropolitan Growth	p. 105
Diffuse Growth	p. 105
National Society	p. 105
The Rise of the Sunbelt	p. 106
Population and Economic Shifts	p. 106
Regional Consequences	p. 108
Sunbelt Problems	p. 109
Movement to the Coasts	p. 110
Summary	p. 111
Review Questions	p. 112
The Suburban Era	p. 115
Introduction	p. 115
Suburban Dominance	p. 116
Emergence of Suburbs	p. 116
The 19th Century	p. 117
Electric Streetcar Era: 1890-1920	p. 117
Annexation	p. 118
Automobile Suburbs: 1920-1950	p. 118
Mass Suburbanization: 1950-1990	p. 120
Metro Sprawl: 1990-2010	p. 121
Causes of Suburban Growth	p. 123
Postwar Exodus	p. 123
Non-Reasons	p. 125
Contemporary Suburbia	p. 126
Categories of Suburbs	p. 127
Persistence of Characteristics?	p. 127
Ethnic and Religious Variation	p. 128
High-Income Suburbs	p. 128
Gated Communities	p. 130
Common-Interest Developments	p. 130
Working-Class Suburbs	p. 131
Commercial Definitions	p. 132
Exurbs	p. 133
Rurban Areas	p. 133
Characteristics of Suburbanites	p. 134
Suburban Poverty	p. 134
The Myth of Suburbia	p. 135
Minority Suburbanization	p. 137
Suburban Diversity	p. 137
Black Flight	p. 140
Integration or Resegregation?	p. 141
Latino Suburbanization	p. 141
Asian Suburbanites	p. 142
Summary	p. 142
Review Questions	p. 144
Metropolitan Life
Urban Culture and Lifestyles	p. 148
Introduction	p. 148
Social Psychology of Urban Life	p. 149
Early Formulations	p. 149
The Chicago School	p. 150
"Urbanism as a Way of Life"	p. 151
Reevaluation of Urbanism and Social Disorganization	p. 152
Determinist Theory	p. 152
Compositional Theory	p. 153
Subcultural Theory	p. 154
Characteristics of Urban Populations	p. 154
Age	p. 154
Gender	p. 155
Race, Ethnicity, and Religion	p. 155
Socioeconomic Status	p. 155
Urban Lifestyles	p. 157
Cosmopolites	p. 157
Unmarried or Childless	p. 157
Gay Households	p. 157
Ethnic Villagers	p. 158
Neighborhood Characteristics	p. 160
Deprived or Trapped	p. 162
A Final Note of Caution	p. 163
Summary	p. 164
Review Questions	p. 165
The Social Environment of Metro Areas: Strangers, Crowding, Homelessness, and Crime	p. 167
Introduction	p. 167
Dealing with Strangers	p. 168
Codes of Urban Behavior	p. 169
Neighboring	p. 169
Neighbors and Just Neighbors	p. 170
Defining Community	p. 170
Categories of Local Communities	p. 171
Density and Crowding	p. 172
Crowding Research	p. 173
Practical Implications	p. 175
Homelessness	p. 175
Characteristics of the Homeless	p. 176
Social Problems	p. 177
Disappearing SRO Housing	p. 178
Urban Crime	p. 178
Crime and Perceptions of Crime	p. 178
Broken Windows Theory	p. 179
Crime and City Size	p. 180
Crime and Male Youth	p. 181
Crime and Race	p. 181
Crime Variations within Cities	p. 183
Crime in the Suburbs	p. 183
Summary	p. 184
Review Questions	p. 184
Diversity: Women, Ethnics, and African Americans	p. 188
Introduction	p. 188
Women in Metropolitan Life	p. 189
Female Domesticity	p. 189
Gendered Organization of Residential Space	p. 190
Feminist Housing Preferences	p. 191
Cohousing and Downsizing	p. 191
Current Housing Choices	p. 192
Gendered Public Spaces	p. 193
Workplace Changes	p. 193
White Ethnic Groups	p. 194
Immigration	p. 194
First-Wave Immigrants	p. 194
Second-Wave Immigrants	p. 195
Third-Wave Immigrants	p. 195
"Racial Inferiority" and Immigration	p. 197
African Americans	p. 198
Historical Patterns	p. 198
Population Changes	p. 199
Slavery in Cities	p. 199
"Free Persons of Color"	p. 200
Jim Crow Laws	p. 200
"The Great Migration"	p. 200
Moving South	p. 201
Urban Segregation Patterns	p. 201
Extent of Segregation	p. 201
Housing Discrimination	p. 202
21st-Century Diversity	p. 203
The Economically Successful	p. 203
The Disadvantaged	p. 204
Summary	p. 205
Review Questions	p. 206
Diversity: Hispanics, Asians, and Native Americans	p. 210
Introduction	p. 210
Fourth-Wave Immigrants	p. 211
Recent Immigration Impact on Cities	p. 211
Melting Pot or Cultural Pluralism	p. 212
Latino Population	p. 213
Legal Status	p. 214
Growth	p. 214
Diversity	p. 215
Mexican Americans	p. 216
Mexican Diversity	p. 216
Education	p. 217
Urbanization	p. 217
Housing and Other Patterns	p. 218
Political Involvement	p. 218
Puerto Ricans	p. 219
Asian Americans	p. 219
A "Model Minority"?	p. 220
Asian Residential Segregation	p. 221
The Case of Japanese Americans	p. 222
The Internment Camps	p. 222
Japanese Americans Today	p. 223
Native Americans	p. 224
Nonurban Orientation	p. 224
Movement to Cities	p. 225
Summary	p. 226
Review Questions	p. 226
Metro Issues, Housing, Sprawl, and Planning
Cities and Change	p. 230
Introduction	p. 230
The Urban Crisis: Thesis	p. 230
Urban Revival: Antithesis	p. 231
A Political Economy Look at the Urban Crisis	p. 231
21st-century City Developments	p. 233
New Patterns	p. 233
Central Business Districts	p. 234
Mismatch Hypothesis	p. 235
Downtown Housing	p. 235
Fiscal Health	p. 236
Crumbling Infrastructure	p. 237
Neighborhood Revival	p. 237
Gentrification	p. 239
Government and Revitalization	p. 240
Who Is Gentrifying?	p. 240
Why Is Gentrification Taking Place?	p. 240
Displacement of the Poor	p. 242
Decline of Middle-Income Neighborhoods	p. 242
Successful Working-Class Revival	p. 243
Summary	p. 243
Review Questions	p. 245
Housing Policies, Sprawl, and Smart Growth	p. 247
Introduction	p. 247
Housing in the 21st Century	p. 248
Mobility	p. 248
Housing Costs	p. 248
Changing Households	p. 249
Changing Federal Role	p. 249
Federal Housing Administration (FHA) Programs	p. 250
Subsidizing Segregation	p. 251
Upper- and Middle-Class Housing Subsidies	p. 251
Urban Redevelopment Policies	p. 251
Critique of Urban Renewal	p. 252
Phasing Out Public Housing	p. 253
Urban Homesteading	p. 254
Rent Vouchers: Section 8	p. 255
HOPE VI Projects	p. 255
Tax Credits	p. 257
Designing for Safety	p. 257
Growth Control	p. 258
Suburban Sprawl	p. 259
Auto-Driven Sprawl	p. 259
Amount of Sprawl	p. 259
Costs and Consequences	p. 260
Smart Growth	p. 261
Advantages	p. 261
Legislation	p. 262
Summary	p. 263
Review Questions	p. 264
Planning, New Towns, and New Urbanism	p. 266
Introduction	p. 266
Ancient Greece and Rome	p. 267
Renaissance and Later Developments	p. 267
American Planning	p. 268
Washington, D.C.	p. 269
19th-Century Towns	p. 269
Early Planned Communities	p. 270
Parks	p. 270
The City Beautiful Movement	p. 271
Tenement Reform	p. 273
20th-century Patterns	p. 273
The City Efficient	p. 273
Zoning and Beyond	p. 274
Master Plans to Equity Planning	p. 275
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design	p. 275
European Planning	p. 277
Planning and Control of Land	p. 278
Housing Priorities	p. 278
Transportation	p. 279
Urban Growth Policies	p. 279
The Dutch Approach	p. 280
New Towns	p. 280
British New Towns	p. 280
New Towns in Europe	p. 283
American New Towns	p. 284
Public-Built New Towns	p. 284
Federal Support for New Towns	p. 284
Private New Towns: Reston, Columbia, and Irving	p. 285
Research Parks	p. 286
New Urbanism or Traditional Neighborhood Developments	p. 286
Celebration	p. 287
Creating Community	p. 287
Limitations	p. 288
Summary	p. 288
Review Questions	p. 289
Worldwide Urbanization
Developing Countries	p. 294
Introduction: The Urban Explosion	p. 294
Megacities	p. 295
Plan of Organization	p. 295
Common or Divergent Paths?	p. 295
Developing-Country Increases	p. 297
Rich Countries and Poor Countries	p. 299
Global Cities	p. 300
Characteristics of Third World Cities	p. 300
Youthful Age Structure	p. 300
Multinationals	p. 301
The Informal Economy	p. 301
Squatter Settlements	p. 303
Primate Cities	p. 303
Overurbanization?	p. 305
The 21st Century	p. 305
Summary	p. 306
Review Questions	p. 307
Asian Urban Patterns	p. 309
Introduction	p. 309
Asian Cities	p. 310
Indigenous Cities	p. 310
Colonial Background Cities	p. 310
India	p. 312
Mumbai (Bombay)	p. 312
Kolkata (Calcutta)	p. 314
Prognosis	p. 315
China	p. 316
Treaty Ports	p. 316
Urbanization Policies	p. 317
Forced Movement from Cities	p. 317
Rural to Urban Migration	p. 317
Economic Boom	p. 318
Shanghai	p. 318
Beijing	p. 320
Hong Kong	p. 321
Japan	p. 321
Extent of Urbanization	p. 322
Current Patterns	p. 323
Tokyo	p. 323
Planning	p. 325
Planned New Towns	p. 325
Suburbanization	p. 325
Southeast Asia	p. 325
General Patterns	p. 325
Singapore	p. 326
Other Cities	p. 327
Summary	p. 328
Review Questions	p. 328
African and Latin American Urbanization	p. 330
Introduction	p. 330
Africa	p. 330
Challenges	p. 331
Responses	p. 332
Regional Variations	p. 333
Urban Development	p. 333
Early Cities	p. 333
Colonial Period	p. 334
Indigenous African Cities	p. 335
Contemporary Patterns	p. 335
Social Composition of African Cities	p. 336
Ethnic and Tribal Bonds	p. 338
Status of Women	p. 338
Differences from the Western Pattern	p. 339
Latin America: An Urban Continent	p. 340
Spanish Colonial Cities	p. 340
Colonial Organization	p. 341
Physical Structure	p. 341
Recent Developments	p. 343
Urban Growth	p. 343
Economic Change	p. 345
Urban Characteristics	p. 345
Crime	p. 345
Shantytowns	p. 346
Future of Settlements	p. 346
Maquiladoras	p. 348
Myth of Marginality	p. 348
A Success Story	p. 349
Summary	p. 349
Review Questions	p. 350
Conclusion: Toward the Urban Future	p. 353
Recapitulation	p. 353
Urban Concentration	p. 353
Deconcentration	p. 354
Issues and Challenges	p. 355
Urban Funding	p. 355
People versus Places	p. 356
Changing Metropolitan Population	p. 356
Suburban Development	p. 357
Social Planning Approaches	p. 358
Three Approaches to Social Planning	p. 358
Social Planning and Technology	p. 359
Planning for the Future City	p. 360
Planned Utopias	p. 360
Las Vegas	p. 363
Quality-of-Life Planning	p. 363
Smart Cities	p. 364
Planning Metropolitan Political Systems	p. 365
A Working City	p. 367
Toward a Metropolitan Future	p. 368
Summary	p. 369
Review Questions	p. 370
Name Index	p. 373
Subject Index	p. 377
About the Author	p. 386
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