Victimology

by Doerner, William G.; Lab, Steven P.

• ISBN13: 9781583605233
• ISBN10: 1583605231
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-05-01
• Publisher: Lexis Nexis Matthew Bender

Table of Contents

List of Figures	xiii
List of Tables	xvii
The Scope of Victimology	1	(24)
Introduction	1	(1)
The Victim Throughout History	1	(2)
The Reemergence of the Victim	3	(6)
The Work of Hans von Hentig: The Criminal and His Victim	4	(2)
The Work of Beniamin Mendelsohn: Further Reflections	6	(2)
The Work of Stephen Schafer: The Victim and His Criminal	8	(1)
Other Scholarly Efforts	9	(1)
Empirical Studies of Victim Precipitation	9	(4)
The Work of Marvin E. Wolfgang: Patterns in Criminal Homicide	9	(1)
The Work of Menachem Amir: Patterns in Forcible Rape	10	(1)
Criticisms and Reactions	11	(2)
A New Approach: General Victimology	13	(3)
Critical Victimology	16	(1)
The Victim Movement	17	(4)
The Women's Movement	17	(1)
Children's Rights	18	(1)
The Growing Crime Problem	18	(1)
Victim Compensation	19	(1)
Legal Reforms	19	(1)
Other Factors	20	(1)
Summary and Overview of This Book	21	(2)
Key Terms	23	(2)
Gauging the Extent of Criminal Victimization	25	(28)
Introduction	25	(1)
The Uniform Crime Reports	26	(1)
Statistics from the UCR	27	(3)
Victimization Surveys	30	(13)
First-Generation Victim Surveys	31	(1)
The NORC Survey	31	(1)
Some Methodological Considerations	32	(2)
Second-Generation Victim Surveys	34	(1)
Recall Problems	34	(1)
The San Jose-Dayton Surveys	35	(1)
Third-Generation Victim Surveys	36	(1)
The National Crime Survey	36	(1)
The Business Victimization Survey	37	(1)
City Surveys	38	(1)
Fourth-Generation Victim Surveys	38	(5)
Statistics from the NCVS	43	(5)
Repeat Victimization	48	(3)
Summary	51	(1)
Key Terms	51	(2)
The Costs of Being a Victim	53	(28)
Introduction	53	(1)
The Consequences of Victimization	54	(9)
The First Insult: Criminal Victimization	56	(4)
The Second Insult: System Participation	60	(3)
Prosecutorial-Based Victim-Witness Projects	63	(9)
Project Development	65	(4)
Project Performance	69	(1)
Project Evaluation	70	(2)
Beyond the Prosecutor's Office	72	(4)
Dissenting Voices	76	(3)
Summary	79	(1)
Key Terms	79	(2)
Remedying the Plight of Victims	81	(28)
Introduction	81	(1)
Offender Restitution	82	(7)
The Rationale for Restitution	83	(1)
Types of Restitution	84	(1)
Evaluating the Impact of Restitution	85	(2)
Problems and Concerns with Restitution	87	(2)
Civil Litigation	89	(4)
Private Insurance	93	(1)
Victim Compensation	93	(8)
Philosophical Bases	95	(1)
Compensable Acts	96	(1)
Eligibility Restrictions	97	(1)
Awards	98	(1)
Funding	99	(1)
Reporting Crime and Applying for Compensation	100	(1)
Does Victim Compensation Work?	101	(5)
Macro-Level Effects	102	(1)
Micro-Level Effects	103	(1)
Problems and Concerns with Compensation	104	(2)
Summary	106	(1)
Key Terms	106	(3)
Sexual Assault	109	(40)
Introduction	109	(1)
Defining Sexual Assault	110	(3)
Spousal Rape	111	(1)
Date or Acquaintance Rape	112	(1)
Measuring the Extent of Rape	113	(8)
UCR Information	113	(1)
NCVS Information	113	(1)
Comparing the UCR with the NCVS Over Time	114	(4)
Other Information on Sexual Assault Levels	118	(1)
More Recent Efforts	119	(1)
The National College Women Sexual Victimization Study	119	(1)
The National Violence Against Women Survey	120	(1)
Theories of Sexual Assault	121	(5)
Intraindividual Explanations	121	(1)
Sociocultural Explanations	122	(1)
Typological Efforts	123	(1)
A Model of Sexual Assault	124	(1)
Summary	125	(1)
The Aftermath of Rape	126	(4)
Crisis Reaction	126	(1)
The Crisis Reaction Repair Cycle	127	(1)
Impact	127	(1)
Recoil	128	(1)
Reorganization	129	(1)
Legal Reforms	130	(8)
Compulsory AIDS Testing	130	(2)
Consent and Corroboration	132	(2)
Shield Provisions	134	(1)
Sex Offender Registration	135	(3)
The Impact of Legal Reform	138	(2)
Macro-Level Effects	138	(1)
Micro-Level Effects	139	(1)
Summary	140	(1)
Responding to Sexual Assault Victims	140	(7)
The Police	141	(1)
The Hospital	142	(1)
Medical Examination	142	(2)
Forensic Examination	144	(1)
The Prosecutor	145	(2)
Summary	147	(1)
Key Terms	147	(2)
Spouse Abuse	149	(50)
Introduction	149	(1)
A Brief History of Spousal Violence	150	(2)
The Extent of Spousal Violence	152	(4)
Theories of Spouse Abuse	156	(5)
Intraindividual Explanations	156	(2)
Sociocultural Explanations (Patriarchy)	158	(1)
The Social Learning Approach: Learned Helplessness	159	(1)
The Cycle of Violence	159	(2)
Police Intervention	161	(4)
The Arrest Option	162	(2)
Nonarrest Options	164	(1)
The Minneapolis Experiment	165	(2)
Reaction to the Minneapolis Experiment	167	(6)
Agency Directives	167	(3)
Legislative Reform	170	(1)
Academic Concerns	171	(2)
The Minneapolis Experiment Replications	173	(2)
Prosecutorial and Judicial Action	175	(6)
Coordinating System Approaches	181	(2)
More Recent Responses	183	(12)
Stalking Laws	183	(3)
The Lautenberg Amendment	186	(1)
Court-Ordered Mandatory Counseling	187	(3)
Executive Clemency	190	(2)
National Telephone Hotline	192	(2)
Fatality Review Systems	194	(1)
Summary	195	(1)
Key Terms	196	(3)
Child Maltreatment	199	(34)
Introduction	199	(1)
The Discovery of Child Maltreatment	199	(2)
Understanding the Discovery of Child Maltreatment	201	(1)
A Survey of Child Maltreatment Laws	202	(8)
Statutory Definitions	203	(2)
The Reporter	205	(1)
The Report	206	(2)
The Central Register	208	(1)
Some Trouble Spots	209	(1)
The Incidence of Child Maltreatment	210	(3)
Some Characteristics of Maltreated Children	213	(1)
Theories of Child Maltreatment	214	(4)
Intraindividual Explanations	214	(1)
Sociocultural Explanations	215	(1)
The Social Learning Approach	216	(2)
Some Coping Strategies	218	(13)
Health Screening	218	(2)
Education	220	(1)
Parents Anonymous	220	(2)
Counseling	222	(1)
Sex Offender Laws	222	(2)
Law Enforcement	224	(3)
Legal Reform	227	(4)
Summary	231	(1)
Key Terms	231	(2)
Elder Abuse	233	(30)
Introduction	233	(1)
Defining the Elderly	234	(1)
Criminal Victimization of the Elderly	234	(2)
Fear of Crime	236	(5)
Explaining the Fear-Crime Paradox	237	(1)
Measuring Fear	237	(1)
Risk	238	(1)
Vulnerability	239	(2)
Elder Abuse and Neglect	241	(5)
The Re-Emergence of Interest in Elder Abuse	241	(1)
Demographic Change	241	(1)
Vicarious Victimization	242	(1)
Political Action	243	(1)
Social Consciousness	243	(1)
Defining the Problem	244	(2)
The Incidence of Elder Maltreatment	246	(3)
Some Characteristics of Victims and Offenders	249	(2)
Institutional Abuse	251	(2)
Theories of Elder Abuse and Neglect	253	(4)
Intraindividual Explanations	253	(1)
Situational Aspects	254	(1)
Symbolic Interactionism	255	(1)
Social Exchange	255	(1)
Social Attitudes	256	(1)
Responding to Elder Abuse and Neglect	257	(3)
Mandatory Reporting	257	(2)
Social Service Provision	259	(1)
Summary	260	(1)
Key Terms	261	(2)
Homicide	263	(30)
Introduction	263	(1)
The Extent of Homicide Victimization	264	(7)
Theories of Homicide Victimization	271	(14)
Social Interactionism	271	(1)
Homicide as a Situated Transaction	272	(1)
The Routine Activities/Lifestyle Model	273	(2)
Mass Media Influences	275	(2)
The ``Regional Culture of Violence'' Thesis	277	(1)
Challenges to the ``Regional Culture of Violence'' Thesis	278	(1)
Cultural Challenges	279	(1)
Regional Challenges	279	(1)
Medical Resources as an Emerging Theoretical Dimension	280	(1)
Conceptual Obstacles	280	(1)
The Impact of Medical Resources	281	(1)
Empirical Evidence	282	(1)
Some Remaining Issues	283	(2)
Survivors of Homicide Victimization	285	(5)
Death Notification	285	(2)
The Bereavement Process	287	(3)
Summary	290	(1)
Key Terms	291	(2)
Victimization at Work and School	293	(34)
Introduction	293	(1)
Victimization at Work	294	(13)
Defining Workplace Victimization	294	(1)
The Extent of Workplace Victimization	295	(5)
Explanations and Causes of Workplace Victimization	300	(2)
Intervention and Prevention	302	(3)
Responses to Workplace Victimization	305	(2)
Victimization at School	307	(11)
Defining School Victimization	307	(1)
The Extent of School Victimization	308	(1)
Individual-Level Victimization	308	(2)
School-Level Victimization	310	(2)
Responses to School Victimization	312	(2)
Explanations and Causes of School Victimization	314	(2)
Addressing School Victimization	316	(2)
Sexual Harassment	318	(6)
The Extent of Sexual Harassment	320	(1)
Responses to Sexual Harassment	321	(3)
Summary	324	(1)
Key Terms	325	(2)
Victim Rights	327	(32)
Introduction	327	(1)
Victim Rights Amendment	328	(8)
Federal Constitutional Reform	328	(3)
State Constitutional Reform	331	(2)
Rekindling Federal Constitutional Reform	333	(3)
Victim Rights Legislation	336	(10)
Federal Legislative Reform	337	(5)
State Legislative Reform	342	(4)
The Effect of Victim Rights Legislation	346	(1)
Victim Impact Statements	346	(4)
The Effect of Victim Impact Statements	347	(1)
Federal Supreme Court Rulings	348	(2)
Informal Victim Participation	350	(5)
Background	350	(1)
Dispute Resolution Programs	351	(2)
Restorative Justice	353	(2)
Some Closing Thoughts	355	(2)
Summary	357	(1)
Key Terms	358	(1)
References	359	(48)
Subject Index	407	(8)
Author Index	415