Volcanoes Global Perspectives

by Lockwood, John P.; Hazlett, Richard W.

• ISBN13: 9781405162500
• ISBN10: 1405162503
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2010-05-17
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

Volcanoes are a vital presence in our world, and play a key role in maintaining the human eco-environment through soil enrichment and atmospheric inputs. They are also hazardous features, whose eruptions have not only killed many hundreds of thousands of people in recorded history, but have also greatly influenced both the development of human culture and the evolution of human species. Volcanoes commonly form beautiful landscapes, and form the principal features of national parks all over the world, serving as magnets that attract millions of visitors each year. Hundreds of millions of other people live on or in the shadows of active volcanoes. Most of these people have only a shallow, passing interest in the volcanoes they see, but there is a certain large, enthusiastic cohort of these people whose fascination with volcanoes leads them travel to see volcanoes close-up, and to seek authoritative volcanological information.The study of volcanoes and volcanic activity is an essential component of all introductory geology courses. Although the typical exposure to volcanology is superficial in most introductory courses, advanced undergraduate courses and specialized graduate courses require authoritative textbooks on volcanology - either for reference, or as the backbone of focused courses and seminars. We believe our book would best serve college-level students poised to enter the earth sciences professionally, and will also serve as an important reference for interested lay readers and earth scientists in general. * Four color throughout with dozens of superb color photographs * Suitable for students with no mathematical background * End-chapter study questions for students

Author Biography

Jack Lockwood worked for the US Geological Survey for over 30 years, including 20 years in Hawaii, based at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. He now runs a consulting business, Geohazards Consultants International.

Richard (Rick) Hazlett is Coordinator of the Environmental Analysis Program and a member of the Geology Department at Pomona College in Claremont, California, where he teaches an upper-level course in physical volcanology.

Table of Contents

Preface

Introduction

Eruptions, Jargon, and History

A 'grey volcano' in eruption - Galunggung - 1982

A 'red volcano' in eruption - Kilauea - 1974

Some basic terminology

History of volcanology

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

The Big Picture

Global Perspectives - Plate Tectonics and Volcanism

Birth of a theory

Volcanoes along divergent plate boundaries

Volcanoes along convergent plate boundaries

Intraplate volcanoes

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

The Nature of Magma - Where Volcanoes Come From

Origins of magma

The physics and chemistry of melting

Classification of magma and igneous rocks

Principal magma types

Magmatic and volcanic gases

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

The Physical Properties of Magma and Why it Erupts

Magma temperatures

Magma rheology

Magma ascent and emplacement

'Frozen magma' - subvolcanic intrusives

Triggers for volcanic eruptions - why volcanoes erupt

Repose intervals

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

Volcanic Eruptions And Their Products

Classifying Volcanic Eruptions

Rittman diagrams

Lacroix classification system

Geze classification diagram

Volcanic explosivity index VEI

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

Effusive Volcanic Eruptions and Their Products

Surface textures - Pahoehoe and Effusive eruption types

Pahoehoe surface structures

Pahoehoe internal structures

Aa surfaces and structures

Block lavas

Radiocarbon dating of prehistoric lava flows

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

An Overview of Explosive Eruptions and Their Products

Ejecta classification

Explosive eruption styles and their products

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

A Closer Look at Large-scale Explosive Eruptions

Measuring the sizes of Plinian eruptions

Plinian eruption dynamics

Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs)

PDC flow regimes

Phreatoplinian eruptions

Precursors to Plinian eruptions

Super-eruptions

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

Volcanic Landforms And Settings

Constructional (Positive)Volcanic Landforms

Large igneous provinces

Shield volcanoes

Composite volcanoes

Minor volcanic landforms

Volcano old age and extinction

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

Negative

Volcanic Landforms - Craters and Calderas

Small craters

Calderas

Subcaldera intrusions

Post-caldera resurgence

Volcano-tectonic depressions

Caldera formation mechanisms

Caldera roots - relationships to plutonic rocks

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

Mass-wasting Processes and Products

Landslides and avalanche

Lahars and hyperconcentrated flows

Lahar dynamics

Lahar facies

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

Volcanoes Unseen and Far Away

Submarine and subglacial volcanoes - the meeting of fire, water, and ice

Extraterrestrial volcanoes

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

Humanistic Volcanology

Volcanoes: Life, Climate, and Human History

Volcanoes and the origin of life

Volcanoes, atmosphere, and climate

Volcanic influence on soil fertility and agriculture

Volcanoes and human history

Social impact of volcanic eruptions

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

Volcanic Hazards and Risk - Monitoring and Mitigation

Hazards and risk

Volcanic hazards

Volcanic risk

Volcanic crisis management

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

Economic Volcanology

Earth energy relationships

Volcano energy

Geothermal power

Volcanoes and ore deposits

Other useful volcanic materials

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

Epilogue: The Future of Volcanology

References

Index

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