In Vivo NMR Spectroscopy : Principles and Techniques

by Robin de Graaf (Utrecht Univ., The Netherlands)

• ISBN13: 9780471983651
• ISBN10: 0471983659
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-02-01
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

In Vivo NMR Spectroscopy Robin A. de Graaf Department of in vivo NMR, Utrecht University, The Netherlands This is the first book in the field of in vivo NMR to cover in depth the technical and basic biophysical aspects of the technique. The contents of the book are appropriate to both beginners and experienced users of in vivo NMR spectroscopy. The book has also a practical setup, allowing readers to incorporate the presented concepts into their own MR research. An extensive treatment of radiofrequency pulses is given, together with several tables and recipes for their generation. A practical approach is followed in describing spatial localization and the pros and cons of all known water-suppression techniques. In addition, 2-D NMR, magnetic resonance imaging, spectroscopic imaging, spectral editing and many basic principles are explained and illustrated using practical examples. Several tables containing basic biophysical information, such as resonance frequencies, diffusion coefficients, relaxation constants, and absolute concentrations are also presented. The educational and practical character of this book makes it ideal for use in training courses at large research institutes and academic hospitals. In general, all those involved in fundamental and/or diagnostic in vivo NMR will find this book useful. This can range from people working in dedicated in vivo NMR institutes to radiologists working in hospitals. Also, those who want to broaden their knowledge on the concepts of NMR, such as researchers in high-resolution NMR, neurology, physiology, chemistry, and medical biology will benefit greatly from this book.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi	(4)
Abbreviations	xv
1 Basic Principles	1	(40)
1.1 Introduction	1	(1)
1.2 Classical Description	2	(2)
1.3 Quantum Mechanical Description	4	(2)
1.4 Macroscopic Magnetization	6	(2)
1.5 Excitation	8	(2)
1.6 Bloch Equations	10	(3)
1.7 Fourier Transform NMR	13	(4)
1.8 Chemical Shift	17	(3)
1.9 Digital Fourier Transform NMR	20	(7)
1.9.1 Multi-scan Principle	20	(1)
1.9.2 Time Domain Filtering	21	(3)
1.9.3 Analogue-to-digital Conversion	24	(1)
1.9.4 Dynamic Range	25	(1)
1.9.5 Zero Filling	26	(1)
1.10 Spin-spin Coupling	27	(7)
1.10.1 First and Second-order Spectra	29	(3)
1.10.2 Decoupling and Nuclear Overhauser Effect	32	(2)
1.11 Measurement of T(1) Relaxation	34	(2)
1.12 Spin Echoes	36	(4)
1.12.1 Uncoupled Spins	36	(1)
1.12.2 Coupled Spins	37	(3)
References	40	(1)
2 In vivo NMR Spectroscopy	41	(100)
2.1 Introduction	41	(1)
2.2 Proton MRS	41	(20)
2.2.1 N-acetyl Aspartate	43	(2)
2.2.2 Creatine/Phosphocreatine	45	(1)
2.2.3 Choline-containing Compounds	46	(1)
2.2.4 Glutamate and Glutamine	47	(4)
2.2.5 Inositol	51	(2)
2.2.6 Lactate and Glucose	53	(4)
2.2.7 Amino Acids	57	(2)
2.2.8 Macromolecules and Lipids	59	(2)
2.2.9 Other Metabolites	61	(1)
2.3 Phosphorus-31 MRS	61	(7)
2.3.1 Identification of Resonances	63	(1)
2.3.2 Intracellular pH	64	(2)
2.3.3 Intracellular Magnesium	66	(1)
2.3.4 Determination of ADP Concentrations	67	(1)
2.4 Carbon-13 MRS	68	(6)
2.4.1 Identification of Resonances	68	(1)
2.4.2 Natural Abundance and Enriched (13)C MRS	68	(1)
2.4.3 (13)C Enrichment and Isotopomer Analysis	69	(5)
2.5 Sodium-23 and Potassium-39 MRS	74	(3)
2.6 Fluorine-19 MRS	77	(5)
2.6.1 Identification of Resonances	79	(1)
2.6.2 Fluorinated Drugs, Anaesthetics, and Fluorodeoxyglucose Metabolism	79	(2)
2.6.3 Fluorinated Probes	81	(1)
2.7 Relaxation	82	(15)
2.7.1 General Principles of Dipolar Relaxation	82	(7)
2.7.2 Nuclear Overhauser Effect	89	(1)
2.7.3 Other Relaxation Pathways	90	(4)
2.7.4 In vivo Relaxation	94	(3)
2.8 Magnetization Transfer	97	(9)
2.8.1 Inversion Recovery	99	(1)
2.8.2 Inversion Transfer	100	(1)
2.8.3 Saturation Transfer	101	(2)
2.8.4 Inversion Recovery with Selective Saturation of Spin B	103	(1)
2.8.5 Two-dimensional Exchange Spectroscopy	103	(1)
2.8.6 General Considerations	104	(2)
2.9 Off-resonance Magnetization Transfer	106	(7)
2.10 Diffusion	113	(12)
References	125	(16)
3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging	141	(34)
3.1 Introduction	141	(1)
3.2 Magnetic Field Gradients	142	(1)
3.3 Slice Selection	143	(3)
3.4 Frequency Encoding	146	(5)
3.5 Phase Encoding	151	(2)
3.6 Spatial Frequency Space	153	(3)
3.7 Image Artifacts	156	(2)
3.7.1 Motion	156	(1)
3.7.2 Magnetic Susceptibility Differences	157	(1)
3.8 Fast MRI Sequences	158	(4)
3.8.1 k-Space Reduction	158	(1)
3.8.2 Alternative k-Space Sampling	159	(2)
3.8.3 Low Nutation Angle MRI Sequences	161	(1)
3.9 Contrast in MRI	162	(9)
3.9.1 Magnetization Transfer Contrast	164	(3)
3.9.2 Diffusion	167	(1)
3.9.3 Diffusion Tensor Imaging	167	(3)
3.9.4 Functional Imaging	170	(1)
3.9.5 Other MRI Modalities	171	(1)
References	171	(4)
4 Radiofrequency Pulses	175	(76)
4.1 Introduction	175	(1)
4.2 Square RF Pulses	175	(6)
4.3 Selective RF Pulses	181	(9)
4.3.1 Sinc Pulses	181	(4)
4.3.2 Gaussian and Hermitian Pulses	185	(5)
4.4 Pulse Optimization	190	(7)
4.5 DANTE RF Pulses	197	(3)
4.6 Composite RF Pulses	200	(4)
4.7 Decoupling	204	(3)
4.8 Adiabatic RF Pulses	207	(24)
4.8.1 Rotating Frames of Reference	209	(2)
4.8.2 Adiabatic Half and Full-passage Pulses	211	(8)
4.8.3 Adiabatic Plane Rotation Pulses	219	(2)
4.8.4 Variable Angle Adiabatic Plane Rotation Pulse, BIR-4	221	(5)
4.8.5 Modulation Functions	226	(2)
4.8.6 Gradient Modulated Adiabatic RF Pulses	228	(3)
4.9 Pulse Imperfections and Relaxation	231	(4)
4.10 Power Deposition	235	(2)
4.11 Multi-dimensional RF Pulses	237	(6)
4.12 Spectral-spatial RF Pulses	243	(3)
References	246	(5)
5 Single-voxel Localization and Water Suppression	251	(52)
5.1 Introduction	251	(1)
5.2 B(1) Gradient Based Localization	252	(3)
5.3 B(0) Gradient Based Localization	255	(28)
5.3.1 Outer Volume Suppression	255	(4)
5.3.2 Single-voxel Localization	259	(3)
5.3.3 Image Selected in vivo Spectroscopy (ISIS)	262	(7)
5.3.4 Stimulated Echo Acquisition Mode (STEAM)	269	(8)
5.3.5 Point Resolved Spectroscopy (PRESS)	277	(2)
5.3.6 Artifacts in Single Voxel Localization	279	(4)
5.4 Water Suppression	283	(12)
5.4.1 Binomial and Related Pulse Sequences	283	(7)
5.4.2 Frequency Selective Excitation	290	(2)
5.4.3 Frequency Selective Refocusing	292	(3)
5.5 Relaxation Methods	295	(3)
References	298	(5)
6 Spectroscopic Imaging and Multi-voxel Localization	303	(32)
6.1 Introduction	303	(15)
6.2 Rotating Frame Spectroscopic Imaging	303	(2)
6.3 Principles of Spectroscopic Imaging	305	(3)
6.4 Point Spread Functions	308	(5)
6.5 Sensitivity of SI	313	(1)
6.6 Display and Processing of SI Experiments	314	(4)
6.7 Reduction of SI Measurement Times	318	(8)
6.7.1 Zoom SI	318	(1)
6.7.2 Multi-echo SI	319	(1)
6.7.3 Reduced k-space Sampling	320	(1)
6.7.4 High-speed SI Sequences	321	(5)
6.8 Multi-voxel Localization	326	(4)
References	330	(5)
7 Spectral Editing	335	(37)
7.1 Introduction	335	(1)
7.2 Principles of Spectral Editing	335	(2)
7.3 J Difference Editing	337	(9)
7.3.1 Homonuclear Editing	337	(8)
7.3.2 Heteronuclear Editing	345	(1)
7.4 Polarization Transfer	346	(12)
7.4.1 Homonuclear Polarization Transfer	346	(3)
7.4.2 INEPT and DEPT	349	(4)
7.4.3 Sensitivity in Heteronuclear NMR	353	(1)
7.4.4 Double Polarization Transfer: HSQC and Double INEPT	354	(4)
7.5 Longitudinal Spin Order Editing	358	(1)
7.6 Multiple Quantum Coherence Editing	359	(6)
7.6.1 Homonuclear Applications	359	(3)
7.6.2 Heteronuclear Applications	362	(3)
7.7 Spatial Localization	365	(3)
References	368	(4)
8 Quantification	372	(35)
8.1 Introduction	372	(1)
8.2 Quantification Strategies	372	(8)
8.2.1 Internal Concentration Reference	377	(1)
8.2.2 External Concentration Reference	378	(1)
8.2.3 External Simulated Phantom Concentration Reference	379	(1)
8.3 T(1) and T(2) Relaxation Time Measurements	380	(5)
8.3.1 T(1) Relaxation	380	(2)
8.3.2 T(2) Relaxation	382	(3)
8.4 Quantification of NMR Resonances	385	(15)
8.4.1 Frequency Domain Analysis	385	(3)
8.4.2 Time Domain Analysis	388	(3)
8.4.3 Singular Value Decomposition	391	(2)
8.4.4 The Variable Projection Method (VARPRO)	393	(2)
8.4.5 Prior Knowledge	395	(4)
8.4.6 LCmodel	399	(1)
8.5 Quantification Accuracy	400	(1)
8.6 Conclusions	401	(1)
References	402	(5)
9 Hardware	407	(43)
9.1 Introduction	407	(1)
9.2 Magnets	407	(3)
9.3 Magnetic Field Homogeneity	410	(9)
9.3.1 Passive Shimming	410	(2)
9.3.2 Active Shimming	412	(1)
9.3.3 Automatic Shimming	413	(6)
9.4 Magnetic Field Gradients	419	(7)
9.4.1 Eddy Currents	421	(4)
9.4.2 Active Shielding	425	(1)
9.5 Radiofrequency Coils	426	(18)
9.5.1 Temporal Field Properties	426	(2)
9.5.2 Resonant LCR Circuits	428	(6)
9.5.3 Spatial Field Properties	434	(7)
9.5.4 RF Probe Performance	441	(1)
9.5.5 Other RF Coils	442	(2)
9.6 Complete MR System	444	(3)
References	447	(3)
10 Two-dimensional NMR	450	(35)
10.1 Introduction	450	(1)
10.2 Basics of Two-dimensional NMR	451	(12)
10.2.1 Uncoupled Spins	451	(3)
10.2.2 Coupled Spins	454	(6)
10.2.3 Double Quantum Filtered (DQF) COSY	460	(2)
10.2.4 Apodization	462	(1)
10.3 SUPERCOSY	463	(2)
10.4 Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY)	465	(2)
10.5 J Resolved NMR	467	(3)
10.6 Two-dimensional Exchange Spectroscopy	470	(2)
10.7 Phase Cycling and Magnetic Field Gradients	472	(9)
10.7.1 Coherence Transfer Formalism	472	(1)
10.7.2 Phase Cycling	473	(2)
10.7.3 Time Proportional Phase Incrementation (TPPI)	475	(3)
10.7.4 Magnetic Field Gradients	478	(3)
References	481	(4)
Appendix	485	(12)
A1 Matrix Calculations	485	(1)
A2 Trigonometric Equations	486	(1)
A3 Fourier Transformation	487	(2)
A3.1 Introduction	487	(1)
A3.2 Properties	488	(1)
A3.3 Discrete Fourier Transformation	489	(1)
A4 Product Operator Formalism	489	(5)
A4.1 Cartesian Product Operators	490	(1)
A4.2 Spherical Tensor Product Operators	491	(3)
References	494	(1)
Further Reading	494	(3)
Index	497