The Well-Crafted Argument A Guide and Reader

by White, Fred D.; Billings, Simone J.

• ISBN13: 9780618438112
• ISBN10: 0618438114
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-10-24
• Publisher: Heinle

Summary

The goal of this two-part argument rhetoric/reader is to equip students with a complete set of skills (writing, arguing, reasoning, critical reading and thinking, researching) necessary for writing argumentative essays in a wide variety of contexts and disciplines. The Well-Crafted Argument uses a practical, accessible, skills-based approach to teaching argument while encouraging students to develop their individual voices and visions. Part One, "The Rhetoric of Argument," covers using the writing process when writing arguments, framing arguments using three main models (Classic, Toulmin, and Rogerian), reasoning and avoiding fallacies, critical reading and thinking, research, and documentation of sources. Integrated throughout this part are 16 sample arguments, including Thomas Jefferson's "Declaration of Independence" and Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "Letter from a Birmingham Jail. "Part Two, "Reading Clusters," is an anthology of 95 readings grouped into nine clusters. The first eight clusters cover controversial topics of current interest, such as downloading music files, national security, standardized testing, censorship, and media violence. Each cluster includes a wide range of contrasting (not just opposing) views. The last cluster features famous arguments, including Plato's "Allegory of the Cave," Jonathan Swift's "A Modest Proposal," Frederick Douglass's "I Hear the Mournful Wail of Millions," and Roe v. Wade. At least one student essay is included within each of the nine reading clusters.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxv
Part I The Rhetoric of Argument	1	(234)
The Nature and Process of Argument	3	(35)
Why Argue?	3	(1)
What Is an Argument?	4	(1)
A Formal Definition of Argument	4	(1)
Amplifying the Definition	5	(1)
Using Evidence in Argument	5	(2)
Exercise 1.1	6	(1)
Using Appeals in Argument	7	(10)
Exercise 1.2	11	(6)
Communicating with a Purpose	17	(4)
Purpose in an Argumentative Context	18	(1)
Audience in an Argumentative Context	19	(1)
Writer in an Argumentative Context	20	(1)
Subject in an Argumentative Context	21	(1)
The Process of Composing an Argument	21	(3)
Freewriting to Generate Ideas Rapidly	21	(1)
Immersing Yourself in the Subject	22	(1)
Using Listing and Clustering	23	(1)
Exercise 1.3	24	(1)
Organizing the Argument	24	(2)
Drafting the Argument	26	(6)
Composing Openings	26	(1)
Exercise 1.4	27	(2)
Composing the Body of the Argument	29	(1)
Composing Conclusions	29	(1)
Exercise 1.5	30	(1)
High Score Education	30	(2)
James Paul Gee
Revising the Argument: A Form of Reevaluation	32	(1)
Reading to Revise	33	(5)
Using Your Reading Skills in Peer-Critiquing Workshops	33	(1)
Types of Revision Tasks	34	(2)
Chapter Summary	36	(1)
Checklist	36	(1)
Writing Projects	37	(1)
Methods of Critical Reading	38	(30)
Reading as the Construction of Meaning	38	(1)
Active Versus Passive Reading	39	(2)
Exercise 2.1	40	(1)
Reading as a Writer of Arguments	41	(4)
Previewing	41	(3)
In-Depth Reading	44	(1)
Postreading	44	(1)
Exercise 2.2	45	(1)
Writing a Summary	45	(2)
Exercise 2.3	46	(1)
Reading with a Pencil	47	(3)
Say No to Trash	48	(2)
Samuel Lipman
Exercise 2.4	50	(1)
Reading Visual Arguments	50	(1)
Exercise 2.5	51	(1)
Becoming a Highly Motivated Reader	51	(2)
Exercise 2.6	53	(1)
Reading Responsibly	53	(5)
Exercise 2.7	54	(1)
``High Noon'' [editorial]	55	(3)
Active Reading as Shared Reading	58	(1)
Exercise 2.8	59	(1)
Using the Modes of Argument as a Schema for Analysis	59	(1)
The Importance of Open-Mindedness When Reading	60	(8)
Exercise 2.9	61	(1)
Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina	61	(5)
Galileo Galilei
Chapter Summary	66	(1)
Checklist	67	(1)
Writing Projects	67	(1)
Using the Classical Model in Your Arguments	68	(21)
Argument in the Ancient World	68	(1)
The Classical Model of Argument	69	(20)
Organizing Your Argument Using the Classical Model	70	(1)
Exercise 3.1	71	(1)
Student Essay: Ecology vs. Land Development in Trinidad and Tobago	71	(3)
Justine Hearn
Elements of a Classical Argument in Action	74	(4)
Exercise 3.2	78	(1)
School Vouchers: The Wrong Choice for Public Education	79	(3)
Anti-Defamation League
Exercise 3.3	82	(1)
Why School Vouchers Can Help Inner-City Children
The Honorable Kurt L. Schmoke	82	(5)
Chapter Summary	87	(1)
Checklist	88	(1)
Writing Projects	88	(1)
Using the Toulmin Model in Your Arguments	89	(22)
The Toulmin Model of Argument	89	(22)
The Claim	91	(1)
The Data or Grounds	92	(1)
The Warrant and Its Backing	93	(2)
The Qualifier	95	(1)
A Sample Analysis Using the Toulmin Model	96	(1)
Professions for Women	96	(5)
Virginia Woolf
Exercise 4.1	101	(1)
Student Essay: Tobacco: Ignorance Is No Longer an Excuse	101	(3)
Daniel Neal
Organizing Your Argument Using the Toulmin Model	104	(2)
Exercise 4.2	106	(1)
Exercise 4.3	107	(1)
Declaration of Independence	107	(2)
Thomas Jefferson
Chapter Summary	109	(1)
Checklist	110	(1)
Writing Projects	110	(1)
Using the Rogerian Model in Your Arguments	111	(31)
The Rogerian Model of Argument	111	(31)
Finding Common Ground	112	(1)
Developing Multiple Perspectives	113	(1)
Organizing Your Argument Using the Rogerian Model	114	(1)
Exercise 5.1	115	(1)
Let's Talk About Sexual Harassment in Middle School	116	(4)
Kimberly Shearer Palmer
Exercise 5.2	120	(1)
Letter from Birmingham Jail	120	(14)
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Chapter Summary	134	(1)
Summary and Comparison of the Classical, Toulmin, and Rogerian Models	134	(1)
Checklist	135	(1)
Writing Projects	135	(1)
Student Essay: Who Owns Our Children?	136	(6)
Daniela Gibson
Reasoning: Methods and Fallacies	142	(27)
Argumentative Reasoning	142	(1)
The Nature of Fallacies	143	(1)
Strategies of Reasoning	143	(7)
Deduction	144	(2)
Exercise 6.1	146	(2)
Induction	148	(1)
Categorization	148	(1)
Analogy	149	(1)
Authorization	150	(1)
Plea	150	(1)
Errors in Reasoning: A Taxonomy	150	(19)
Errors of Deduction	151	(1)
Errors of Induction	152	(2)
Errors of Categorization	154	(1)
Errors of Analogy	155	(1)
Errors of Authorization	155	(1)
Errors in Pleading	156	(1)
Exercise 6.2	157	(1)
Exercise 6.3	158	(1)
Love Is a Fallacy	159	(8)
Max Shulman
Chapter Summary	167	(1)
Checklist	167	(1)
Writing Projects	168	(1)
Researching Your Argument	169	(26)
The Three Faces of Research	169	(1)
Searching Before You Research: Taking a Mental Inventory	169	(2)
Exercise 7.1	170	(1)
Focusing Your Research for Argumentative Essays	171	(2)
Purpose-Based Questions	171	(1)
Audience-Based Questions	171	(1)
Writer-Based Questions	172	(1)
Subject-Based Questions	172	(1)
Formulating a Strong Thesis	173	(1)
Exercise 7.2	173	(1)
Researching Using the Internet	174	(1)
Useful Types of Internet Resources	175	(1)
Listservers	175	(1)
Newsgroups	175	(1)
Databases	175	(1)
Forums	176	(1)
Searching on the Web	176	(2)
Using Boolean Search Strategies	177	(1)
Useful Web Sites for Writers of Arguments	178	(2)
Exercise 7.3	180	(1)
Researching Using Print Resources	180	(3)
Locating Articles	180	(1)
Using Additional Print Reference Works	181	(1)
Exercise 7.4	182	(1)
Gathering Information from E-mail, Telephone Conversations, Interviews, and Surveys	183	(3)
Using E-mail or the Telephone	183	(1)
Conducting an Interview	183	(1)
Conducting a Survey	184	(1)
Designing a Questionnaire	185	(1)
Taking Effective Research Notes	186	(1)
The Role of Serendipity in Research	186	(1)
Exercise 7.5	187	(1)
Evaluating Your Sources	187	(2)
Accuracy	188	(1)
Relevance	188	(1)
Reliability	188	(1)
Clarity	188	(1)
Thoroughness	189	(1)
Understanding and Avoiding Plagiarism	189	(1)
Exercise 7.6	190	(1)
Incorporating Outside Sources into Your Argument	190	(5)
Exercise 7.7	192	(1)
Chapter Summary	193	(1)
Checklist	193	(1)
Writing Projects	194	(1)
Documenting Your Sources: MLA and APA Styles	195	(40)
Citation of Source Material: A Rationale	195	(1)
Which Documentation Style to Use?	195	(1)
A Guide to MLA Documentation Style	196	(1)
Presenting Quoted Material	196	(4)
Using Quotation Marks and Block-Style Quotation Format	196	(1)
Quoting Verbatim	197	(1)
Using an Ellipsis	197	(1)
Paraphrasing	198	(2)
Using Author/Page In-Text Citations	200	(2)
Preparing the MLA List Works Cited	202	(5)
Citing Print Sources	203	(1)
Citing Nonprint Sources	204	(3)
Sample Student Paper: MLA Documentation Format
Daniela Gibson, ``Why We Should Punish''	207	(8)
A Guide to APA Documentation Style	215	(1)
Presenting Quoted Material	215	(3)
Using Quotation Marks and Block-Style Quotation Format	215	(1)
Quoting Verbatim	216	(1)
Using an Ellipsis	216	(1)
Paraphrasing	217	(1)
Using Author/Year In-Text Citations	218	(2)
Preparing the APA List of References	220	(4)
Citing Print Sources	221	(1)
Citing Nonprint Sources	222	(2)
Sample Student Paper: APA Documentation Format	224	(11)
Jarrett Green, ``Child Molestation: Anything but Your Typical Crime''
Part II Reading Clusters	235	(520)
Intellectual Property: How Should IP Rights Be Protected? (Law)	237	(44)
Introduction	237	(1)
How Might the Downloading of Music Files Best Be Regulated?	238	(1)
Troubletown [editorial cartoon]	238	(2)
Lloyd Dangle
Jim Rogan Speaks on Intellectual Property Rights: ``We Have to Treat Theft as Theft''	240	(2)
Protecting Music	242	(1)
Lawrence Lessig
The Internet Debacle: An Alternate View	243	(9)
Janis Ian
Thread My Music's Yours	252	(2)
Bill Thompson
Penalties Frighten Music Traders: Survey Reports Copyright Laws Are Not Daunting	254	(3)
Benny Evangelista
Student Essay: Why I've Stopped Sharing Music	257	(2)
Powell Fraser
Issues for Further Research: Copyright Term Limits	259	(1)
Mouse Trap: Disney's Copyright Conquest	259	(5)
Jeffrey Rosen
Speech on Copyright Extension Before Congress	264	(2)
Dianne Feinstein
Issues for Further Research: Artistic Fair Use	266	(1)
Changing Copyright	266	(5)
Issues for Further Research: Cultural Property	271	(1)
``White Indians'': Appropriation and the Politics of Display	271	(10)
Deborah Root
Connections Across the Clusters	279	(1)
Writing Projects	280	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	280	(1)
National Security. How Can the United States Best Protect Itself? (Political Science)	281	(49)
Introduction	281	(1)
What Effects Could the Patriot Act Have on Individual Liberties?	282	(1)
``So, It's Agreed'' [editorial cartoon]	282	(1)
Chris Slane
Patriot Act a Vital Tool Against Terrorism	283	(3)
Kevin V. Ryan
Faking Out the Constitution	286	(2)
Kevin Danaher
Scott Lynch
Civil Liberties After 9/11	288	(12)
Robert H. Bork
The USA PATRIOT Act and Patron Privacy on Library Internet Terminals	300	(7)
Mary Minow
Freedom vs. Security: Delicate Balance: The Case for ``Smart Profiling'' as a Weapon in the War on Terror	307	(7)
Fareed Zakaria
Student Essay: Promoting Global and Regional Security in the Post--Cold War World	314	(4)
Elspeth Simpson
Issues for Further Research: Budgeting for Security	318	(1)
The Cost of Securing the Homeland	318	(5)
Michael Scardaville
Issues for Further Research: The Problem of North Korea	323	(1)
What North Korea Wants: Guarantee Its Security	323	(3)
David Kang
What If Negotiations with North Korea Fail?	326	(4)
Victor Cha
Connections Across the Clusters	329	(1)
Writing Projects	329	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	329	(1)
Cyberspace and Education: How Does Computer Technology Influence Learning? (Education)	330	(51)
Introduction	330	(1)
Information Accessing	330	(1)
The Virtual Classroom	330	(1)
What Are the Benefits and Drawbacks of Distance Learning?	331	(1)
``Computer-Based Education'' [cartoon]	331	(1)
P. C. Vey
Virtual Schooling: Going the Distance---Any Distance---to School	332	(7)
Mary Anne Mather
The Web Is Not Yet Suitable for Learning	339	(5)
Alfred Bork
David R. Britton, Jr.
Education on the Web: A Rejoinder	344	(4)
Patricia Cravener
Teaching in Your Pajamas: Lessons of Online Classes	348	(3)
Peggy Minnis
The Virtual University	351	(5)
Nicholas Confessore
Ten Ways Online Education Matches, or Surpasses, Face-to-Face Learning	356	(7)
Mark Kassop
Issues for Further Research: Educating Students About the Internet	363	(1)
Student Essay: You Log On, But You Can't Log Off	363	(3)
Andrea De Anda
Character Education for Cyberspace: Developing Good Netizens	366	(5)
Andrew J. Milson
Beong-Wan Chu
Issues for Further Research: Computers and the Concept of Knowledge	371	(1)
Perseus Unbound	371	(5)
Sven Birkerts
Excerpt from The Age of Spiritual Machines	376	(5)
Ray Kurzweil
Connections Across the Clusters	379	(1)
Writing Projects	379	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	379	(2)
Standardized Testing: What Does It Measure of Individual Performance? (Psychology)	381	(54)
Introduction	381	(1)
How Much Weight Should Be Given to Standardized Tests?	382	(1)
Accelerated Direct Success [advertisement parody]	382	(2)
Alfie Kohn
Standardized Testing: Meritocracy's Crooked Yardstick	384	(12)
Peter Sacks
High Marks for Standardized Tests	396	(3)
Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.
Standardized Testing of Children 3 Through 8 Years of Age	399	(2)
National Association for the Education of Young Children
Student Essay: Why Are the ``Standards'' So Low in Education?	401	(2)
Gina Takasugi
The Magical Aura of the IQ	403	(5)
Jerome Kagan
Issues for Further Research: Cultural Bias and the SAT	408	(1)
Eliminating Standardized Tests in College Admissions: The New Affirmative Action?	408	(10)
Rebecca Zwick
Should the SAT Account for Race?	418	(9)
Nathan Glazer
Abigail Thernstrom
Student Essay: Buying Brainpower: Good Scores on the SATs Come at a High Price	427	(2)
Alex Nickel
Issues for Further Research: Advanced Placement Exams	429	(1)
Questions for Advanced Placement	429	(6)
Tamar Lewin
Connections Across the Clusters	433	(1)
Writing Projects	433	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	433	(2)
Speech and Media Regulation: How Should the Tensions Between the Two Be Resolved? (Media Studies)	435	(70)
Introduction	435	(1)
How Should the First Amendment's Freedom of Speech Guarantee Be Applied?	436	(1)
Panel from 2024 [cartoon]	436	(2)
Ted Rall
Speech Overview	438	(6)
Rodney Smolla
Campus Speech Issues	444	(14)
Martin P. Golding
The Risky Proposition of Free Speech	458	(2)
Paul August
Three Student Essays: Holding Your Tongue at Oakland High	460	(2)
Daniel Jackson
Alicia Garcia
Michelle Lei
Banned Books: Two Case Histories	462	(17)
Nicholas J. Karolides
A Letter to the Chairman of the Drake School Board	479	(3)
Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.
Against Pornography	482	(12)
George P. Elliott
Issues for Further Research: Effects of Media Violence	494	(1)
Statement Linking Media Violence to Violence in Kids Draws Criticism	494	(4)
Cheryl Arvidson
TV Isn't Violent Enough	498	(3)
Mike Oppenheim
Issues for Further Research: Textbook Sanitizing	501	(1)
Language Police Bar ``Old,'' ``Blind''	501	(4)
Connections Across the Clusters	503	(1)
Writing Projects	504	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	504	(1)
Space Exploration: What Are the Costs, Both Economic and Human? (Economics, Astronomy)	505	(62)
Introduction	505	(1)
How Might the Expense of Space Travel Be Justified?	506	(1)
``Some of You May Be Asking If We Belong in Space'' [editorial cartoon]	506	(1)
Bob Gorrell
Why Send Humans to Mars?	507	(8)
Carl Sagan
Space: You Can't Get There from Here	515	(6)
Neil De Grasse Tyson
In Search of a Space Policy That Goes Somewhere	521	(3)
Pat Dasch
Flowers for Mars	524	(3)
Christopher P. McKay
Some Thoughts on SETI	527	(3)
Christopher Chyba
Student Essay: Is Space Travel Worth the Expense?	530	(8)
William N. Boenig
Issues for Further Research: The Columbia Shuttle Disaster	538	(1)
Painful Questions from an Ex-Astronaut [Interview with Sally Ride]	538	(5)
Claudia Dreifus
Failure Is Always an Option	543	(3)
Henry Petroski
Issues for Further Research: The Moon as a Commercial Enterprise	546	(1)
What Should We Do with the Moon?	546	(12)
Fred Guterl
The Race Back to the Moon	558	(9)
Tom McNichol
Connections Across the Clusters	565	(1)
Writing Projects	565	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	566	(1)
Science and Religion: If Common Ground Exists, Where Does It Lie? (Earth Science, Philosophy)	567	(57)
Introduction	567	(1)
What Is the Basis of the Conflict Between Science and Religion?	568	(1)
B.C. [comic strip]	568	(1)
Johnny Hart
A Designer Universe?	569	(9)
Steven Weinberg
The New Convergence	578	(8)
Gregg Easterbrook
Science vs. Religion in Future Constitutional Conflicts	586	(6)
Delos B. McKown
Miracles and Explanations	592	(8)
Chet Raymo
Fossils	600	(1)
J. T. Barbarese
Fecundity	601	(4)
Annie Dillard
Issues for Further Research: Creationism vs. Evolution	605	(1)
Unresolved Problems of Evolution	605	(5)
Henry M. Morris
Darwinism Defined: The Difference Between Fact and Theory	610	(6)
Stephen Jay Gould
Issues for Further Research: Religion in Public Schools	616	(1)
The Real Message of Creationism	616	(4)
Charles Krauthammer
Student Essay: Too Much Confrontation: Why Creationism Should Not Be Taught alongside Evolution	620	(4)
Mark Rodriguez
Connections Across the Clusters	622	(1)
Writing Projects	622	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	622	(2)
Multicultural Learning: What Are the Priorities? (Education, Cultural Studies)	624	(60)
Introduction	624	(1)
Who, If Anyone, Benefits from Multicultural Education?	625	(1)
Politically Correct [editorial cartoon]	625	(1)
Jim Huber
Multicultural Education in Social Studies	626	(6)
Guichun Zong
Jesus Garcia
Angene Wilson
Language and Literature from a Pueblo Indian Perspective	632	(6)
Leslie Marmon Silko
Equality and the Classics	638	(4)
Dinesh D'Souza
A Historian in Wonderland: Through the Looking Glass	642	(9)
Lawrence W. Levine
Student Essay: The Importance of Multicultural Education in Global Society	651	(6)
Chris Garber
Issues for Further Research: Bilingual Education	657	(1)
Two Languages Are Better Than One	657	(6)
Wayne P. Thomas
Virginia P. Collier
Speaking a Public Language	663	(7)
Richard Rodriguez
Issues for Further Research: Engaging Disenfranchised Students	670	(1)
The Politics of Remediation	670	(5)
Mike Rose
Literacy Development for Students with No Voice: Scheme and Schema	675	(9)
Ann Russell
Connections Across the Clusters	682	(1)
Writing Projects	682	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	682	(2)
Famous Arguments: What Do They Teach Us About the Art of Persuasion? (History Across the Curriculum)	684	(71)
Introduction	684	(1)
Tragedy of Vietnam [photograph]	685	(1)
Nick Ut
Allegory of the Cave	686	(8)
To His Coy Mistress	694	(2)
Andrew Marvell
A Modest Proposal	696	(6)
Jonathan Swift
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God	702	(13)
Jonathan Edwards
Keynote Address at the First Woman's Rights Convention	715	(4)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
I Hear the Mournful Wail of Millions	719	(5)
Frederick Douglass
Roe v. Wade: Original Transcript of the Argument Before the U.S. Supreme Court, 1972	724	(4)
The Obligation to Endure	728	(4)
Rachel Carson
The Perils of Obedience	732	(13)
Stanley Milgram
The Character of Hamlet's Mother	745	(7)
Carolyn G. Heilbrun
Connections Across the Clusters	752	(1)
Writing Projects	753	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	753	(2)
Glossary of Rhetorical Terms	755	(5)
Index of Authors and Titles	760	(6)
Index of Terms	766